A comparative study among three techniques of general anesthesia for ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy

Abstracts

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A biópsia de próstata dirigida por ultrassonografia transretal constitui referência no diagnóstico das neoplasias da próstata. Quanto maior o número de amostras colhidas, maiores a dor e o desconforto relatados pelo paciente. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar três técnicas anestésicas neste grupo de pacientes. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 45 pacientes separados em três grupos: 1 - Propofol; 2 - Propofol + Bloqueio de Plexo Prostático; 3 - Propofol + Fentanil. Os pacientes foram monitorados com pressão arterial não invasiva, eletrocardioscopia contínua, oximetria de pulso (SpO2) e Índice Bispectral. Não receberam medicação pré-anestésica. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos no intra e pós-operatório, Índice bispectral no intraoperatório, avaliação da dor pela escala numérica verbal (ENV) no pós-operatório imediato e uso de dipirona como tratamento da dor pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos: variáveis antropométricas, quantidade de propofol, número de fragmentos e tempo do exame. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e a SpO2 apresentaram comportamento semelhante nos três grupos durante o estudo. No grupo 1, a dor avaliada pela ENV foi mais elevada e houve maior necessidade de dipirona que nos outros grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Sedação com propofol isolado para biópsia causa maior dor e desconforto pós-operatório do que quando associado a bloqueio do plexo prostático ou a fentanil sistêmico. Além de hipnose, é necessária a realização de analgesia intraoperatória para garantir conforto pósoperatório

ANESTESIA, Geral; ANESTÉSICOS, Venoso; DOENÇAS, Oncológica; DOR, Pós-operatória; EXAMES DIAGNÓSTICOS

SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Ricardo Antônio Guimarães Barbosa, TSA^I; Camerine Domingues da Silva^II; Mary Yumi Takei Torniziello^II; Luciana Mendes de Olivera Cerri^III; Maria José Carvalho Carmona, TSA^IV; Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson, TSA^V

^IPhD in Sciences from the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - FMUSP, Anesthesiology Professor of Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Santos-UNILUS. Supervising Physician of the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto de Radiologia do HCFMUSP

^IIAnesthesiologist of the Anesthesiology Department of FMUSP

^IIIPhD in Sciences from USP, Supervising Physician of the Ultrasound Department of the Instituto de Radiologia do HCFMUSP

^IVAssociated Anesthesiology Professor of the Faculdade de Medicina da USP. TSA, Director of the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Central do HCFMUSP

^VPhD in Sciences from USP. Intensive care specialist from AMIB, ICU Coordinator of the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Central do HCFMUSP

Correspondence to

SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy is a reference in the diagnosis of prostate neoplasias. The higher the number of samples, the greater is the pain and discomfort. The objective of this study was to compare three anesthetic techniques in this group of patients.

METHODS: Forty-five patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups: 1 - Propofol; 2 - Propofol + Prostatic Plexus Block; 3 - Propofol + Fentanyl. Patients were monitored with non-invasive blood pressure, continuous electrocardioscopy, pulse oximetry (SpO₂), and Bispectral Index. Patients did not receive pre-anesthetic medication. Intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic parameters, intraoperative bispectral index, and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and the use of dypirone to treat postoperative pain were evaluated.

RESULTS: A significant difference among the three groups was not observed for: anthropometric parameters, amount of propofol, number of fragments, and duration of the exam. Hemodynamic parameters and SpO₂ presented similar behavior in all three groups. In group 1, the pain evaluated by the VAS was more severe and required more dypirone than in the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Sedation with propofol alone for biopsy is associated with greater postoperative pain and discomfort than in prostatic plexus block or systemic fentanyl. Besides hypnosis, intraoperative analgesia is required to guarantee postoperative comfort.

Keywords: ANESTHESIA, General; ANESTHESICS, Intravenous: propofol; DISEASES, Oncology: prostata neoplasia, PAIN, Postoperative; DIAGNOSIS EXAMS: prostata biopsy.

RESUMEN

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La biopsia de próstata dirigida por ultrasonido transrectal constituye una referencia en el diagnóstico de las neoplasias de la próstata. Mientras mayor es el número de muestras escogidas, mayores son el dolor y la incomodidad relatados por el paciente. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar tres técnicas anestésicas en ese grupo de pacientes.

MÉTODO: Fueron estudiados 45 pacientes divididos en tres grupos: 1- Propofol; 2- Propofol + Bloqueo de Plexo Prostático; 3- Propofol + Fentanil. Los pacientes fueron monitorizados con presión arterial no invasiva, electrocardioscopia continua, oximetría de pulso (SpO₂) e Índice Bispectral. No recibieron medicación preanestésica. Se evaluaron los parámetros hemodinámicos en el intra y postoperatorio, índice bispectral en el intraoperatorio, el dolor por la escala numérica verbal (ENV) en el postoperatorio inmediato y el uso de dipirona como tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio.

RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia significativa entre los tres grupos: en las variables antropométricas, cantidad de propofol, número de fragmentos y tiempo del examen. Los parámetros hemodinámicos y la SpO₂ presentaron un comportamiento semejante en los tres grupos durante el estudio. En el grupo 1, el dolor evaluado por la ENV fue más elevado y hubo una mayor necesidad de aplicar la dipirona que en los otros grupos.

CONCLUSIONES: La sedación con propofol aislado para la biopsia causa un mayor dolor e incomodidad en el postoperatorio que cuando se asocia al bloqueo del plexo prostático o al fentanil sistémico. Además de la hipnosis, se hace necesario realizar la analgesia intraoperatoria para garantizar la comodidad en el postoperatorio.

INTRODUCTION

Ultrasound-guided biopsy is a reference in the diagnosis of prostate tumors ^1-3. Successful detection of prostate cancer is related to the number of samples. On the other hand, the higher the number of samples greater the pain and discomfort ¹.

Pain during the procedure results from: the introduction of the transrectal transducer and penetration of the needle in the prostate capsule, which stimulates pain receptors located in this region ⁴. The prostate is innervated by parasympathetic fibers that originate in the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 to S4) and sympathetic fibers of the inferior hypogastric nerves ⁵. Approximately 96% of the patients report pain, with a score of 2 to 6 in the VAS, and 20% of those patients consider the pain to be severe ¹.

Due to the severity of the pain, an analgesia/anesthesia strategy is fundamental in prostate biopsies to decrease the discomfort for the patient and, consequently, increase the number of samples collected and the success of the procedure. Besides, many patients will need more than one intervention to collect biopsies in order to achieve a conclusive diagnosis ⁶.

Several anesthetic techniques have been described and investigated in prostate biopsies, but a consensus in the literature regarding the most effective technique, such as conscious sedation with midazolam, general anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation with fentanyl and propofol, spinal anesthesia, and pudendal nerve block, is lacking ^6,7. Prostatic plexus block, performed by the radiologist, with the injection of several local anesthetics, is the analgesic technique used more often ^8-12. However, in this technique, the patient can undergo important physical and emotional discomfort ^2,3,8.

Due to the discomfort related with the procedure, the use of sedation techniques, to promote patient comfort, is desirable. Sedation with propofol as the single drug or associated with prostatic plexus block and systemic opioids is an alternative frequently used in those cases. The objective of the present study was to compare the sedation of isolated propofol, associated with prostatic plexus block, and with systemic opioids regarding the quality of hypnosis, hemodynamic parameters, and postoperative pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was approved by the Scientific Commission of the Instituto de Radiologia and Medical Ethics Commission of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Forty five patients with classification I or II of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, and with indication of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, were randomly divided in three groups.

GROUP 1 (G1): Fifteen patients who received propofol, at an initial dose of 1 to 1.5 mg.kg^-1, with supplementary doses as needed;

GROUP 2 (G2): Fifteen patients who received propofol, at an initial dose of 1 to 1.5 mg.kg^-1, with supplementary doses of propofol as needed, associated with prostatic plexus block, performed by the ultrasonographist, with 40 mg of 1% lidocaine without adrenaline.

GROUP 3 (G3): Fifteen patients who received propofol at an initial dose of 1 to 1.5 mg.kg^-1, with supplementary doses of propofol as needed, associated with 0.5 µg.kg^-1 of fentanyl.

This study was undertaken at the Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; patients signed an informed consent and the presence of a companion was mandatory.

Patients were monitored with non-invasive blood pressure, continuous electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, and bispectral index. Since all patients were from the outpatient clinic, preanesthetic medication was not used. During the procedure, patients remained on spontaneous ventilation. To maintain the peripheral oxygen saturation above 95%, oxygen, 5 L.min.^-1, was administered via a face mask.

The following parameters were evaluated:

Intraoperatively: Mean arterial, systolic, and diastolic pressures, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and bispectral index, were evaluated before the procedure, 5 minutes after beginning the procedure, and at the end. The total duration of the procedure and total dose of propofol were also recorded.

Postoperatively: Mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate, oxygen saturation, pain assessment using the verbal analogue scale, and the use of dypirone as rescue medication to treat postoperative pain. Those parameters were evaluated 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the end of the procedure.

After the procedure, patients were transferred to the post anesthetic recovery room, where they remained for 2 hours for observation of complications. Dypirone 2 g IV, was chosen as rescue medication in case of pain greater than 5 in the visual analogue scale.

The parameters were analyzed using the SPSS 16 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA) and Aabel 3 (Gigawiz Inc., USA) software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the distribution of continuous or subtle variables. Anthropometric data were compared by one-way Analysis of Variance, for age and BMI. Weight, height, duration of the exam, total dose of propofol, ratio of propofol dose/weight, and the number of fragments were compared by the Kruskall-Wallis test. The ASA physical status distribution was compared among groups by the likelihood ratio test. Two-way Analysis of Variance for repetitive measurements was used to compare hemodynamic parameters, bispectral index, and oxygen saturation along time, followed by the Newmann-Keuls test when indicated for multiple comparisons. Pain levels according to the visual analogue scale were analyzed by the Friedman test, with intergroup comparison by the Kruskall-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test in case of difference among the groups. The Chi-square test for tendencies was used to compare the use of dypirone. Values of p lower than 0.05 were considered significant. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (minimum-maximum), or absolute value (percentage). Charts are presented as mean ± standard deviation or box diagram (maximum and minimum values, 25 interquartile, 75 interquartile, and median).

RESULTS

A significant difference was not observed among the three groups regarding anthropometric data (age, weight, height, body mass index), amount of propofol used, as well as examrelated variables: number of fragments and duration of the exam. Regarding the classification of physical status, patients in group 2 were more frequently classified as ASA I than in the other groups (Table I).

During the intraoperative period, the bispectral index had similar behavior in all three groups, with a fall 5 minutes after the beginning of the procedure and maintaining levels between 50 and 60 until the end of the observation period, as can be seen in Figure 1. Hemodynamic parameters, both in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, showed statistically similar behavior in all three groups. As shown in Figure 2, we observed that during the procedure a discrete fall in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, but they recovered preoperative levels. A significant difference between the groups regarding heart rate and oxygen saturation was not observed (Figure 3).

After the procedure, awakening from anesthesia was very fast in all three groups, although group 1 had a significantly higher number of patients with elevated pain score at 15 and 60 minutes when compared to groups 2 and 3, as can be observed in Figure 4. Te need of rescue medication for pain control was significantly higher in group 1 and progressive lower in groups 2 and 3 (Figure 5). In group 3, two cases of intraoperative respiratory depression were observed, which were reverted with positive pressure ventilation, without postoperative consequences.

DISCUSSION

Early diagnosis of prostate neoplasias is fundamental for a successful treatment. Biopsy is the reference in the diagnosis of prostate tumors. The higher the number of samples, the higher is the success of the procedure and the pain and discomfort reported by patients. Thus, realization of the procedure with the patient sedated allows a greater number of samples to be collected, which leads to a higher success rate and, consequently, the need of subsequent procedures.

However, a consensus in the literature regarding the best anesthetic technique does not exist. The present study compared three sedation techniques for ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Propofol was the hypnotic agent used in all three groups. The option for isolated propofol has been described in the literature as a technique associated with a high patient satisfaction index. Postoperative pain, in this case, is considered acceptable ¹³. Parks et al. reported that this technique is safe and that the concentration at the site of action of the drug is around 1.5 µg.L^{-1 14}. Although hemodynamic parameters had shown a stable temporal behavior without statistically significant differences among the three groups, in patients who received isolated propofol, a tendency for increase in blood pressure and heart rate was observed. Even though the bispectral index was similar in all groups throughout the study, the severity of postoperative pain was significantly greater in the group of patients who received isolated propofol. Although the bispectral index was similar in all three groups along the study, the intensity of postoperative pain was significantly higher in patients who receive isolated propofol. Despite being considered a technique that promotes great patient satisfaction, according to the literature ¹³, by reducing the discomfort secondary to the positioning of the ultrasound transducer, the fear of the patient regarding the procedure, and promoting a calm operative environment, it does not prevent postoperative pain. When those findings are compared to those of groups 2 and 3, it is clear that the impact of the use of an analgesic technique, both systemic and regional, is very significant in the reduction of postoperative pain, representing a considerable advantage, since the patient will return home after the procedure. Several local anesthetics have been used in prostatic plexus block ^4,11,12,15. The duration of the local anesthetic could be related to postoperative discomfort. Lidocaine has been used in prostatic plexus block in our department. Despite the absence of significant differences in the severity of pain with lidocaine, a discrete increase in the scores of the visual analogue scale, which might mean the end of the effect of the local anesthetic used was observed, while in the fentanyl group, patients did not complaint of postoperative pain. This might indicate a discretely superior effect of the association propofolfentanyl in pain control when compared to group 2. However, this association is not devoid of risks, and two cases of intraoperative respiratory depression, possibly due to the interaction fentanylpropofol, that were reverted with positive pressure ventilation, were observed ¹². The anesthetic technique used did not alter the time of discharge, since all patients remained at least two hours in the post-anesthetic recovery room for observation of adverse events related to the procedure, such as bleeding.

Intercurrences suggestive of increased morbidity associated with the techniques evaluated, such as rectal bleeding, hematuria, or hematospermia, non-scheduled hospitalization, or infectious complications, were not observed. Changes in blood oxygenation or postoperative respiratory depression were also not observed.

To conclude, due to the pain and discomfort reported by patients, anesthesia in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is fundamentally important to promote comfort and increase the number of fragments collected. However, besides hypnosis, analgesia, regional or systemic, is also necessary for adequate control of postoperative pain.

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A comparative study among three techniques of general anesthesia for ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy

Estudio comparativo entre tres técnicas de anestesia general para biopsia de próstata dirigida por ultrasonido transrectal

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 Sept 2010
• Date of issue
  Oct 2010

History

• Accepted
  03 May 2010
• Received
  25 Mar 2010