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Risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer: an integrative literature review

Factores de riesgo de suicidio en individuos con cáncer: una revisión integradora de la literatura

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to develop an integrative literature review on risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer.

Method:

searching for articles was conducted in the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American & Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and SciVerse Scopus databases, using the descriptors “suicide” and “cancer”.

Results:

eighteen articles were selected. Lung, bladder and colorectal cancers are the types of highest risk for suicide. Male, white and over 60 years of age are demographic factors with higher risk for suicide in individuals with cancer.

Conclusion:

this review made it possible to verify that cancer may be a risk factor for suicide. This evidence can be useful for planning preventive actions in order to reduce the risk of suicide.

Descriptors:
Neoplasms; Suicide; Risk Factors; Review; Epidemiology

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

desarrollar una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre factores de riesgo de suicidio en personas con cáncer.

Método:

las búsquedas de los artículos se realizaron en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Electronic Library Online, Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Helth Literature y SciVerse Scopus a través de descriptores “suicidio” y “cáncer”.

Resultados:

se seleccionaron 18 artículos. Los cánceres de pulmón, vejiga y colorrectal son los tipos de mayor riesgo de suicidio. Los hombres, los blancos y los mayores de 60 años son factores demográficos con mayor riesgo de suicidio en personas con câncer.

Conclusión:

la revisión permitió verificar que el cáncer puede ser un factor de riesgo de suicidio. Esta evidencia puede ser útil para planificar acciones preventivas con el fin de reducir el riesgo de suicidio.

Descriptores:
Neoplasias; Suicidio; Factores de Riesgo; Revisión; Epidemiología

RESUMO

Objetivo:

desenvolver uma revisão integrativa de literatura sobre os fatores de risco para o suicídio nos indivíduos com câncer.

Método:

as buscas dos artigos foram conduzidas nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Helth Literature e SciVerse Scopus por meio dos descritores “suicide” e “câncer”.

Resultados:

selecionaram-se 18 artigos. Os cânceres de pulmão, bexiga e colorretal são os tipos de maior risco para o suicídio. O sexo masculino, cor branca e idade maior que 60 anos são fatores demográficos com maior risco para o suicídio em indivíduos com câncer.

Conclusão:

a revisão possibilitou verificar que o câncer pode ser um fator de risco para o suicídio. Essas evidências podem ser úteis para o planejamento de ações de prevenção, com o intuito de reduzir os riscos de suicídio.

Descritores:
Câncer; Suicídio; Fatores de Risco; Revisão; Epidemiologia

INTRODUCTION

Suicide is considered an important public health concern in contemporary society(11 Zhu J, Xu L, Sun L, Li J, Qin W, Ding G, et al. Chronic disease, disability, psychological distress and suicide ideation among rural elderly: results from a population survey in Shandong. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081604
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081604...
). Over 800,000 suicide deaths are estimated annually and the mortality rate is 11.4 per 100,000 people(22 Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):307-30. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-...
). It consists of a phenomenon in which death occurs due to a behavioral act and is related to complex, universal and multifactorial issues(33 Kielan A, Cieslak I, Skonieczna J, Olejniczak D, Jablkowska-Górecka K, Panczyk M, et al. Analysis of the opinions of adolescents on the risk factors of suicide. Psychiatr Pol. 2018;52(4):697-705. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/78257
https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/...
). Risks for suicide include population or individual factors(44 Sinyor M, Tse R, Pirkis J. Global trends in suicide epidemiology. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000296
https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.000000000000...
). Those of a population nature comprise aspects such as economic crisis and social fragmentation, while those of an individual nature include family and relationship problems, mental disorders and the use of alcohol or other drugs(44 Sinyor M, Tse R, Pirkis J. Global trends in suicide epidemiology. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000296
https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.000000000000...
).

Cancer represents the second leading cause of mortality in the world, with an estimated 17 million deaths in 2030 and a general proportion of one in six deaths(55 Ribas JJ, Rolim A, Ciquinato G, Oliveira AA, Perfeito R. Causas da aposentadoria por invalidez de servidores públicos. J Nurs Health. 2017;7(3):1-8. https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v7i3.10290
https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v7i3.1029...
). It is estimated that, in the next 20 years, the total number of new cases will be 29.4 million, with a forecast of reaching 1.9 million deaths(66 Bray F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Zanetti R, et al. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents [Internet]. Vol. XI. Lyon: Int Agency Res Cancer; 2017 [cited 2019 Oct. 20]. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr
http://ci5.iarc.fr...
). In Brazil, for the 2020-2022 biennium, there is an estimate of 450 thousand new cases for each year(77 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Estimativa 2020: incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2019. 120 p.). It is a chronic disease, capable of invading surrounding organs and tissues, and is associated with a stigma of death(88 Vehling S, Kissane DW, Lo C, Glaesmer H, Hartung TJ, Rodin G, et al. The association of demoralization with mental disorders and suicidal ideation in patients with cancer. Cancer. 2017;123(17):3394-401. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30749
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30749...
-99 Zhang X, Zhang J, Procter N, Chen X, Su Y, Lou F, et al. Suicidal ideation and psychological strain among patients diagnosed with stomach cancer. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2017;205(7):550-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000679
https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.000000000000...
). Moreover, being diagnosed with cancer can generate consequences on individuals’ mental health, such as mood swings, insomnia, anxiety, and depression(22 Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):307-30. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-...
,44 Sinyor M, Tse R, Pirkis J. Global trends in suicide epidemiology. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000296
https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.000000000000...
-55 Ribas JJ, Rolim A, Ciquinato G, Oliveira AA, Perfeito R. Causas da aposentadoria por invalidez de servidores públicos. J Nurs Health. 2017;7(3):1-8. https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v7i3.10290
https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v7i3.1029...
).

In individuals with cancer, depression is a disorder that has a high prevalence, which affects patients’ ability to deal with the disease, decreasing treatment acceptance, prolonging hospitalization, reducing quality of life and increasing the risk of suicide(1010 Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Cancer diagnosis and suicide mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1596182
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.15...
), being a factor that is present in 75% of suicides(1111 Chochinov HM. Depression in cancer patients. Lancet Oncol. 2001;2(8):499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00456-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00...
). In turn, cancer diagnosis is a serious stressor, with many physical and psychological consequences(1212 Nasseri K, Mills PK, Mirshahidi HR, Moulton LH. Suicide in cancer patients in California, 1997-2006. Arch Suicide Res. 2012;16(4):324-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.722056
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.72...
), and it is believed to be a risk factor for suicide(1010 Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Cancer diagnosis and suicide mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1596182
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.15...
). Individuals with cancer, when compared to the general population, are at twice the risk of committing suicide(1313 Kye SY, Park K. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among adults with chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;73:160-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016...
) and studies carried out in several countries have shown an increase in suicide rates in individuals with cancer(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...

15 Yamauchi T, Inagaki M, Yonemoto N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Akechi T, et al. Death by Suicide and other externally caused injuries after stroke in Japan (1990-2010). Psychosom Med. 2014;76(6):452-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000079
https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.000000000000...

16 Lu D, Fall K, Sparén P, Ye W, Adami H-O, Valdimarsdóttir U, et al. Suicide and suicide attempt after a cancer diagnosis among young individuals. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(12):3112-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt415
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt415...

17 Scaini G, Quevedo J. Suicide rates in the United States continue to rise: are rates in Brazil underestimated? Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2018;40(4):347-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-4004
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-4...
-1818 Kye SY, Kwon JH, Park K. Happiness and health behaviors in South Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:1-7. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016022
https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016022...
).

A recent systematic review study on cancer diagnosis and suicide highlighted cancer as a factor to increase the suicide rate in these individuals(1010 Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Cancer diagnosis and suicide mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1596182
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.15...
). Poor prognosis, disease progression level, symptoms of depression, feelings of helplessness, disturbing interpersonal relationships and uncontrolled pain are reasons for increased rates of suicide in individuals with cancer(1010 Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Cancer diagnosis and suicide mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2019;1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1596182
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.15...
). Depression, psychiatric history, previous suicide attempts, hopelessness, demoralization, pain, lack of social support, feeling of being a burden to others and existential concerns (regret, loss of meaning, purpose, and dignity), along with specific demographic characteristics and certain types of cancer, increase the risk of suicide(1919 McFarland DC, Walsh L, Napolitano S, Morita J, Jaiswal R. Suicide in patients with cancer: identifying the risk factors. Oncol (US) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jan. 12];33(6):221-6. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-apixaban-may-be-safe-alternative-to-subcutaneous-enoxaparin-for-thromboprophylaxis
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-...
).

Although the absolute numbers of suicides in individuals with cancer are low, the high risk of suicide in these individuals should be a concern for health professionals, since they represent potentially preventable deaths. It is essential that cancer health professionals know how to identify suicide risk in their cancer patients; however, the understanding, assessment and recognition of risk by these professionals are limited(2020 Granek L, Nakash O, Ariad S, Chen W, Birenstock-Cohen S, Shapira S, et al. From will to live to will to die: oncologists, nurses, and social workers identification of suicidality in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(12):3691-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-...
). A research conducted with oncologists, nurses and social workers reported that most nurses and oncologists had at least one patient who committed suicide. These professionals identified lack of training and awareness as main barriers for identifying patients at risk of suicide(2020 Granek L, Nakash O, Ariad S, Chen W, Birenstock-Cohen S, Shapira S, et al. From will to live to will to die: oncologists, nurses, and social workers identification of suicidality in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(12):3691-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-...
). Another research, carried out with oncology nurses, showed that they were able to identify certain behavioral risk factors, but not demographic risk factors, and that most had little knowledge in assessing suicide(2121 Valente SM. Oncology nurses' knowledge of suicide evaluation and prevention. Cancer Nurs. 2010;33(4):290-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181cc4f33
https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181cc...
).

For integrated, early care associated with psychosocial care, it is necessary to understand the variation in the risk of suicide between sexes, age group, type of cancer and modifiable risk factors. In this regard, knowing more about suicide in the population diagnosed with cancer is essential both for health professionals who work on the front line with patients, particularly nurses, due to the possibility of previously identifying the main clinical and behavioral characteristics, as well as for managers in preventive measure implementation. The guiding question that guided this literature review was: what are the risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer observed in articles published in the scientific literature?

OBJECTIVE

To develop an integrative literature review on risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer.

METHODS

This is an integrative literature review. This review method synthesizes the scientific literature on a given topic, to provide a greater understanding of the leading question. Integrative reviews present the state of science, contributing to the development of theory and have direct applicability to practice and policy(2222 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
).

This integrative literature review was carried out in stages that included theme identification; research question development; database research through health descriptors; selection of articles that have eligibility criteria; reading of selected articles; assessment and interpretation of structured data from the integrative review.

Article search was conducted in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Latin American & Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and SciVerse Scopus (SCOPUS) databases. The descriptors used in the search were extracted from the list of Health Science Descriptors (DeCS – Descritores em Ciências da Saúde) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The expression and descriptors applied, and combined, in all searches were “suicide and cancer”. The search strategy is described in Chart 1.

Chart 1
Database search strategy according to health descriptors'

The terms should be present in the title or in the abstract. Articles in English or Portuguese, original and complete articles, published between 2014 and 2019 were included. Two researchers searched the articles independently and blindly. Titles and abstracts were carefully examined and the full texts of the papers that met the inclusion criteria were obtained. After this stage, the selected articles were read in full and, at the end, the researchers met to compare the search results. Disagreements among researchers were resolved by consulting a third reviewer.

Literature review studies, letters to the editor, monographs and theses were excluded. Articles that addressed only suicidal ideation, associated with cancer, without relating to suicide and articles referring to assisted suicide or euthanasia were not included. Duplicates have been removed.

The combination of descriptors used in database searches resulted in a quantity of 1,497 scientific articles. Of these, 59 articles were identified by reading the title, abstract and keywords as potential for the selection of inclusion in this integrative review, and read in full by two independent evaluating authors. After reading: nine articles aimed to study suicide attempts and did not relate risk factors to suicide; eight articles did not relate cancer and risk factors for suicide; eight did not answer the guiding question; six related suicidal ideation and attempted suicide; five were literature reviews; five were not available in full.

With the verification of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the evaluators selected 18 articles for this review. The flowchart is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Flowchart per step of the selection of scientific articles

The classification of the level of evidence was performed using the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) model at the University of Oxford(2323 Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine: levels of evidence [Internet]. University of Oxford; 2009 [cited 2020 Jan. 21]. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-centre-eviden...
). The classification for the level of evidence of this methodology is based on degrees of recommendation, which are: A (1A: Systematic Reviews of Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trials; 1B: Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial with Narrow Confidence Interval; 1C: Therapeutic Results “all or nothing” type); B (2A: Systematic Review with Homogeneity of Cohort Studies; 2B: Cohort Study - Including Lesser Randomized Clinical Trial; 2C: Observation of Therapeutic Results and Ecological Study; 3A: Systematic Review with Homogeneity of Case-Control Studies; 3B : Case-Control Study), C (4: Case Reports - including lower quality Cohort or Case-Control) and D (5: Opinion without critical assessment or based on basic materials - physiological study or study with animals).

Assessment is by type of study and the closer to score 1 is categorized, the greater the level of evidence and degree of recommendation.

RESULTS

Of the total of 18 articles selected on suicide in cancer patients, cohort studies were predominant, with 17 articles, and only one was a case-control study. In this regard, the level of evidence most frequently categorized was 2B, for the 17 cohort articles, and the case-control study was categorized with level of evidence 3B (Chart 2).

Chart 2
Synthesis of articles selected in the review according to year of publication, authorship, country of study, type of study, objective, and level of evidence

Of the total of 18 articles analyzed, five reported results in the broad category of cancers(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
-3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
,4040 Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, Wickramasinghe B, Will O, Pitman A. risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatr. 2019;76(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
). Among these studies, the type of cancer with the highest risk for suicide was lung cancer, observed in four articles(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
-3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
,4040 Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, Wickramasinghe B, Will O, Pitman A. risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatr. 2019;76(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
).

Eight articles verified the risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis, the period of time being identified as being the most at risk: first month(2727 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
), third month(2626 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...
), sixth month(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
), first year(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,3535 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...
,3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
), second year(3232 Gaitanidis A, Alevizakos M, Pitiakoudis M, Wiggins D. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients. Psychooncol. 2018;27(5):1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570...
) and up to five years(2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
) after diagnosis.

For individuals with cancer who committed suicide, the profile shown in the articles was male, white and older than 60 years(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...

26 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...

27 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...

28 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
-2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
,3131 Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, Chandrasekar T, Arora K, Sayyid RK, Hamilton RJ, et al. Changing trends for suicidal death in patients with bladder cancer: a 40+ year population-level analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(3):206-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.0...

32 Gaitanidis A, Alevizakos M, Pitiakoudis M, Wiggins D. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients. Psychooncol. 2018;27(5):1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570...

33 Walsh NJ, Talukder AM, Lawson AG, Komic AX, Bateson BP, Jones AJ, et al. Thyroid malignancy and suicide risk: an analysis of epidemiologic and clinical factors. World J Endocr Surg. 2018;10(2):99-102. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1227
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-1000...

34 Zhou H, Xian W, Zhang Y, Chen G, Zhao S, Chen X, et al. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2018;7(8):4146-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656...

35 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...

36 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
-3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
). Being single was also associated with increased risk of suicide in seven studies(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
-2626 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...
,3030 Zendron M, Zequi S, Guimarães G, Lourenço M. Assessment of suicidal behavior and factors associated with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinics. 2018;73(9):1-4. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e441
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e44...
,3232 Gaitanidis A, Alevizakos M, Pitiakoudis M, Wiggins D. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients. Psychooncol. 2018;27(5):1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570...
,3434 Zhou H, Xian W, Zhang Y, Chen G, Zhao S, Chen X, et al. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2018;7(8):4146-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656...

35 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...
-3636 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
).

Anxiety and depression were associated with suicide in two studies(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3030 Zendron M, Zequi S, Guimarães G, Lourenço M. Assessment of suicidal behavior and factors associated with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinics. 2018;73(9):1-4. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e441
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e44...
). Advanced cancer appeared in six articles associated with an increased risk of suicide(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...

25 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...

26 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...
-2727 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
,2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
). There was evidence in five articles that when cancer is not operable or there is a surgical refusal, individuals were also at risk for suicide(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
,2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
,3131 Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, Chandrasekar T, Arora K, Sayyid RK, Hamilton RJ, et al. Changing trends for suicidal death in patients with bladder cancer: a 40+ year population-level analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(3):206-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.0...
,3535 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...
-3636 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
).

The results of the selected articles are shown in Chart 3.

Chart 3
Type of cancer studied in articles and main risk factors for suicide organized by year of publication

DISCUSSION

This review made it possible, through the search for current scientific articles, to know the main risk factors associated with cancer and suicide. Most studies carried out presented a cohort design (n=17). The cohort research design is adequate to study the risk factors for having statistical analyzes that can infer possible risks for suicide in individuals with cancer(4141 Jokinen J, Mattsson F, Lagergren K, Lagergren J, Ljung R. Suicide attempt and future risk of cancer: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26(3):501-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0528-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0528-...
).

The risk of suicide, in this review, was associated with the site of cancer, such as lung cancer(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
-3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
,4040 Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, Wickramasinghe B, Will O, Pitman A. risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatr. 2019;76(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
), bladder cancer(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
,3131 Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, Chandrasekar T, Arora K, Sayyid RK, Hamilton RJ, et al. Changing trends for suicidal death in patients with bladder cancer: a 40+ year population-level analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(3):206-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.0...
,3535 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...
) and colorectal cancer(2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
,3939 Dulskas A, Patasius A, Kaceniene A, Urbonas V, Smailyte G. Suicide risk among colorectal cancer patients in Lithuania. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(3):555-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-03228-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-03228...
), although considering that some articles studied specific types of cancer. The reason why cancer, particularly one with a poor prognosis, increases the risk of suicide is probably multifactorial(4242 Simpson WG, Klaassen Z, Jen RP, Hughes WM, Neal DE, Terris MK. Analysis of suicide risk in patients with penile cancer and review of the literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(2):e257-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.09.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.09.0...
). In a cohort carried out in South Korea, it was observed that the risk of suicide was associated with the anatomical site of the cancer, with the risk being increased in cancers with poor prognosis, such as biliary, pancreatic, and pulmonary(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
). This is consistent with studies that found that cancer patients with a poor prognosis (i.e., a relative 5-year survival of less than 10%) had the highest risk of death from suicide, within one year after diagnosis(1313 Kye SY, Park K. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among adults with chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;73:160-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016...
-1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,1616 Lu D, Fall K, Sparén P, Ye W, Adami H-O, Valdimarsdóttir U, et al. Suicide and suicide attempt after a cancer diagnosis among young individuals. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(12):3112-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt415
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt415...
).

Studies have shown that when diagnosed with lung cancer, the risk of suicide is associated with aggressive treatment and with no prospect of a cure just for symptom palliation(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
-3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
,4040 Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, Wickramasinghe B, Will O, Pitman A. risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatr. 2019;76(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
). It is necessary to pay more attention to this type of cancer, as it is evidenced as the one most prone to suicide(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
). For genitourinary cancers, risk factors were associated with symptoms such as urinary incontinence, pain during intercourse and erectile dysfunction(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
,3131 Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, Chandrasekar T, Arora K, Sayyid RK, Hamilton RJ, et al. Changing trends for suicidal death in patients with bladder cancer: a 40+ year population-level analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(3):206-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.0...
). The same was observed in one about prostate cancer, because, in addition to the symptoms, there were individuals who refused treatment and surgical procedure, thus facing a greater risk of suicide(4343 Dalela D, Krishna N, Okwara J, Preston MA, Abdollah F, Choueiri TK, et al. Suicide and accidental deaths among patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2016;118(2):286-97. https://doi.org/10.111/bju.13257
https://doi.org/10.111/bju.13257...
).

Surgical therapy makes individuals with cancers more vulnerable to suicide, as mutilation is also a risk factor(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
,2727 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
). Articles on colorectal cancer showed that surgical resection of the colon and colostomy bag were factors for suicide(2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
,3939 Dulskas A, Patasius A, Kaceniene A, Urbonas V, Smailyte G. Suicide risk among colorectal cancer patients in Lithuania. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(3):555-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-03228-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-03228...
). This data was similar to a study carried out in patients with osteosarcoma, who are submitted to extensive surgical resections and even limb mutilation(2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
). It was observed that, after surgery, individuals who had changes in gait, strength and a mutilated limb were at higher risk of suicide(2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
).

Time of suicide after cancer diagnosis was studied in eight articles in this integrative review(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
,2626 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...

27 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
-2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
,3232 Gaitanidis A, Alevizakos M, Pitiakoudis M, Wiggins D. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients. Psychooncol. 2018;27(5):1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570...
,3535 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...
,3838 Saad AM, Gad MM, Al-Husseini MJ, AlKhayat MA, Rachid A, Alfaar AS, et al. Suicidal death within a year of a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. Cancer. 2019;125(6):972-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31876...
). The first three months of knowledge of the disease was possibly associated with difficulty of coping, its symptoms and adverse effects of treatment(2626 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...
-2727 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
). Another study, in turn, showed that from the sixth month onwards, the risk of suicide was associated with the stage of cancer. A cohort study carried out in Tyrol, Austria, showed that a quarter of suicides occurred in the first six months, in patients with advanced cancer stage(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
). In another cohort study, it was found that more than 70% of suicides in the first year occurred in patients with metastatic stages, but the risk decreases over time, with no difference between individuals with cancer and the general population(1414 Ahn MH, Park S, Lee HB, Ramsey CM, Na R, Kim SO, et al. Suicide in cancer patients within the first year of diagnosis. Psychooncol. 2015;24(5):601-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3705...
). This data was different from that found in a North American cohort, in which there was a risk of suicide after five years of diagnosis(2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
). The authors related that the factor for this suicide risk was the presence of pain, hopelessness, and depression(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...
,2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
,3636 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
). More than a cultural aspect, the poor prognosis of a disease, in addition to the adverse effects of treatment, makes individuals with cancer dependent on another person, such as a family member(1919 McFarland DC, Walsh L, Napolitano S, Morita J, Jaiswal R. Suicide in patients with cancer: identifying the risk factors. Oncol (US) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jan. 12];33(6):221-6. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-apixaban-may-be-safe-alternative-to-subcutaneous-enoxaparin-for-thromboprophylaxis
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-...
).

Male, white and old age were risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer, as found in twelve articles(2525 Klaassen Z, Jen RP, DiBianco JM, Reinstatler L, Li Q, Madi R, et al. Factors associated with suicide in patients with genitourinary malignancies. Cancer. 2015;121(11):1864-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29274...

26 Sugawara A, Kunieda E. Suicide in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(9):850-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw075...

27 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...

28 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
-2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
,3131 Klaassen Z, Goldberg H, Chandrasekar T, Arora K, Sayyid RK, Hamilton RJ, et al. Changing trends for suicidal death in patients with bladder cancer: a 40+ year population-level analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018;16(3):206-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.0...

32 Gaitanidis A, Alevizakos M, Pitiakoudis M, Wiggins D. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients. Psychooncol. 2018;27(5):1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4570...

33 Walsh NJ, Talukder AM, Lawson AG, Komic AX, Bateson BP, Jones AJ, et al. Thyroid malignancy and suicide risk: an analysis of epidemiologic and clinical factors. World J Endocr Surg. 2018;10(2):99-102. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1227
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-1000...

34 Zhou H, Xian W, Zhang Y, Chen G, Zhao S, Chen X, et al. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2018;7(8):4146-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656...

35 Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(10):1969-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.0...

36 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
-3737 Zaorsky NG, Zhang Y, Tuanquin L, Bluethmann SM, Park HS, Chinchilli VM. Suicide among cancer patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170-1
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08170...
). Increased risk of suicide for men due to cancer was related to socioeconomic situations, as men end up moving away from work, reducing family income(1919 McFarland DC, Walsh L, Napolitano S, Morita J, Jaiswal R. Suicide in patients with cancer: identifying the risk factors. Oncol (US) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jan. 12];33(6):221-6. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-apixaban-may-be-safe-alternative-to-subcutaneous-enoxaparin-for-thromboprophylaxis
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/oral-...
-2020 Granek L, Nakash O, Ariad S, Chen W, Birenstock-Cohen S, Shapira S, et al. From will to live to will to die: oncologists, nurses, and social workers identification of suicidality in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(12):3691-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3795-...
,2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
). Another study showed that the feelings of demoralization, helplessness and hopelessness are greater among males, which can lead to suicide(3434 Zhou H, Xian W, Zhang Y, Chen G, Zhao S, Chen X, et al. Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2018;7(8):4146-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1656...
). Another cohort study showed that men also tend to seek less family support or live alone, which makes it difficult to form a help network so that individuals can support cancer diagnosis and treatment(3030 Zendron M, Zequi S, Guimarães G, Lourenço M. Assessment of suicidal behavior and factors associated with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinics. 2018;73(9):1-4. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e441
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e44...
). Two studies have shown that a form of guidance for the reduction of suicides is through support groups, as they strengthen the health network and assist services in preventing suicide(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,2727 Jayakrishnan TT, Sekigami Y, Rajeev R, Gamblin TC, Turaga KK. Morbidity of curative cancer surgery and suicide risk. Psychooncol. 2017;26(11):1792-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4221...
).

This review noticed that depression was associated with a risk factor for suicide in two studies(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3030 Zendron M, Zequi S, Guimarães G, Lourenço M. Assessment of suicidal behavior and factors associated with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinics. 2018;73(9):1-4. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e441
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e44...
). Depression is a significant risk factor for suicide in individuals with cancer(3030 Zendron M, Zequi S, Guimarães G, Lourenço M. Assessment of suicidal behavior and factors associated with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinics. 2018;73(9):1-4. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e441
https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e44...
). The verified relationship between depression and suicide is manifested in symptoms, both physical, such as pain, and in subjective symptoms, such as changes in mood and financial situation(2828 Siracuse BL, Gorgy G, Ruskin J, Beebe KS. What is the incidence of suicide in patients with bone and soft tissue cancer? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1439-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5171-...
-2929 Samawi HH, Shaheen AA, Tang PA, Heng DYC, Cheung WY, Vickers MM. Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Curr Oncol. 2017;24(6):513-7. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713
https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.3713...
). Two cohorts, one from England and one from the United States, have shown that the immediate health implications of cancer survivors are legitimate financial burdens, which can cause depression and increase the risk of suicide(3636 Guo C, Zheng W, Zhu W, Yu S, Ding Y, Wu Q, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5386-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400
https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2400...
,4040 Henson KE, Brock R, Charnock J, Wickramasinghe B, Will O, Pitman A. risk of suicide after cancer diagnosis in England. JAMA Psychiatr. 2019;76(1):51-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3181
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2...
). One study found that the relationship between suicide in individuals with cancer and depression was the perception or assumption that there is no cure for the disease, increasing the risk of committing suicide(2424 Oberaigner W, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fiegl M, Geiger-Gritsch S, Haring C. Increased suicide risk in cancer patients in Tyrol/Austria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
). Psychotherapy is an important strategy for suicide prevention in individuals who have been diagnosed with cancer(4444 Rosa GS, Andrades GS, Caye A, Hidalgo MP, Oliveira MAB, Pilz LK. Thirteen Reasons Why: The impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents' mental health. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;108:2-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.201...
). A study has shown that psychotherapy has a positive effect on cancer patients, which include symptom control, such as pain relief, disease acceptance and coping(4545 Okuyama T, Akechi T, Mackenzie L, Furukawa TA. Psychotherapy for depression among advanced, incurable cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;56(11):16-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.03.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.03.0...
).

Study limitation

This study has some limitations: the searches were made in five databases (SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL and Scopus) and, eventually, other publications may not have been found; the criteria for inclusion of articles in Portuguese and English may have limited access to other publications; some of the selected studies may have bias, because they did not study patients with different types, but with certain types of cancer, such as lung, genitourinary, solid tumors. Thus, it is not possible to conclude that one of the risk factors for suicide is having a certain type of cancer; although the purpose of the integrative review is to show current data, based on primary studies, the studies analyzed were heterogeneous in terms of samples, demographic characteristics and types of cancer, which limited their comparability.

Contributions to nursing, health, and public policies

Although it is a relatively rare event, healthcare professionals should be aware that cancer diagnosis increases the risk of suicide. In this regard, this study has contributions for nursing professionals, as it outlines the main risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer. Types of cancer, time of diagnosis and demographic factors most likely to commit suicide in individuals with cancer are explained. The increased risk of suicide in the first six months after cancer diagnosis, pointed out by some of the studies in this review, suggests the need for psychosocial support and support and special attention for individuals with specific cancer groups. Nurses are the health professionals who most stay with patients with cancer, thus being able to recognize suicidal ideation and behavior. Carrying out systematic screening to identify suicidal ideation and behavior allows an individual with cancer, who presents a risk of suicide, to be evaluated and the appropriate mental health treatment performed.

CONCLUSION

The present integrative review made it possible to verify that cancer can predispose suicide to individuals affected by this disease. Identifying cancer, demographic characteristics, the time from diagnosis to suicide and the adverse effects left by cancer such as pain and loss of functionality guide health professionals to be attentive in care practice. Based on what was verified in this study, the evidence can be useful for planning preventive actions, in order to reduce the risk of suicide.

  • FUNDING
    This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Edited by

EDITOR IN CHIEF: Dulce Barbosa
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Marcos Brandão

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    21 May 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    01 Mar 2020
  • Accepted
    31 Oct 2020
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