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Lesão renal aguda pelo vírus SARS-COV-2 em pacientes com COVID-19: revisão integrativa

RESUMO

Objetivo:

avaliar as evidências científicas sobre Lesão Renal Aguda pela SARS-CoV-2 em pacientes com COVID-19.

Métodos:

revisão integrativa, com adoção da estratégia PICO e classificação do nível de evidência, realizada em 10 de abril de 2020 na base de dados PubMed, de artigos disponíveis entre dezembro de 2019 e abril de 2020.

Resultados:

a amostra foi composta por seis artigos originais, sendo cinco observacionais e um experimental. Os estudos observacionais abordaram os achados clínicos dos pacientes com COVID-19, associação entre os danos renais, infecção e morbimortalidade.

Conclusão:

os estudos abordaram o mecanismo de infecção intracelular da SARS-CoV-2, seus efeitos citopáticos nas células renais e a incidência de Lesão Renal Aguda nos pacientes infectados pela SARS-CoV-2. A Lesão Renal Aguda está associada ao aumento da mortalidade e morbidade nestes pacientes. Esta revisão concretiza a necessidade de novas pesquisas que possam aludir a atenção renal ao paciente com COVID-19.

Descritores:
Infecções por Coronavírus; Lesão Renal Aguda; Revisão; Infecção; Morbidade; Mortalidade

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to assess scientific evidence on SARS-CoV-2 Acute Kidney Injury in patients with COVID-19.

Methods:

an integrative review, with adoption of PICO strategy and classification of the level of evidence, carried out on April 10, 2020 in the PubMed database, of articles available between December 2019 and April 2020.

Results:

the sample consisted of six original, five observational and one experimental articles. Observational studies addressed the clinical findings of patients with COVID-19 and association between kidney damage, infection, and morbidity-mortality.

Conclusion:

the studies addressed the mechanism of intracellular infection of SARS-CoV-2, its cytopathic effects on kidney cells and incidence of acute kidney injury in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Acute kidney injury is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in these patients. This review realizes the need for new research that can mention kidney care to patients with COVID-19.

Descriptors:
Coronavirus Infections; Acute Kidney Injury; Review; Infection; Morbidity; Mortality

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

evaluar la evidencia científica sobre la lesión renal aguda por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con COVID-19.

Métodos:

revisión integradora, con la adopción de la estrategia PICO y clasificación del nivel de evidencia, realizada el 10 de abril de 2020 en la base de datos PubMed, de artículos disponibles entre diciembre de 2019 y abril de 2020.

Resultados:

la muestra estuvo compuesta por seis artículos originales, cinco de los cuales son de observación y uno experimental. Los estudios de observación abordaron los hallazgos clínicos de pacientes con COVID-19, la asociación entre daño renal, la infección y la morbilidad y mortalidad.

Conclusión:

los estudios abordaron el mecanismo de infección intracelular del SARS-CoV-2, sus efectos citopáticos en las células renales y la incidencia de lesión renal aguda en pacientes infectados con el SARS-CoV-2. La Lesión Renal Aguda se asocia con una mayor mortalidad y morbilidad en estos pacientes. Esta revisión resalta la necesidad de más investigación que pueda aludir la atención renal a pacientes con COVID-19.

Descriptores:
Infecciones por Coronavirus; Lesión Renal Aguda; Revisión; Infección; Morbilidad; Mortalidad

INTRODUÇÃO

O coronavírus compõe uma família de patógenos virais que co-infectam os seres humanos e outros vertebrados(11 Lana R M, Coelho FC, Gomes MFC, Cruz OG, Bastos LS, Villela DAM, et al. Emergência do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) e o papel de uma vigilância nacional em saúde oportuna e efetiva. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(3):e00019620. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00019620
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0001962...
-22 Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, Xie L, et al. Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2):244. doi: 10.3390/v12020244
https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244...
). Dentre suas variantes, dois deles são velhos conhecidos por terem induzido inúmeros surtos epidêmicos emergenciais de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda (SARS) e Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio (MERS) em 2003 e 2012, respectivamente(22 Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, Xie L, et al. Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2):244. doi: 10.3390/v12020244
https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244...
-33 Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020;92:548-51. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25722
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722...
). Há pouco, sobretudo em dezembro de 2019, uma série de pneumonias não especificadas foram reportadas na cidade de Wuhan, China, local conhecido pela existência de mercados de animais recém-sacrificados. Alguns estudos chineses já haviam alertado, desde 2007, classificando este tipo de comércio como altamente provável para futuros surtos de coronavírus semelhantes à SARS ou MERS(44 Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, Zhou P. Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];11(3):210. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466186/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-55 Cheng VCC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020 Apr 11];20(4):660-94. Available From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2176051/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Foram ressaltadas possíveis novas epidemias, tendo a China como provável foco da epidemia, destacando-se esses comércios como fontes e centros de amplificação para infecções emergentes(44 Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, Zhou P. Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];11(3):210. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466186/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-55 Cheng VCC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020 Apr 11];20(4):660-94. Available From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2176051/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
).

O novo coronavírus foi nomeado de SARS-CoV-2, do inglês Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, e em 11 de fevereiro de 2020, a OMS oficialmente denominou a doença causada pelo vírus como COVID-19(44 Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi Z-L, Zhou P. Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];11(3):210. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466186/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-55 Cheng VCC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020 Apr 11];20(4):660-94. Available From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2176051/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Caracterizada por sua alta transmissibilidade, principalmente por gotículas e aerossóis, em 11 de março de 2020, a COVID-19 logo ultrapassou as barreiras continentais e tornou-se uma pandemia declarada, com evidências de transmissão comunitárias em dezenas de países, emitindo um alerta global e universal de segurança em saúde(66 Bastos L. OPAS/OMS Brasil - Folha Informativa - COVID-19 (Doença Causada Pelo Novo Coronavírus) | OPAS/OMS. [Internet]. 2020. Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available from: https://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6101:covid19&Itemid=875-77 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554...
).

A COVID-19 é identificada como causa de exponenciais surtos de SARS ao redor do mundo. Sua manifestação clínica comum varia de formas assintomáticas à condições clínicas sintomáticas, as quais incluem geralmente febre, tosse, mialgia e/ou fadiga, tendo a dispneia como sintoma preocupante e incidente em mais da metade dos casos(77 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554...
-88 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10223):497-506. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
), além de sintomas menos comuns, como produção de escarro, dor de cabeça, hemoptise, diarreia, dentre outros(88 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10223):497-506. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
-99 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];323(11):1061-9. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fu...
). Algumas evidências apontam cerca de 5 dias como o período médio de incubação da SARS-CoV-2; do início dos sintomas até a necessidade de internação hospitalar, cerca de 7 dias; e evolução do quadro até a manifestação de dispneia, em torno de 8 dias(99 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];323(11):1061-9. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fu...
).

A SARS, a MERS e a COVID-19 geram aspectos inflamatórios, com a liberação e aumento de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, conduzindo à infiltração de células inflamatórias no sistema pulmonar, edema intersticial e lesão e destruição do parênquima pulmonar(88 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10223):497-506. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...

9 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];323(11):1061-9. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fu...

10 Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, Zaki R, Tan Z, Bibi S, Baghbanzadeh M, Aghamohammadi N, Zhang W7, Haque U. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiology [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];dyaa033. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033...
-1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
). Histologicamente, o dano alveolar difuso está intimamente ligado à fase aguda da infecção(1212 Hui DSC, Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features. J Infect Dis Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];33(4):869-89. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552019300571?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
). O mecanismo patogênico que induz o comprometimento pulmonar parece ser particularmente complexo e ainda não totalmente esclarecido(77 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554...
,1212 Hui DSC, Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features. J Infect Dis Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];33(4):869-89. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552019300571?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
).

Além do amplo e difuso comprometimento pulmonar, alguns estudos identificaram que em casos graves de COVID-19 ocorre uma resposta imune exacerbada, linfo-histiocitose hemofagocítica ou também conhecida como ‘tempestade de citocinas’, resultando em perda de tolerância periférica aos próprios órgãos, que se tornam antigênicos, desencadeando rápida progressão para SARS, extensa inflamação e autodestruição tecidual em múltiplos órgãos(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1313 Janka GE, Lehmberg K. Hemophagocytic syndromes: an update. Blood Rev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Apr 11];28(4):135-42. Available From: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268960X14000289
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1414 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1033-4. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
).

Nesta circunstância, a interleucina 6 (IL-6), capaz de promover a diferenciação de linfócitos B, crescimento e inibição de algumas categorias de células, estimula a produção de proteínas pró-inflamatórias(77 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554...
,1414 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1033-4. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
-1515 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1054-62. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30566-3/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
). Segundo estudos recentes, o aumento dos níveis de IL-6 juntamente com os de d-dímero e ferritina sérica obteve associação estatística à morte de alguns pacientes, sendo um dos possíveis alvos para tratamentos futuros de casos graves de pneumonias por COVID-19(77 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554...
,1414 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1033-4. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...

15 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1054-62. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30566-3/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...

16 Bernardes J. Covid-19 tem possível associação com inflamação renal, apontam estudos. J USP [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. Available From: https://jornal.usp.br/ciencias/ciencias-da-saude/covid-19-tem-possivel-associacao-com-inflamacao-renal-apontam-estudos/
https://jornal.usp.br/ciencias/ciencias-...
-1717 Strabelli TMV, Uip DE. COVID-19 and the Heart. Arq Bras Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200209
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200209...
).

Além dos comprometimentos pulmonares e imunológicos decorrentes da infecção pela SARS-CoV-2, alguns estudos buscaram relacioná-los com injúrias em outros órgãos e sistemas. Neste contexto, o sistema renal ganhou enfoque e relevância nos estudos científicos. Embora as evidências ainda sejam escassas, alguns estudos chineses, mesmo com baixa incidência, indicaram prejuízos renais em pacientes com COVID-19(1818 Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.02.08.20021212. Available From: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/...

19 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
-2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
). Ademais, sugerem que o aumento de alguns parâmetros renais, como proteinúria, hematúria, ureia e creatinina sérica (SCr) estavam significativamente associados a um risco de mortalidade estatisticamente significante de até cinco vezes maior neste grupo(1818 Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.02.08.20021212. Available From: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/...
-1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
).

Ainda que alguns artigos sugiram possível mecanismo de Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) pela COVID-19, outros estudos afirmam não haver LRA decorrente desta infecção, sustentando que os danos extrapulmonares por SARS-CoV-2 não foram detectados em outros órgãos(1212 Hui DSC, Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features. J Infect Dis Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];33(4):869-89. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552019300571?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
). Em contraste, outras evidências científicas sugerem que a infecção por ele não se limita ao parênquima pulmonar, com indícios de partículas do vírus em células renais(11 Lana R M, Coelho FC, Gomes MFC, Cruz OG, Bastos LS, Villela DAM, et al. Emergência do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) e o papel de uma vigilância nacional em saúde oportuna e efetiva. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(3):e00019620. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00019620
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0001962...
,1818 Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.02.08.20021212. Available From: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/...
-1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
).

Mediante este cenário divergente e levando em consideração a magnitude do problema e a escassez de estudos desta emergente temática, ficamos motivados a realizar esta revisão para verificar, através das atuais evidências científicas acerca da LRA em pacientes com COVID-19, os possíveis efeitos deletérios renais induzidos pela SARS-CoV-2.

OBJETIVO

Demonstrar e avaliar as evidências científicas disponíveis acerca do possível mecanismo de LRA pela SARS-CoV-2 em pacientes com COVID-19.

MÉTODO

Revisão integrativa(2222 Beyea SC, Nicoll LH. Writing an integrative review. AORN J [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2020 Apr 12];67(4):877-80. Available From: https://aornjournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0001-2092%2806%2962653-7
https://aornjournal.onlinelibrary.wiley....
-2323 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 13];52(5):546-53. Available from: http://users.phhp.ufl.edu/rbauer/EBPP/whittemore_knafl_05.pdf
http://users.phhp.ufl.edu/rbauer/EBPP/wh...
), com busca das produções científicas na base de dados PubMed, de artigos publicados entre dezembro de 2019 e abril de 2020, com a adoção de descritores (Mesh) “Acute Kidney InjuryAND “COVID-19”.

Como forma de nortear a busca por estudos científicos e com o intuito de encontrar as melhores evidências científicas para uma revisão integrativa, a estratégia PICO foi utilizada. Esta estratégia simboliza um acrônimo para Paciente ou Problema, Intervenção, Comparação ou Controle e “Outcomes” (Desfecho)(2424 Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MRC. A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020 Apr 13];15(3):508-11. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200700...
). A estratégia de busca deu-se em quatro passos: (1) identificação de um problema clínico; (2) formulação de uma questão clínica relevante e específica; (3) busca de evidências científicas; e (4) avaliação das evidências disponíveis. Dessa forma, seguiram-se a classificação e a análise dos quatro parâmetros de identificação do problema, sendo o primeiro critério (Paciente) a identificação do grupo a ser estudado, ou seja, pacientes com COVID-19 e seus parâmetros renais; o segundo (Intervenção), análise da disponibilidade e avaliação das evidências científicas; o terceiro (Comparação), este estudo não abrangeu um grupo comparação; o quarto parâmetro (Outcomes), análise dos aspectos epidemiológicos, laboratoriais, experimentais, dentre outros, sobre a função renal dos pacientes.

A pergunta norteadora para a elaboração da revisão integrativa foi: quais são as atuais evidências científicas a respeito do comprometimento da função renal pela SARS-CoV-2 em pacientes com COVID-19? Os artigos encontrados foram analisados conforme a ordem de seleção, e os dados foram analisados, segundo os seus conteúdos, mediante a investigação de dois pesquisadores. Os critérios de busca estão descritos na Tabela 1 e Figura 1.

Tabela 1
Resultados da busca nas bases de dados para análise dos registros encontrados em artigos, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2020

Figura 1
Fluxograma das etapas referente à busca de evidências nas bases de dados, conforme o PRISMA, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2020

Como critério de inclusão, foram adotados estudos originais publicados sobre o tema proposto, nas línguas espanhola, portuguesa e inglesa, disponíveis na íntegra para leitura, que abordassem como assunto principal a avaliação da função renal em pacientes infectados pela e/ou com COVID-19. Foram excluídos da amostra outras revisões e estudos que não mencionaram SARS-CoV-2 e/ou COVID-19. Seguindo os critérios de pesquisa, elaborou-se um diagrama de fluxo (conforme o PRISMA) na pesquisa do banco de dados (Figura 1).

Classificaram-se os artigos encontrados quanto ao tipo de pesquisa e nível de evidência: Nível 1 - evidências providas de revisão sistemática ou metanálise; Nível 2 - evidências derivadas de, pelo menos, um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado bem delineado; Nível 3 - evidências obtidas de ensaios clínicos bem delineados sem randomização; Nível 4 – evidências provenientes de estudos de coorte e de caso controle bem delineados; Nível 5 – evidências originárias de revisão sistemática de estudos descritivos e qualitativos; Nível 6 – evidências derivadas de um único estudo descritivo ou qualitativo; Nível 7 - evidências oriundas de opinião de autoridades e/ou relatório de comitês de especialistas(2525 Melnyk B, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 2005. 3-24p.).

RESULTADOS

Foram encontrados 13 artigos na base de dados descrita, em seguida, selecionaram-se todos estes estudos para a leitura na íntegra de seus respectivos resumos. Foram selecionados 9 artigos cujo conteúdo contemplou a pergunta da pesquisa. A partir da leitura dos resumos, os quatro artigos foram excluídos, pois (1) os estudos não eram originais ou não tinham um delineamento com dados passíveis de análise adequada para revisão (n=4); (2) os artigos não discorriam ou abordava em nenhum aspecto os efeitos da infecção viral por SARS-CoV-2 na função renal de pacientes (n=2); e (3) o artigo era uma revisão (n=1). Ao final de uma leitura analítica dos artigos na íntegra e após as exclusões, a amostra se compôs de seis artigos que atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão.

Os estudos foram publicados entre 24 de fevereiro de 2020 e 3 de abril de 2020. Os trabalhos encontrados eram procedentes da China, cinco da cidade de Wuhan(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
) e um de Shanghai(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
), e foram analisados na língua inglesa. Os estudos foram publicados em diferentes periódicos, todos em revistas médicas (100%)(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...

20 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Em relação ao desenho de pesquisa, observou-se que os cinco estudos eram originais, sendo cinco observacionais e um experimental. Dentre estes estudos, têm-se 2 estudos caso-controle (33,3%), 2 coortes (33,3%) e 2 descritivos (33,3%). Dados se encontram presentes cronologicamente no Quadro 1, de acordo com as evidências mais recentes.

Quadro 1
Distribuição dos estudos de acordo com título, autores, local, ano e periódico, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2020

Dos seis artigos selecionados, todos fizeram referência à LRA, SARS-CoV-2 e COVID-19. Os estudos abrangeram os níveis 4 e 5 de evidência, predominando os níveis 4 (66,6%). Os resultados estão sintetizados no Quadro 2.

Quadro 2
Quadro sinóptico contendo delineamento da pesquisa, objetivo, principais resultados e conclusão, dos artigos selecionados para revisão integrativa, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 2020

DISCUSSÃO

O mecanismo de infecção intracelular da SARS-CoV-2, apesar de não ser totalmente elucidado, ressalta a necessidade de incessantes pesquisas. Alguns estudos indicam que a ACE2 é um dos principais receptores que mediam a entrada do patógeno nas células humanas(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
). Assim como na infecção causada pela SARS-CoV, uma proteína, denominada Spike (S), presente na SARS-CoV-2, liga-se ao receptor ACE2 da superfície da célula hospedeira, possibilitando que a proteína S seja ativada e clivada pelas TMPRSSs, fazendo com que o vírus libere alguns peptídeos de fusão para se acoplarem a membrana celular, mecanismo central na determinação do tropismo tecidual, e assim adentrarem a célula(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
-3030 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
).

Nos pulmões, as células epiteliais alveolares humanas parecem ser um alvo mais vulnerável para a infecção(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...

30 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-3131 Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.01.26.919985. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/09/2020.01.26.919985.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04...
). Isso pode ser explicado pela vasta área de superfície pulmonar que aumenta a suscetibilidade ao vírus inalado, como também pela maioria das células que expressam ACE2 serem células epiteliais alveolares tipo II, que servem como reservatório para invasão viral, além de outros fatores genéticos(3030 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-3131 Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.01.26.919985. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/09/2020.01.26.919985.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04...
). Todavia, a expressão do receptor ACE2 também é encontrada em muitos tecidos extrapulmonares(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...

30 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-3131 Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.01.26.919985. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/09/2020.01.26.919985.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04...
).

Por conseguinte, como relatado por Pan et al.(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
), a co-expressão de ACE2 e TMPRSS é um determinante essencial para a entrada de SARS-CoV-2 nas células hospedeiras. Em seu estudo, apesar de o delineamento da pesquisa enunciar-se com baixo nível de evidência, embora com adequado rigor científico embasando-se experimentalmente em uma análise de células renais normais em nível de célula única, foi visualizada alta co-expressão dos genes de ACE2 e TMPRSS nos podócitos e células do túbulo reto proximal(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
). Outros estudos também indicam que o ACE2 também se expressa, altamente, em células de Leydig e em células dos ductos seminíferos no testículo(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
-3030 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
).

Desta forma, Pan et al.(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
) afirmam que os efeitos citopáticos do vírus nessas células renais podem causar LRA e danificar o rim e a função renal em pacientes com infecção por SARS-CoV-2(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
). No entanto, as evidências clínico-observacionais, de coortes e estudos epidemiológicos, apontam LRA, danos e disfunções renais causados pela SARS-CoV-2 como uma temática ainda controversa e discutível(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
).

Nas publicações alcançadas nesta revisão, o número (n) das populações compostas pelos pacientes infectados pela SARS-CoV-2 e internados com COVID-19(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
), sejam as amostras dos grupos que foram a óbito(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
-2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
) ou dos pacientes que estavam no estado mais grave da doença(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
), variou entre 52 e 964 pessoas(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Referente ao perfil clínico e sociodemográfico dessas amostras, de um modo geral, os pacientes eram, em sua maioria, homens, variando entre 52,4% a 73%, com média de idade de 54 a 69 anos(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Apresentavam, pelo menos, uma comorbidade clínica (40% a 48%)(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
), sendo que a hipertensão arterial sistêmica esteve presente em 33,4% a 37,1% do total de pacientes, com prevalência de 36,7% a 48% nos grupos dos falecidos com elevada SCr de base, durante a doença, ou dos que apresentaram nível grave de COVID-19(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Diabetes Mellitus apresentou prevalência entre 14,3% e 15,5%, elevando-se para até 16% quando analisada somente nos indivíduos que tiveram aumento da SCr(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
).

De acordo com os estudos revisados, a necessidade de alguma modalidade de ventilação mecânica esteve presente em 13,4% (97/701)(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
) de todos os pacientes com COVID-19 e 71% (37/52) dos pacientes mais críticos. Dentre esses pacientes mais graves, a ventilação mecânica foi de 94% naqueles que faleceram e 35% nos que sobreviveram(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). O tempo médio da doença até a hospitalização foi de 7 dias para o grupo de sobreviventes à COVID-19 e 10 dias para os falecidos(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
). A mediana de duração entre o início dos sintomas até a internação foi de 10 dias, 9 dias para aqueles que tiveram elevação da SCr durante a internação(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
) e de 9 dias para os pacientes graves desde o início dos sintomas até transferência para a UTI(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). A admissão na UTI foi de 9,5% (11/116)(2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
) e 10,4% (73/701), dentre este último, a admissão na UTI dos que tiveram aumento da SCr foi de 12,8% (13/101)(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
). Isso pode demonstrar que os pacientes com piores prognósticos já eram admitidos com quadros piores e tiveram rápida evolução da doença.

Os sinais e sintomas mais comuns manifestados pelos pacientes estudados foram: febre, acometendo em até 98% (51/52) dos pacientes críticos(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
); expectoração, em até 32,1% (35/109) dos internados que tiveram desfecho de óbito, 15,7% (n=116) nos que sobreviveram(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) e 77% (40/52) nos pacientes graves(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
); dispneia em 62% (70/113)(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) e 70,6% (77/109)(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
) nos pacientes que foram a óbito, 31% (50/161)(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) e 24,7% (22/116)(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
) nos que sobreviveram e 63% (33/52) nos pacientes mais críticos(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
); e dor precordial, expressa em 49% (55/113) dos pacientes falecidos e 30% (48/161) dos que sobreviveram(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
). Sintomas já foram inferidos pelas autoridades mundiais como altamente relacionados à doença(3232 World Health Organization - WHO. Coronavirus [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases...
-3333 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Coronavírus: saiba o que é, como tratar, se prevenir e últimas notícias [Internet]. 2020[cited 14 de abril de 2020]. Available From: https://www.saude.gov.br/o-ministro/746-saude-de-a-a-z/46490-novo-coronavirus-o-que-e-causas-sintomas-tratamento-e-prevencao-3
https://www.saude.gov.br/o-ministro/746-...
).

Nestes estudos observacionais, os dados sobre a incidência de LRA em pacientes internados por COVID-19 podem ser apontados como inconsistentes, variando de 0% (0/116), como retratado por Wang et al.(2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
) a 29% (15/52), como descrito por Yang et al.(2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
), em pacientes graves.

Ademais, Cheng et al.(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
), em seu estudo sobre a associação de disfunção renal e COVID-19, revela que por mais que a incidência de LRA em seu estudo tenha sido de 5,1%, a prevalência de SCr elevada, assim como nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo e baixa filtração glomerular (menor que 60 ml/min/1,73m2) foram de 14,4%, 13,1% e 13,1%. Evidenciaram-se 101 pacientes com aumento da SCr em 701 casos de COVID-19(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
). Porém, embora a SCr estivesse elevada, boa parte estava dentro do padrão de normalidade e/ou nem todas atenderam aos pré-requisitos definidos para o diagnóstico de LRA. A definição padrão utilizada de LRA em adultos, nos estudos, foi embasada no Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury (KDIGO), que considera aumento na SCr ≥26 μmol/L (0,3 mg/dL) dentro de 48 horas ou aumento na SCr > 1,5 vezes, no valor base, considerando os 7 dias anteriores, ou volume de urina <0,5 mL/kg/h, por mais de 6 horas(3434 Khwaja A. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury. Nephron Clin Pract [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2020 Apr 14];120(4):c179-84. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/339789
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
).

Da mesma forma, outros parâmetros renais foram avaliados nestes e nos demais estudos, a fim de averiguar outros indicadores renais para rastrear possíveis comprometimentos renais nos pacientes com COVID-19. Alguns estudos demonstraram que a proteinúria foi um achado comum nos infectados pelo vírus. Os dados de Chen et al.(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) a evidenciaram com uma alta incidência, 60% (100/166) em todos os pacientes, 86% (42/49) naqueles que faleceram e 50% (58/117) entre os que obtiveram cura(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
). A hematúria também foi rastreada em alguns estudos desta revisão, destacando-se os achados de Chen et al.(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) que exibiram presença de 83% (40/49) deste sinal clínico no grupo de óbito(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
). Muitas evidências científicas confirmam a comum prevalência de proteinúria e hematúria nos pacientes com COVID-19(1818 Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.02.08.20021212. Available From: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/...
-1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2121 Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];1-6. Available From: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/507471
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
,3535 Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];8(4):420-2. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30076-X/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Inclusive, Pan et al.(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
) afirmam que os podócitos são particularmente vulneráveis a ataques virais e bacterianos, e a lesão de podócitos induz facilmente a proteinúria intensa(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,3636 Jefferson J, Nelson P, Najafian B, Shankland S, Podocyte Disorders: Core Curriculum 2011. Am J Kidney Dis[Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Apr 14];58(4):666-77. Available From: https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(11)01071-7/fulltext
https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(...
).

Ressalta-se que o estudo de Deng et al.(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
) tem a LRA como uma das complicações significativamente mais comuns nos pacientes que morreram de COVID-19(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
). Cheng et al.(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
) classificam a elevação de SCr basal com taxa de risco de morte em 2,10 (1,36-3,26), nitrogênio ureico basal elevado em 3,97 (2,57-6,14), LRA estágio 3 em 4,38 (2,31-8,31), proteinúria acima do nível dois com taxa de risco em 4,84 (2,00-11,70) e hematúria acima do nível em 5,56 (2,58- 12,01), caracterizando-os como fatores de risco independentes para morte hospitalar(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
). Compactuam com estudos que já expõem as disfunções renais como preditores de morte por COVID-19 em até cinco vezes mais chances de óbito(1717 Strabelli TMV, Uip DE. COVID-19 and the Heart. Arq Bras Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11]. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200209
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200209...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
-2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
,3333 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Coronavírus: saiba o que é, como tratar, se prevenir e últimas notícias [Internet]. 2020[cited 14 de abril de 2020]. Available From: https://www.saude.gov.br/o-ministro/746-saude-de-a-a-z/46490-novo-coronavirus-o-que-e-causas-sintomas-tratamento-e-prevencao-3
https://www.saude.gov.br/o-ministro/746-...
).

O possível mecanismo da disfunção renal ou LRA em pacientes com COVID-19 ainda não está claro, como já discutido. Todavia, especula-se que esteja relacionada a três principais mecanismos, apesar da necessidade de mais estudos para suas respectivas confirmações.

O primeiro mecanismo refere-se ao ataque direto do vírus. Conforme já explicado, a SARS-CoV-2 frequentemente entra na célula através da ligação ao receptor ACE2(2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
,3131 Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.01.26.919985. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/09/2020.01.26.919985.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04...
,3737 Chai X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Han W, Lu Z, Ke A, et al. Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];2020.02.03.931766. Available From: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/04/2020.02.03.931766.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
), e já se evidenciou relativa alta expressão desse receptor em células renais, sugerindo que essas células sejam um potencial alvo para SARS-CoV-2(1818 Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.02.08.20021212. Available From: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/...
,2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2929 Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J. ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/13/2020.02.12.20022418.abstract
http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...

30 Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];46(4);586-90. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-020-05985-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
-3131 Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];2020.01.26.919985. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/09/2020.01.26.919985.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04...
,3737 Chai X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Han W, Lu Z, Ke A, et al. Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];2020.02.03.931766. Available From: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/04/2020.02.03.931766.abstract
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/02...
-3838 Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];395(10223):514-23. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30154-9/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
).

Além do ataque direto ao rim, evidências demonstraram tendência ao dano renal imunomediado como causa de LRA e disfunção renal, sendo este o segundo possível mecanismo(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,1313 Janka GE, Lehmberg K. Hemophagocytic syndromes: an update. Blood Rev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Apr 11];28(4):135-42. Available From: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268960X14000289
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1414 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1033-4. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
). Por este meio, os mediadores pró-inflamatórios são produzidos em níveis excessivos, podendo levar comumente a inflamação pulmonar e insuficiência respiratória(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
), além de seu potencial efeito sistêmico poder estar envolvido na ocorrência e desenvolvimento de LRA e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

12 Hui DSC, Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features. J Infect Dis Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 11];33(4):869-89. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552019300571?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...

13 Janka GE, Lehmberg K. Hemophagocytic syndromes: an update. Blood Rev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Apr 11];28(4):135-42. Available From: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268960X14000289
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
-1414 Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1033-4. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30628-0/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
,2020 Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H, Chen J, Ye J, Meng T, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the Covid-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med [internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available From: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-06026-1#citeas
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
,2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Em estudos sobre a SARS-CoV-2, a maioria das células que expressam as proteínas ACE2 e a SARS‐CoV-2 foram reativas contra o Fator de Transformação do Crescimento Beta (TGF β1), Fatores de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF α), IL 1β e IL 6(3939 He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Che X, He Y, Shen H, et al. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol [Internet]. 2006[cited 2020 Apr 14];210(3):288-97. Available From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/path.2067
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full...
), sugerindo sua superprodução em pacientes infectados(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3939 He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Che X, He Y, Shen H, et al. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol [Internet]. 2006[cited 2020 Apr 14];210(3):288-97. Available From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/path.2067
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full...

40 Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:846-8. Available From: 10.1007/s00134-020-06028-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06028...

41 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];395(10223):507-13. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30211-7/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
-4242 Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Medicine[Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available From: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaint...
).

Além disso, em um estudo retrospectivo de coorte multicêntrico, foi relatada elevação significativa do nível de IL-6 no grupo sem sobrevida de pacientes com COVID-19, em comparação com o das sobrevidas(1515 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];395(10229):1054-62. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30566-3/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
). Assim, a resposta imune desregulada ou exacerbada pode induzir significativamente danos a outros tecidos propondo, desta forma, um importante mecanismo da COVID-19(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3939 He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Che X, He Y, Shen H, et al. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol [Internet]. 2006[cited 2020 Apr 14];210(3):288-97. Available From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/path.2067
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full...

40 Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:846-8. Available From: 10.1007/s00134-020-06028-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06028...

41 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];395(10223):507-13. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30211-7/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...

42 Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Medicine[Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available From: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaint...

43 Sheng W-H, Chiang B-L, Chang S-C, Ho H-N, Wang J-T, Chen Y-C, et al. Clinical manifestations and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 14];104(10):715-23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385373/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385373...
-4444 Ward SE, Loutfy MR, Blatt LM, Siminovitch KA, Chen J, Hinek A, et al. Dynamic changes in clinical features and cytokine/chemokine responses in SARS patients treated with interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids. Antivir Ther [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 14];10(2):263-75. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15865221/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15865221...
).

Um dos achados bem difundidos em quatro dos cinco estudos observacionais analisados nesta revisão foi a detecção do aumento dos leucócitos e diminuição dos linfócitos nas amostras sanguíneas(1919 Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, Li J, Yao Y, Ge S, Xu G. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020 [Cited 2020 Apr 12];97(5);829-838. Available From: https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30255-6/fulltext
https://www.kidney-international.org/art...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...

27 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
-2828 Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med[Internet] 2020[cited 2020 Apr 12];S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30079-5/fulltext
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Alguns estudos mostram que as contagens de algumas células imunológicas são substancialmente reduzidas, mas seu status podem ser o de hiperativadas(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3535 Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];8(4):420-2. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30076-X/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
). Assim como discutido por Chen et al.(2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
) e Deng et al.(2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
), esta superativação imunológica pode manifestar alta citotoxicidade dessa classe de células e ser responsável, em parte, pela lesão imune grave multiorgânica(1111 Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol Orlando Fla [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 11];214: 10839. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,2626 Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 12];368m1091. Available From: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1091
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m109...
-2727 Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Shang J, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(11):1261-7 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824
https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.000000000000...
,3535 Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];8(4):420-2. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30076-X/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanre...
,4141 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 14];395(10223):507-13. Available From: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30211-7/abstract
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lance...
,4343 Sheng W-H, Chiang B-L, Chang S-C, Ho H-N, Wang J-T, Chen Y-C, et al. Clinical manifestations and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2020 Apr 14];104(10):715-23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385373/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385373...
).

Por fim, o terceiro e último possível mecanismo para lesão tecidual renal por COVID-19 pode se associar secundariamente a pacientes com COVID-19 em estado grave, através da susceptibilidade deste grupo à sepse e ao choque séptico, o que pode aumentar a ocorrência ou agravamento da LRA relacionada à sepse por inflamação excessiva, apoptose e estresse mitocondrial(4545 Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C, Wald R, Martensson J, Maiden M, et al. Acute kidney injury in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(6):816-28. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4755-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4755-...
-4646 Rather A, Kasana B. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JMS SKIMS [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Apr 14];18(2):162-4. Available From: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2492881
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fu...
), além de facilmente cursarem com hipovolemia, aumentando a hipoperfusão dos rins e LRA. Ressalta-se, também, a terapia hospitalar, que pode provavelmente causar LRA relacionada à farmacoterapia(4545 Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C, Wald R, Martensson J, Maiden M, et al. Acute kidney injury in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(6):816-28. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4755-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4755-...
).

Limitações do estudo

A principal limitação encontrada nesta revisão foi a escassez de artigos que respondessem à questão norteadora do estudo, considerada razoável diante da singularidade e originalidade da situação vigente e do tempo restrito para a realização de pesquisas sobre o assunto.

Contribuições para a área de enfermagem, saúde ou política pública

Os resultados desta investigação evidenciaram a necessidade de incessantes novas pesquisas sobre a COVID-19, principalmente mediante ao momento crítico pandêmico vigente, especialmente na temática tangente ao desta doença no sistema renal a curto, médio e longo prazo, a fim de contemplar as boas práticas para estes pacientes. No entanto, apesar da especificidade do tema, está é uma das raras e mais completas revisões sobre o assunto na atualidade, fornecendo percepções valiosas para a compreensão da LRA e disfunção renal em pacientes com COVID-19. Apresentam-se, principalmente, os aspectos patogênicos e manifestações clínicas referentes aos pacientes internados em estado grave e aos que evoluíram a óbito, com fundamentação nas últimas evidências científicas publicadas. Apropriar-se das informações desta revisão auxiliará o enfermeiro e os demais profissionais da área da saúde a atentar-se para identificar potenciais riscos renais aos acometidos com COVID-19, reconhecer prioridades e potencialidades clínicas e subsidiar um cuidado seguro.

Os dados desta revisão podem corroborar o futuro acompanhamento das funções renais desses pacientes em potenciais protocolos posteriores, podendo melhorar efetivamente a taxa de sucesso do tratamento da COVID-19, principalmente nos pacientes com alto risco de morte, contribuindo para o incessante combate a esta terrível doença. A LRA e as disfunções renais não podem ser ignoradas na atenção e prática clínica da COVID-19.

CONCLUSÃO

Os estudos apresentaram níveis de evidências relevantes, com abordagem experimental para o mecanismo de infecção intracelular da SARS-CoV-2, destacando os efeitos citopáticos do vírus nas células renais, sugerindo LRA e danos no rim e na função renal. Os estudos observacionais, com dados sobre a incidência de LRA em pacientes internados por COVID-19, deram-se como inconsistentes, variando de 0% a até 29%. No entanto, verifica-se que a ocorrência de LRA, juntamente com a análise de outros parâmetros renais, revela-se como uma importante complicação clínica e está associada ao aumento da mortalidade e morbidade nesses pacientes.

Dessa forma, esta revisão concretiza a necessidade da formulação de novas pesquisas que possam aludir a atenção renal ao paciente com COVID-19.

  • FOMENTO
    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq.

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Editado por

EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio José de Almeida Filho
EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Alvaro Silva

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    10 Jul 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    04 Maio 2020
  • Aceito
    05 Maio 2020
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