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INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)(1) in 2015, about eight million people died of ischemic heart disease. In Brazil, from 2004 to 2014, 8.80% of all deaths were caused by ischemic heart diseases, including Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which includes Acute Coronary Syndromes. The increasing number of these diseases is an expressive public health problem(2-3).
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) can be understood as an imbalance between supply and consumption of oxygen that can result in myocardial necrosis if there is no immediate intervention. The main etiology of ACS is the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque followed by thrombosis, which may result in partial or total occlusion of a coronary artery(4).
The diagnosis of SCA is based on clinical findings, results of biochemical markers, electrocardiogram analysis, as well as through the Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography, an invasive diagnostic method that identifies the presence, extent, and severity of coronary atherosclerotic disease. Therefore, the therapeutic approach aims to stabilize the patient and minimize myocardial damage through reperfusion, either through the use of pharmacological therapy with thrombolytics or through invasive treatment through Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)(4-5).
PCI is a procedure performed through the insertion of catheters through an arterial access path that has the purpose of remodeling the atherosclerotic plaque and alleviating the stenosis of the vessel. Currently, PCI associated with stent implantation (metal structures that are positioned in the injured area with the objective of maintaining arterial power and restoring blood flow) is the main form of myocardial revascularization, since PCI can reestablish coronary flow in about 90% of patients(4,6).
It is known that the Brazilian population profile has changed in recent years, resulting in an increase in life expectancy and consequently in a relevant increase in the elderly population, which is predominantly more subject to PCI. They are often male, elderly, low schooling, and multiple associated risk factors(7).
The Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde) is responsible for performing about 80% of PCI in Brazil and Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes), is the only public institution in Rio Grande do Norte State, reference in the care line for patients with acute myocardial infarction(8).
In this context, it is questioned: What are the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention served at a Reference Hospital in Urgent Cardiology Clinic of Rio Grande do Norte State?
In view of the above, the following objectives were elaborated: To outline the epidemiological and clinical profile of the patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Reference Hospital in Urgent Cardiology Clinic of Rio Grande do Norte State; To characterize the sociodemographic aspects of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an elective and urgent manner; To identify the clinical aspects and associated comorbidities, and describe the outcome of the patient’s recovery after PCI.
OBJECTIVE
To outline the epidemiological and clinical profile of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Reference Hospital in Urgent Cardiology Clinic in Rio Grande do Norte State; To characterize the sociodemographic aspects of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an elective and urgent manner; Identify the clinical aspects and associated comorbidities and describe the outcome of the patient regarding their recovery after PCI.
METHOD
Ethical aspects
Assuming that the research involved human beings, it followed Resolution 466 of December 12, 2012, of the National Health Council (Conselho Nacional de Saúde)(9). In addition, it was pointed out that prior authorization was obtained from the institution for data collection and the project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes) of Natal/RN.
Design, place of study and period
This is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative approach and prospective data. For the definition of the sample, a simple random sample of probabilistic type was used and for convenience. Based on the number of procedures performed in 2015, the sample was calculated, with a tolerable error of 5%, reaching a sample of 222 patients.
Data were collected between April and October 2017 in the Hemodynamics, Cardiology Unit and Intensive Care Units.
Population or sample; criteria of inclusion and exclusion
The HUOL was selected because it is currently the only public reference institution to meet the demand of patients with St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). According to the established flow, after first attendance and diagnosis in institutions that are open door or through the Brazilian Emergency Medical Services (SAMU - Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência), followed by the initial care that is constituted by the administration of adjuvant therapy and election of the strategy of reperfusion that depends on the availability and experience of each center, the institution contacts the HUOL Hemodynamics sector and performs the regulation, after confirming the diagnosis by the cardiologist-hemodynamicist. Having confirmed the ICU bed from the rear, the patient is referred to perform the Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography and primary PCI. In addition, HUOL is the largest teaching hospital in the RN and is aimed at training professionals in medicine, dentistry, nutrition, pharmacy, nursing, among other areas(10).
Inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years and the signing of the Informed Consent Term. Patients who died during the procedure were excluded from the study.
Study protocol
The data were collected through the computerized and printed medical record, being recorded in a previously prepared tool. The following variables were selected for the analysis: demographic data (event date, gender, schooling, ethnicity, marital status, age, origin, occupation, income); clinical aspects and comorbidities (nature of the event, time of pain, changes in electrocardiogram, medications used in the emergency, hypertension, diabetes, previous history of infarction, previous cerebrovascular accident, previous revascularization surgery, smoking, Physical Inactivity; aspects of the procedure (puncture site, treated coronary arteries, stents used) and evolution aspects (discharge to the ward or discharge to the ICU).
For this study, door-to-balloon time was considered as the time variation between the first contact with a health service and the balloon inflation in the hemodynamic room, as well as the Primary PCI, such as the use of a catheter balloon to reestablish coronary flow, without previous use of fibrinolytics. Regarding adjuvant therapy, the registry of the administration of antiplatelet therapy, antithrombotics, nitrates, analgesia and oxygen therapy was considered(11).
Analysis of results and statistics
The data were categorized into an Excel spreadsheet and imported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 22.0 for Windows), in which they were tabulated and analyzed from descriptive and inferential statistics, and presented in the form of tables.
In the statistical analysis, the significance level of 5% was used for all statistical tests (p <0.05). To describe the epidemiological profile of patients submitted to PCI, a descriptive analysis of the data was conducted, using central (mean and median) and dispersion (standard deviation) measures for the numerical variables, while the categorical variables were measured by the frequency of occurrences.
The Kolmogorov-Sminorv test was used to evaluate if the numerical variables present a normal distribution and consequently to define the inferential statistics, which indicated an asymmetric distribution of the data (p <0.05). Therefore, the Mann-Whitney test (U) was used to compare the numerical variables of patients submitted to elective and emergency PCI. In addition, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to verify associations between the intervention modalities (urgency and elective) and variables of clinical aspects, comorbidities, risk factors, medication in use, PCI characteristics and recovery. X2).
RESULTS
A total of 222 patients were included in the study, of whom 58.10% underwent Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and 41.89% were primary PCI. Regarding the origin of the patients, the regulation of Hospitals of all regions of the State prevailed with 85 (38.3%), followed by Emergency Care Units (UPA - Unidades de Pronto Atendimento), residences of the state capital and residences of the countryside of the State, 68 (30.6%), 37 (16.7%), 32 (14.5%), respectively.
In Table 1, 65.3% of the patients were men, the mean age was 62.7 (± 11.7) and the brown population prevailed, with 52.7% patients. Table 1 and 2 describe the main demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, respectively.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2017
| General sample(n = 222) | Elective PCI (n = 129) | Primary PCI(n = 93) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) Mean ± SD | 62.77±11.78 | 63.58±11.30 | 61.64±12.39 |
| Gender | |||
| Male, n (%) | 145 (65.3) | 85 (65.3) | 60 (64.5) |
| Female, n (%) | 77 (34.7) | 44 (34.1) | 33 (35.5) |
| Age group | |||
| > 40 years, n (%) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 2 (2.2) |
| 40 - 50 years, n (%) | 22 (9.9) | 9 (7.0) | 13 (14.0) |
| 50 - 60 years, n (%) | 59 (26.6) | 35 (27.1) | 24 (25.8) |
| 60 - 70 years, n (%) | 72 (32.4) | 43 (33.3) | 29 (31.2) |
| 70 - 80 years, n (%) | 49 (22.1) | 32 (24.8) | 17 (18.3) |
| ≥ 80 years, n (%) | 15 (6.8) | 7 (5.4) | 8 (8.6) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White, n (%) | 59 (26.6) | 38 (29.5) | 21 (22.6) |
| Black, n (%) | 44 (19.8) | 26 (20.2) | 18 (19.4) |
| Brown, n (%) | 117 (52.7) | 64 (49.6) | 53 (57.0) |
| Yellow, n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) |
Note: SD: Standard Deviation; PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Table 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2017
| General sample(n= 222) | Elective PCI(n = 129) | Primary PCI (n = 93) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schooling | |||
| Non-literate, n (%) | 66 (29.7) | 35 (27.1) | 31 (33.3) |
| 1st Incomplete degree , n (%) | 71 (32.0) | 45 (34.9) | 26 (28.0) |
| 1st Complete degree, n (%) | 35 (15.8) | 20 (15.5) | 15 (16.1) |
| 2nd Incomplete degree, n (%) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (2.2) |
| 2nd Complete degree, n (%) | 37 (16.7) | 24 (18.6) | 13 (14.0) |
| Incomplete higher education, n (%) | 3 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (2.2) |
| Complete higher education, n (%) | 6 (2.7) | 2 (1.6) | 4 (4.3) |
| Marital Status | |||
| Single, Widow (er) or Divorced, n (%) | 80 (36.0) | 46 (35.7) | 34 (36.6) |
| Married, n (%) | 142 (64.0) | 83 (64.3) | 59 (63.4) |
| Total income per residence (minimum wage)* | |||
| < 1 minimum wage, n (%) | 33 (14.9) | 21 (16.3) | 12 (12.9) |
| 1 - 3 minimum wages, n (%) | 170 (76.6) | 97 (75.2) | 73 (78.5) |
| > 3 minimum wages, n (%) | 19 (8.6) | 11 (8.5) | 8 (8.6) |
| Occupation | |||
| Other occupations/ poorly defined, n (%)** | 115 (51.8) | 70 (54.3) | 45 (48.4) |
| Provision of Services, n (%) | 31 (14.0) | 19 (14.7) | 12 (12.9) |
| Agricultural and livestock, extractive plant and animal production, n (%) | 22 (9.9) | 10 (7.8) | 12 (12.9) |
| Manufacturing Industries and civil construction, n (%) | 15 (6.8) | 7 (5.4) | 8 (8.6) |
| Technical, scientific, artistic and similar, n (%) | 10 (4.5) | 3 (2.3) | 7(7.5) |
| Trade and assistance activities, n (%) | 11 (5.0) | 9 (7.0) | 2 (2.2) |
| Transportation and communication, n (%) | 11 (5.0) | 5 (3.9) | 6 (6.5) |
| Administrative, n (%) | 5 (2.3) | 4 (3.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| National defense and public safety, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | - |
| Unemployed, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | - |
Note:
*937,00.
**Housewives, students, retirees, pensioners, self-employed and sex workers; PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
It is worth noting the level of schooling (Table 2), where the number of non-literate and incomplete elementary students was 29.7% and 32%, respectively. 64.0% were married, 76.6% had income from one to three minimum wages and 51.8% were in other occupations/poorly defined.
All patients regulated by the care line underwent adjuvant therapy. In relation to the door-to-balloon time (Table 3), 11.8% reached the time less than 90 minutes, being the shortest time, 1 hour and the largest, 48 hours.
Table 3 Numerical indicators of the door-to-balloon time related to the electrocardiogram, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2017
| Primary PCI (n= 93) | |
|---|---|
| Door-to-balloon time | |
| < 90 minutes, n (%) | 11 (11.8) |
| 91 - 360 minutes, n (%) | 24 (25.8) |
| 361 - 720 minutes, n (%) | 40 (43.0) |
| > 720 minutes, n (%) | 18(19.4) |
| Electrocardiogram | |
| ECG wth/ ST, n (%) | 65 (69.9) |
| ECG wth/ ST + enzymes, n (%) | 28 (30.1) |
Note: PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; ECG: electrocardiogram.
The clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 4. All the patients presented antecedents, independent of the accomplishment of the PCI in elective character or urgency. However, only “Hypertension” (HT) comorbidity presented a meaningful association (p= 0.00) among patients submitted to PCI on an emergency and elective basis, 68.8% and 88.4%, respectively. These data, based on the Chance Factor, indicate that the possibility for elective patients to be affected by HT was 3.45 higher than for those submitted to primary PCI.
Table 4 Clinical characteristics of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on an elective and urgent basis, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2017
| Elective PCI (n = 129) | Primary PCI (n = 93) | pvalue | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 114(88.4) | 64 (68.8) | 0.00a.b |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 50 (38.8) | 35 (37.6) | 0.489b |
| Acute Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 71 (55.0) | 20 (21.5) | 0.00a.b |
| Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, n (%) (anterior), n (%) | 5 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.064b |
| Stroke, n (%) | 8 (6.2) | 7 (7.5) | 0.789b |
| BMI of adult patients | 0.248b | ||
| Overweight, n (%) | 19 (40.4) | 19 (48.7) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 9 (19.2) | 8 (20.5) | |
| BMI of elderly patients | 0.575b | ||
| Overweight (levels 1, 2 and 3), n (%) | 34 (41.5) | 23 (42.6) | |
| Family History, n (%) | 47 (36.4) | 38 (40.9) | 0.298b |
| Life Habits | |||
| Alcoholism, n (%) | 29 (22.5) | 19 (20.4) | 0.422b |
| Current Smoking, n (%) | 31 (24.0) | 32 (34.4) | 0.06b |
| Previous Smoking, n (%) | 35 (27.1) | 23 (24.7) | 0.404b |
| Physical Inactivity, n (%) | 119 (92.2) | 83 (89.2) | 0.295b |
| Physical Activity, n (%) | 10 (7.8) | 10 (10.8) | 0.295b |
Note:
ap <0.05;
bp-value for Pearson’s Chi-square; PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
It was also identified that the “Current Smoking” factor had a marginally meaningful association (p = 0.06), and tobacco use was more frequent in patients with urgent cases when compared to the electives (34.4% vs. 24.0%).
Regarding the angiographic characteristics, the type of stent variable had a meaningful association between patients submitted to PCI on an emergency and elective basis (p = 0.002), the conventional one being the most used in emergency procedures 57.0%, while in the electives, pharmacological use 61.2%. In addition, the Chance Factor of an elective patient receiving pharmacological stent is 2.74 times greater than a patient attended on an emergency basis. For this calculation, patients who received stents of both types (Table 5) were excluded.
Table 5 Angiographic and procedure characteristics, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2017
| Elective PCI (n = 129) | Primary PCI (n = 93) | pvalue | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stents | 0.00a.b | ||
| Conventional, n (%) | 43 (33.3) | 53 (57.0) | |
| Pharmacological, n (%) | 79 (61.2) | 36 (38.7) | |
| Conventional and pharmacological, n (%) | 7 (5.4) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Number of Stents | 0.33b | ||
| One, n (%) | 86 (66.7) | 54 (58.0) | |
| Two, n (%) | 30 (23.3) | 30 (32.3) | |
| Three or more, n (%) | 13 (10.0) | 9 (9.7) | |
| Coronary artery treated | 0.26b | ||
| Right Coronary Artery, n (%) | 38 (29.5) | 28 (30.1) | |
| Circumflex Artery, n (%) | 13 (10.1) | 12 (12.9) | |
| Mid Left Anterior Descending Artery, n (%) | 47 (36.4) | 39 (41.9) | |
| Others n (%) | 12 (9.3) | 2 (2.2) | |
| More than one treated, n (%) | 19 (14.7) | 12 (12.9) | |
| Punction site | 0.10b | ||
| Radial | 41 (32.0) | 38 (40.9) | |
| Femoral | 83 (64.8) | 55 (59.1) | |
| Brachial | 4 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Percentage of injury (mean ± SD) | 89.43±9.57 | 97.53±6.02 | 0.00a.c |
| Complications, n (%) | 8 (6.2) | 8 (8.6) | 0.33b |
| Recovery | 0.00a.b | ||
| Nursing, n (%) | 106 (82.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Intensive Care Unit, n (%) | 23 (17.8) | 93 (100.0) |
Note: Own research; p < 0.05;
bp-value for Pearson’s Chi-square; cp-value for the Mann-Whitney test; SD: Standard Deviation; PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
Regarding the percentage of the lesion, a meaningful difference was identified (U = 1982.5; p = 0.00). Patients submitted to emergency PCI had a meaningfully higher lesion than the elective ones (97.53 versus 89.43). Regarding recovery, we identified an important association between patients submitted to primary and elective PCI, and the recovery modality of these patients (p = 0.00), indicating a high effect of association between the outcome and the mode of care (Cramer’s V of 0.80, p = 0.00). These data indicate that primary PCI is strongly related to the consequent hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (Table 5).
DISCUSSION
In this study, male patients prevailed (65.3%). As for females, the percentage of 34.7% of the total sample was found. Of these, 93.6% were older than 50 years. Analyzes conducted in the UK with 1,271 patients found that 79.5% were males and 20.5% females, in view of this, the comparative study shows that 48.1% of the female population had age group over 70 years, whereas in men this percentage was only 28.6%(12).
Thus, research indicates that cardiovascular events in women have a lower incidence, probably due to the protective function of estradiol. However, the sudden decrease in estrogen levels in the postmenopausal period is associated with a high cardiovascular risk(13).
In the population of this study, low education and income, marital status, brown and in relation to the profession predominated, 51.8% were among other occupations/poorly defined. Research performed at a Hospital in the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul State also showed low schooling, since 72.9% had incomplete elementary school and 6.3% were not literate. In addition, the same study stated that 58.3% receive less than 3 minimum wages per month, 70.8% were married, 37.5% retired and 83.3% are white(13).
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)(14), the year 2016 showed that in the northeast of Brazil, approximately 26.4% of the population is white and 73% are blacks, while in the percentage of black-and-white-brown can reach 76.7% and 22.5%, respectively.
These divergences in the ethnicity/color indicator are possibly due to the regional difference in the surveys. Low socioeconomic conditions are related to the increased risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. In addition, studies indicate that Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Smoking, Obesity and Alcoholism are more frequent in individuals of lower socioeconomic level, and schooling is one of the indicators of socioeconomic level that more satisfactorily correlates with the periodicity and intensity of risk factors cardiovascular(15).
The deluge for the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy in St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction is shown as an unfavorable prognostic predictor. In this study, it was observed that door-to-balloon time for PCI was extensive; countering what is considered the current Brazilian guideline for the treatment of St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, in which the ideal door-to-balloon time should be less than 90 minutes. Such data can be justified due to the existence of only one center to meet all state demand, as well as the absence of care protocols, delay in diagnosis and little articulation between the various points of the care network(11,16).
In this study, a door-to-balloon time between 360-720 minutes prevailed (40%). Comparing with a study carried out in Southeast Asia with 1,268 patients, in which 16% had a 120 minute balloon port delay(17). Such research has shown that the main causes of delay were the delay in emergency service, atypical clinical presentation and unstable condition requiring stabilization, also affirming that these delays are the major causes of death.
Research in databases has shown that strategies for reducing door-to-balloon time are still performed in isolation, among the strategies, is the electrocardiogram in the prehospital care, early activation of the hemodynamic service and multiprofessional communication in the process of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. In the city of Belo Horizonte/MG, a meaningful reduction (12.3% to 7.1%) in the mortality rate was observed, after the implantation of the AMI care line, with the integration of services, training for the professionals involved(18-19).
With respect to the comorbidities presented by the patients in the present study, there was prevalence of Arterial Hypertension followed by Diabetes Mellitus. Corroborating our results, which showed a higher incidence of hypertension in women (88.3%) than in men (75.9%), an analysis of 2,426 patients in hospitals in South-East Asia demonstrated the prevalence of hypertension in 81.4% in women and 57.3% in men, and in Diabetes Mellitus in 65.6% of women and 43.6% in men(20).
Table 4 shows that the highest prevalence of previous Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) was in elective patients. A study(21) performed with 586 patients submitted to primary PCI, only 5.8% presented such comorbidity, being one of the factors responsible for possible PCI death. A national study developed in the United Kingdom pointed out that of 1,271 patients submitted to PCI, 54.5% between men and women already had previous MI(12).
As for the previous Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABS), a prevalence of only 3.9% was observed in elective patients in the study population. Analysis of 5,664 patients from an Iranian Hospital showed that only 4% had undergone surgery(22). In the city of Porto Alegre/RS, 4% of 1,108 patients from the survey had this history of CABS(23).
Regarding Stroke, the percentage found in this study (6.7%) among elective and patients with urgent cases was higher than in other studies, which indicated percentages from 3.3% to 4.7%(12,19,24).
A survey conducted in a city of São Paulo State with 489 patients showed that 35.5% were overweight(24). Studies in Iran and Germany also showed that overweight was predominant in the patients analyzed(22,25). Another study conducted in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia showed that of 28,472 patients analyzed, 43.8% were overweight and 36.6% were obese(26). A survey conducted in several hospitals in Japan showed that of 10,142 patients analyzed, 30.5% were overweight and 6.2% were obese(27). Similarly, Table 4 of this study shows that a meaningful number of adult patients were overweight and an important amount of obesity was observed in the elderly.
Family history is one more factor contributing to the manifestation of Cardiovascular Diseases, and in this study, there were a considerable number of patients with such comorbidity. Some authors confirm this data, revealing meaningful numbers of patients with Family History(12,21-22,24,26).
In the current study, Current Smoking is a relevant data, being one of the most present risk factors in patients with Cardiovascular Diseases, as it leads to an imbalance of prothrombotic antithrombotic factors(25). In the study in Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the 586 patients in the study, 64.7% smoked(21). In the United Kingdom, of 1,271, 65.4% are smokers(12). Many other studies have shown that a large proportion of patients undergoing PCI are active smokers(13,16,22-24). In the same way that the current smoker is more predisposed to having Cardiovascular Diseases, the former smoker is also a risk factor to be considered(15). Considering this, we observed in Table 4 considerable percentages in both elective and emergency patients, respectively 27.1% and 24.7%.
It can be observed in the results that 99.9% of the total number of patients was physically inactive. Therefore, studies(13) conducted confirm that the number of physically inactive patients in PCI is high, with 91.7% of the 48 patients analyzed. In addition, an analysis performed in the Northern region of Paraná State showed that 52.5% of patients submitted to PCI were physically inactive(28). Another study indicated that 71% of patients who underwent coronary angioplasty had Physical Inactivity(29).
A Brazilian study(24) with 489 patients submitted to PCI in the city of Marília, SP, showed a higher prevalence in the use of conventional stents (98.6%), contrary to what was found in the present study, which indicates greater use of stents of the pharmacological type when compared to the number of elective patients (61.2%). However, in relation to patients with urgent cases, it is still observed the predominant use of conventional stents (57%).
Analysis of 5,664 patients performed in Tehran, the main city of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the number of “one” stents predominated (71.3%)(22). These data corroborate with those found in Table 5, where the majority of elective and emergency patients received a stent. In relation to the treated coronary, the Mid Left Anterior Descending Artery (elective and urgency), followed by the Right Coronary Artery, predominated. Studies have confirmed that the most commonly treated coronary artery in patients performing PCI is the Mid Left Anterior Descending Artery and secondly the Right Coronary Artery(21-24).
The femoral artery was the most commonly used puncture site (Table 5), followed by the radial one. According to research done in Rio Grande do Sul State, the femoral route was more prevalent. However, a survey conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina and another one conducted in the city of Marília - SP, the radial route predominated, respectively 70.8% and 94.3%(23-24). Analysis performed in the United States has shown that the radial approach is safer than the femoral approach, since they are less likely to cause complications, such as hemorrhage, hematoma formation, thrombophlebitis, ecchymosis and pseudoaneurysm(30).
Study limitations
This study has limitations because it is observational, unicentric and has a limited sample. In relation to the times used, the possibility of bias is admitted, since they were obtained through the records in medical records.
Contributions to the sectors of Nursing, Health or Public Policy
It is believed that papers of this nature can contribute, in particular, to the creation of strategies aimed at the prevention of these diseases, as well as collaborate in the formulation of health policies aimed at strengthening the quality of care offered, as well as to enable the implementation of the line of care that allows harm reduction, through the training of professionals and integration of services.
CONCLUSION
It is observed that there is a predominance of men, elderly, brown, married, with low level of education. Regarding the origin, the hospitals originated in all regions of the State, followed by the Emergency Care Units (Unidades de Pronto Atendimento), located in the metropolitan region. Individuals who underwent elective PCI had a high prevalence of risk factors and those who underwent PCI had a high time of ischemia. It is believed that the creation of strategies aimed at the prevention of these diseases, as well as the formulation of health policies that contemplate the structuring of the care line in the state and the strengthening of the quality of care offered through the integration of the various services of the network are to reduce future events, minimize adverse outcomes, and improve treatment efficacy.
