Psychosocial factors in nursing work and occupational risks: a systematic review

Factores psicosociales en el trabajo de enfermería y riesgos laborales: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify, in international scientific production, the main psychosocial factors in nursing work, found through the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) application.

Methods:

a systematic review study of psychosocial factors at work among nursing professionals, who used COPSOQ in the assessment of work environments.

Results:

fifteen articles were identified, which highlighted as main psychosocial dimensions of nursing work demands, work organization, social relationships and leadership, work-home interface, workplace health and well-being and offensive behaviors.

Conclusion:

the high demands for cognitive, emotional work and work pace were identified in the nursing routine. Management support had a positive impact. Physical and psychological violence and shift work interfere in family life, aggravating the fatigue of these professionals. Interventions for reducing work stress presuppose the identification of psychosocial factors involved in nursing work.

Descriptors:
Nursing; Work; Occupational Health; Occupational Risks; Mental Health

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar, en la producción científica internacional, los principales factores psicosociales en el trabajo de enfermería, encontrados mediante la aplicación del Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ).

Métodos:

estudio de revisión sistemática de los factores psicosociales en el trabajo entre profesionales de enfermería, quienes utilizaron COPSOQ en la evaluación de ambientes laborales.

Resultados:

se identificaron 15 artículos, los cuales destacaron como principales dimensiones psicosociales de las demandas laborales de enfermería, organización del trabajo, relaciones sociales y liderazgo, interfaz trabajo-hogar, salud y bienestar en el lugar de trabajo y conductas ofensivas.

Conclusión:

se identificaron las altas demandas de trabajo cognitivo, emocional y ritmo de trabajo en la enfermería diaria. El apoyo a la gestión tuvo un impacto positivo. La violencia física y psicológica y el trabajo por turnos interfieren en la vida familiar, agravando el cansancio de estos profesionales. Las intervenciones para reducir el estrés laboral presuponen la identificación de los factores psicosociales involucrados en el trabajo de enfermería.

Descriptores:
Enfermería; Trabajo; Salud Laboral; Riesgos Laborales; Salud Mental

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar, na produção científica internacional, os principais fatores psicossociais no trabalho de enfermagem, encontrados por meio da aplicação do instrumento Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ).

Métodos:

estudo de revisão sistemática dos fatores psicossociais no trabalho entre profissionais de enfermagem, que utilizaram o COPSOQ na avaliação dos ambientes laborais.

Resultados:

foram identificados 15 artigos, que destacaram como principais dimensões psicossociais da enfermagem as exigências laborais, a organização do trabalho, as relações sociais e liderança, interface trabalho-casa, saúde e bem-estar no local de trabalho e comportamentos ofensivos.

Conclusão:

as elevadas demandas de trabalho cognitivas, emocionais e ritmo de trabalho foram identificados no cotidiano da enfermagem. O suporte das chefias teve impacto positivo. A violência física e psicológica e o trabalho em turnos interferem na vida familiar, agravando a fadiga desses profissionais. As intervenções para a redução do estresse laboral pressupõem a identificação dos fatores psicossociais implicados no trabalho da enfermagem.

Descritores:
Enfermagem; Trabalho; Saúde do Trabalhador; Riscos Ocupacionais; Saúde Mental

INTRODUCTION

Nursing is considered an essential and central profession in the structure of health professions, present in all organizational units of the health system⁽¹⁾. The characteristics of work in organizations is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon and studied in several economy sectors^(2-3), being little studied in the fields of health and nursing. In the health sector, this phenomenon impacts the quality of care provided, affecting workers and users. Health professionals can leave work because of problems related to management and working conditions, especially in nursing, due to lack of working conditions and overload of activities, as well as the growing increase in workplace violence and bullying⁽⁴⁾.

Work organization is a source of stress due to the rigid organizational structure of health services. Specifically in the hospital environment, the intense demand, the pace of work, the low autonomy and the double shift due to the low minimum wage impact on physical and mental wear and burnout syndrome of workers⁽⁵⁾. nursing is one of the professions most exposed to occupational stress due to exposure to psychosocial factors, such as workload, high work pace and lack of autonomy nursing is one of the professions most exposed to occupational stress due to exposure to psychosocial factors, such as workload, high work pace and lack of autonomy nursing is one of the professions most exposed to occupational stress due to exposure to psychosocial factors, such as workload, high work pace and lack of autonomy^(1,4).

Psychosocial factors at work are among the main triggers of stress, however studies carried out in the field of health and also in the field of nursing on working conditions are scarce and focused on sharp work accidents and ergonomic work conditions^(5-6). This article is relevant because it contributes to the construction of knowledge about psychosocial factors in nursing practice settings, based on analysis of scientific production that used the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) to identify the main psychosocial factors in nursing work.

Psychosocial factors at work (PFW) were described by international agencies as one of the main factors that trigger stress and psychological illness among workers⁽⁷⁾. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work understands that organizations need to assess and manage psychosocial factors. PRIMA-EF (The European Framework for Psychosocial Risk Management) is a reference guide on the main psychosocial risk factors⁽⁷⁾, such as content, load, pace and working hours, control, environment and equipment, organizational culture and functioning, interpersonal relationships at work, organization’s role, career development and work-home interface.

To know the primary causes of stress, it is necessary to know the PFW. For its identification, theoretical models and instruments have been developed that assess, in the perception of the organization’s workers, the existence of psychosocial factors, which may have a risk or protection character. Among the various instruments, validated for their psychometric properties, COPSOQ⁽⁸⁾, since its first version, due to its wide range of aspects, in a multidimensional perspective, is the most used instrument in the international community for PFW assessment. In this way, it allows the comparison of results between organizations and countries in their respective versions of cross-cultural validation^(9-10).

This work aimed, based on a systematic literature review, at analyzing the scientific production that used COPSOQ to identify the main PFW of nursing, with an impact on the health of these professionals.

OBJECTIVE

To identify, in international scientific production, the main psychosocial factors in nursing work, found through the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire application.

METHOD

Ethical aspects

As it is a study of systematic review of scientific production, the need to register the research with the Brazilian National Research Council (Conselho Nacional de Saúde), and the Informed Consent Term application does not apply.

Design, period, and place of study

This literature systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations. A systematic search was carried out in the databases in digital format PubMed to identify the scientific publication in international journals, with no time limit for the search period, in order to reach all publications made on the theme “psychosocial factors at work among nursing professionals”. The choice for this database was due to its scope in international publications, since the scope and use of COPSOQ in the international setting would cover publications relevant to the subject.

Population or sample; inclusion and exclusion criteria

To obtain the universe of study, the designating expressions [“PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS” AND “COPSOQ”] were used. A universe of 91 articles published between January 2010 and November 2019 was obtained. The 91 abstracts of these articles were read separately by two researchers to identify those who included nursing in the research sample. Fifteen studies were identified using the PubMed search tool and 12 studies were available in the MEDLINE database.

Inclusion criteria in this study were articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese, available in full, that used any version of the COPSOQ instrument (used in the COPSOQ I or II validations and in the short, medium or long versions) for measurement of psychosocial factors, which were related to the theme of the study and to data analysis on psychosocial factors at work and published until November 30, 2019. COPSOQ I and II have three versions of the instrument: the long version for researchers (with 128 questions on 41 scales); the medium version, for occupational health and safety professionals (with 87 items on 28 scales); the short version, to be applied in the workplace (with 40 items on 23 scales) with less than 25 workers.

The main COPSOQ II dimensions are described below:

• Quantitative demands: cognitive, emotional, to hide emotions, sensory, for responsibility at work;

• Influence on the work process and degree of freedom at work;

• Possibility of development and the meaning and job satisfaction;

• Responsibility at work and commitment to the workplace, predictability, clarity and conflict of role;

• Quality of leadership, social support, feedback at work and social relations, sense of community, job insecurity;

• Overall health and mental health, vitality, behavioral stress and somatic and cognitive stress, sense of coherence;

• Problem-focused coping, selective coping and resignation coping.

Study protocol

Registration in the PROSPERO system was carried out to register the study protocol, however, currently, registrations for scope reviews, literature reviews or mapping reviews are not accepted. Message received when registering: “Therefore, PROSPERO cannot accept your application or provide a registration number. This decision should not prevent you from submitting your project for publication in a journal”.

Analysis of results

Identifying the psychosocial factors present in the work settings of nursing professionals was mapped from the comparison with the categories established in COPSOQ: labor requirements; organization of work and content; social relations and leadership; work-home interface; values in the workplace; health and wellness; offensive behavior. Individual factors (age and gender) were also coded. The information obtained was identified and analyzed.

RESULTS

The 15 works that met the inclusion criteria totaled 8,171 participants, of which 5669 nursing professionals and 2502 other health workers (physicians and caregivers). Works from 11 countries in Europe and Asia were identified. There was a growth trend on the topic researched. In 2019, four articles were published.

The main psychosocial dimensions identified in these studies were: “Labor requirements” (13 studies); “Work organization and content” (9 studies); “Social relations and leadership” (8 studies); “Work-home interface” (5 studies); “Health and well-being” (5 studies); “Values in the workplace” (4 studies); “Offensive behavior” (2 studies). In addition to COPSOQ, in eight articles, other instruments were also applied. The results of the publications selected in this review are described in Chart 1.

Chart 1
Identification of articles regarding authorship, year, nationality of publication, number of subjects, type of study, Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire dimensions used and main results

	Reference	Year Country	Outlining/ sample	COPSOQ dimensions	Main results obtained
1	Freimann et al.(11)	2015 Estonia	Cross-sectional. n=404 Nurses	Requirements (quantitative/emotional demands/hide emotions); meaning of work; social relationships and leadership (rewards/gratuities/clarity of roles); values in the workplace (trust).	Sense of work, clarity of role, social relationships, mutual trust among workers were protective factors. Among the negative factors that refer to "hide" demands are emotions, cognitive and emotional, work pace, stress and exhaustion.
2	García- Rodríguez et al.(12)	2015 Spain	Cross-sectional with stratified random sampling n=498 Health workers*	Requirements (cognitive/emotional and sensory demands); possibility of development at work/sense of the importance of work); social relations and leadership.	Sample with high levels of psychological, cognitive and emotional demands and possibilities for personal development and sense of work. The psychosocial environment was more unfavorable for the primary care team, although all groups have high levels of symptoms related to stress.
3	Ilic et al.(13)	2017 Serbia	Cross-sectional n=168 (80 nurses and 88 physicians)	Requirements (emotional and cognitive demands); meaning of work and autonomy; health and wellness (stress/burnout syndrome).	Physicians presented greater emotional and cognitive demands in relation to nurses. Both groups had high sensory demands and responsibility at work, despite the low degree of autonomy. The meaning of work, commitment to the workplace and job insecurity were high in both groups. The risk of patient-related burnout syndrome was high in both groups.
4	Li et al.(14)	2010 China	Longitudinal n=3,088 Nurses	Labor requirements (emotional demands); meaning and commitment at work; leadership (social support and feedback).	Positive correlation between "sense of work" with "commitment to the workplace" and "interpersonal relationships and leadership" with "social support" and "feedback".
5	Chanchai et al.(15)	2016 Thailand	Randomized controlled study n=100 Nurses	Requirements (work pace); meaning of work; social relationships and leadership (rewards/conflicts of roles/social support from supervisors).	The intervention resulted in a positive perception for the following psychosocial factors: work pace, influence at work, meaning of work, predictability, rewards, role conflicts and social support.
6	Ulusoy et al.(16)	2019 Germany	Cross-sectional n=366 Nurses	Labor requirements;social relations and leadership;work-home interface; values in the workplace; health and well-being.	Nurses with experience in migration are less exposed to psychosocial burdens and demands than those without experience. Lack of development opportunities was a stress factor.
7	Kaltenbrunner et al.(17)	2019 Sweden	Longitudinal n=260 Health workers*	Requirements (work demands); work-home interface (job satisfaction); health and wellness (exhaustion/Burnout Syndrome).	At the beginning of the study, symptoms of exhaustion and dissatisfaction were associated with high work demands. After the implementation of the Lean method in the perception of workers, there was an improvement in working conditions, satisfaction and a reduction in exhaustion.
8	Ulhassan et al.(18)	2014 Sweden	Longitudinal multi-method observational n=201 Nurses and nursing assistants	Labor requirements; organization and content of work; social relations and leadership; values in the workplace.	All psychosocial factors were positively affected by the full Lean method implementation.
9	Dichter et al.(19)	2017 Germany	Cross-sectional n=201 Health workers*	Work-home interface; job satisfaction; health and wellness; exhaustion.	All psychosocial factors were affected in the provision of care to patients with dementia.
10	Park et al.(20)	2015 South Korea	Cross-sectional n=970 Nurses	Requirements (quantitative demands/work rate/emotional demands); values in the workplace (trust/justice); offensive behaviors (violence).	Physical violence, threats of violence and verbal abuse were more frequent in ICUs, and sexual harassment and bullying were higher in operating rooms. Patients, followed by physicians and patients' relatives, were the main perpetrators of the violence. Nurses with greater work demands and less confidence and justice were more prone to violence.
11	Januario et al.(21)	2019 Denmark	Cross-sectional n=536 Health workers*	Labor requirements (quantitative and emotional demands); social relations and leadership (social support/quality of leadership).	In nursing homes, workers reported greater physical effort and low support from leaders. In the wards, there was a predominance of high qualitative demand, high work pace and low level of justice.
12	Kwiatkowski(22)	2011 Germany	Correlationaln =60 (30 nurses and 30 health workers*)	Work-home interface; possibility of development and influence at work; social relations and leadership (social support and feedback).	Caregivers' psychosocial stress is greater compared to qualified nurses.
13	Nübling et al.(23)	2010 Germany	Cross-sectional n=889 Health workers*	Labor requirements (demands); health and well-being (stress/tension); organization and control (autonomy); social relations and leadership (support).	Home care workers have less quantitative and emotional demands, less work conflict, privacy and better development possibilities.
14	Ismail et al.(24)	2019 Jordan	Cross-sectional. n=220 Nurses	Requirements (quantitative demands); work-home interface (conflicts between family and work); health and wellness; offensive behaviors (sexual harassment/physical violence and bullying).	Quantitative demands and sexual harassment were the main predictors of all types of work-related exhaustion and fatigue.
15	Carthy et al.(25)	2016 Ireland	Cross-sectional n=210 Nurses	Labor requirements (cognitive demands).	Nurses with a high quantitative demand for work were more involved in healthy life activities than the same professionals aged 40 and over.

• Note: COPSOQ: Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire;
• ^*
  The term "health workers" was adopted because the articles do not specify the professional category, although all these articles are related to health care settings.

DISCUSSION

Psychosocial factors and the type of management in health organizations can negatively impact the health of their professionals. In the articles selected in this review, the high demands of cognitive, emotional work and of hiding emotions and work pace were identified as part of the daily life of the nursing profession during patient care and assistance^(11-12).

In hospitals, lack of autonomy and high psychological demands contribute to the nursing category being considered a high risk group for illness⁽²⁶⁾. In primary care services, the lack of predictability and support from leaders are stressors and Burnout Syndrome⁽¹²⁾. The intensity of these injuries is proportional to exposure time⁽²⁷⁾.

Health professionals are among the groups that evaluate themselves as the most affected by their psychosocial work environment⁽²⁸⁾; however, the identification of these professionals with the type of work they perform is a motivating factor in overcoming difficulties, increasing well-being⁽²⁹⁾. For nursing professionals, motivation and social support are protective factors against the risk of work-related mental disorders⁽¹²⁾.

In fact, sense, its meaning and commitment to work are intrinsic factors among these professionals^{(13-15,29-30)}, and the meaning of work is a decisive factor, even in environments with a low degree of autonomy and high levels of insecurity, not affecting the responsibility at work of these professionals^(13-14). Moreover, development opportunities have a positive effect on health and well-being⁽¹⁶⁾.

On the other hand, the degree of commitment of health professionals at work correlates with the availability of human resources and improves the team’s performance⁽³¹⁾. Having few resources was associated with a lack of staff disengagement^(30,32). The lack of resources in situations of high demands contributes to the increased exhaustion of health professionals^(33-34). Lean management method, adopted in some hospitals, apparently had a positive impact on patient care satisfaction^(17-18). This result was contradictory, since, in most studies, this method contributed to increase stress and exhaustion^(35-37).

The impact of psychosocial factors is of particular concern in periods of public austerity and economic recession^(38-39). In this setting, in an alarming psychosocial environment, the high psychological and emotional demands increase stress levels of these professionals⁽²⁹⁾. Freimann and Merisalu⁽¹¹⁾ identified that the occurrence of changes in the health system in Estonia brought additional pressures for nursing professionals.

Violence against health professionals is another aspect that has a negative impact on your health. A study on offensive behaviors, sexual harassment, threats of violence and physical violence itself showed that these factors were the main predictors of all types of work-related fatigue in the emergency department of a hospital in Jordan⁽¹⁹⁾. In a study on violence presence in the form of verbal abuse, followed by threats of physical violence and sexual and moral harassment, it was found that the occurrences were perpetrated by patients, physicians and family members of patients⁽²⁰⁾.

Due to the emotional impact, physical and psychological violence is predictive of nurses’ intention to leave the profession. Adequate work requirements and a reliable and fair work environment can reduce violence against nurses⁽²⁰⁾. Trust in colleagues and managers, the perception of justice and respect and social inclusion positively impacted the psychosocial aspects of work and the mental health of workers, when verified together with the meaning of work and social relationships⁽²¹⁾. In places with a high level of violence, this dimension was shown to be impaired^(16,20).

In this regard, health establishments are not neutral, since the management policies developed within these organizations and the quality of their managers or leaders assume important roles in protecting and promoting the health of the health team or vice versa. Most of the selected articles emphasized the importance of leadership in relation to quality, proximity, clarity and intervention in work processes, concluding, in their findings, the extremely detrimental effects of leadership on the psychosocial work environment, directly impacting well-being of professionals^{(13-16,21-23,29-30)}.

Lack of support, communication, social support and feedback from leadership contribute to the perception of greater physical effort, intense work pace, conflicts of team roles and feelings of injustice. Despite the negative consequences of psychosocial factors on mental health, nurses’ Burnout Syndrome is neglected by managers⁽¹³⁾.

The shift work of health workers aggravates fatigue and musculoskeletal problems^(24,40). Work shifts also interfere with family life. The impossibility of adequate adjustments directly affects nursing professionals, whose category is made up predominantly of women who often work double hours^(13-14,30). Furthermore, lack of intermittent rest, in work situations with intense physical and emotional load, impairs recovery and may have a negative impact on the health of these professionals⁽³²⁾. Furthermore, as these professionals age, they are unable to satisfactorily respond to the physical demands required in their respective work activities⁽³⁹⁾.

For proper management of psychosocial factors in organizations, leaders need to hear health professionals about demands, assisting in team planning and redistribution of workloads^(14,25). Intervention actions such as support and positive feedback from supervisors enable greater predictability, minimizing role conflicts⁽¹⁵⁾. Moreover, it is up to the leaders to identify the team’s development needs and respect the individual limitations of each professional, adapting them in activities compatible with their work capacities.

Interventions on psychosocial factors, with the active participation of the professionals involved, have a relevant impact on reducing work stress. Professionals can influence aspects related to their own demands regarding content and working conditions, for instance, the methods and tasks to be performed, time, among others^(13,21).

This review emphasized the relevance of studies on PFW and its impact on health professionals’ physical and mental health, as well as the existence of interaction of these factors with individual aspects of professionals and organization. Professionals’ perceptions about which factors contribute to stress can have a different outcome for each individual, acquiring positive or negative characteristics depending on who experiences them.

COPSOQ is a multidimensional instrument, applicable in different work contexts, making it possible to diagnose PFW, which trigger stress in the perception of workers. The data resulting from its application make it possible to intervene in work environments and to promote workers’ health and well-being.

Study limitations

Although the definition of inclusion criteria for this study is in line with what is recommended in the literature, it may, in some way, have limited the findings, since the PubMed search instrument and the MEDLINE database were chosen. Thus, journals not indexed in these databases were not included in this study. Articles published in languages other than English, Portuguese and Spanish were excluded. Although English is used in most scientific studies, publications in other languages can contribute to expand the findings.

Contributions to nursing and health

This review is relevant because it notes the low scientific production on the influence of PFW in nursing. Identifying the impact of psychosocial factors using an internationally recognized and validated instrument for application in Brazil can contribute to monitoring occupational risks among nursing workers, directly impacting their working conditions and, indirectly, the quality of care provided to patients.

CONCLUSION

High cognitive and emotional work demands and hiding emotions and work pace were identified as part of the daily life of the nursing profession. Management support, perception of justice and respect and social inclusion had a positive impact on the preservation of nursing professionals’ mental health.

Physical and psychological violence was predictive of nurses’ intention to abandon the profession. Shift work interferes with family life, aggravating the fatigue of these professionals.

This review identified the low scientific production on the theme worldwide, as well as the lack of national scientific production involving nursing workers.

Interventions for reducing work stress presuppose the identification of the psychosocial factors involved with the active participation of nursing.

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Edited by

EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio José de Almeida Filho

ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Fátima Helena Espírito Santo

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Jan 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  08 May 2020
• Accepted
  23 Sept 2020