Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Barreiras para o uso da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição (PrEP) ao HIV: uma revisão integrativa

RESUMO

Objetivos:

identificar e sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre as barreiras e dificuldades para o uso e adesão da Profilaxia Pré-exposição (PrEP) para o HIV.

Métodos:

revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier e Scopus (Elsevier).

Resultados:

todos (100%) os artigos incluídos identificaram que os usuários da PrEP experimentam algum tipo de barreira estrutural relacionada aos serviços de saúde, como longa distância das unidades, logística subótima para retirada de pílulas e resistência profissional para prescrição da PrEP. Ademais, 63,21% identificaram barreiras sociais, como estigma sobre a sexualidade e HIV, além de barreiras individuais, como uso de álcool, efeitos adversos e preocupações com a toxicidade a longo prazo.

Conclusões:

multifatoriais são as barreiras para o uso da PrEP. Intervenções efetivas são necessárias para apoiar os usuários da PrEP no acesso, adesão e retenção nos serviços de saúde.

Descritores:
Profilaxia Pré-Exposição; Fármacos Anti-HIV; Prevenção de Doenças; Barreiras ao Acesso aos Cuidados de Saúde; Saúde Sexual

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

to identify and synthesize scientific evidence on the barriers and difficulties for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use and compliance for HIV.

Methods:

an integrative literature review, using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier and Scopus (Elsevier) databases.

Results:

all (100%) the articles included identified that PrEP users experience some type of structural barrier related to health services such as long distance from the units, suboptimal logistics for taking pills and professional resistance to prescribing PrEP. Furthermore, 63.21% identified social barriers, such as stigma about sexuality and HIV, in addition to individual barriers such as alcohol use, adverse effects, and concerns about long-term toxicity.

Conclusions:

the barriers to PrEP use are multifactorial. Effective interventions are needed to support PrEP users in accessing, complying with, and retaining health services.

Descriptors:
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Anti-HIV Agents; Prevention and Control; Access to Health Services; Sexual Health

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

identificar y sintetizar evidencias científicas sobre las barreras y dificultades para el uso y la adherencia a la Profilaxis Pre-Exposición (PrEP) para el VIH.

Métodos:

revisión integrativa de la literatura, utilizando las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier y Scopus (Elsevier).

Resultados:

todos (100%) de los artículos incluidos identificaron que los usuarios de PrEP experimentan algún tipo de barrera estructural relacionada con los servicios de salud, como la larga distancia de las unidades, la logística subóptima para la toma de pastillas y la resistencia profesional a prescribir la PrEP. Además, el 63,21% identificó barreras sociales, como el estigma sobre la sexualidad y el VIH, además de las barreras individuales como el consumo de alcohol, los efectos adversos y las preocupaciones sobre la toxicidad a largo plazo.

Conclusiones:

las barreras para el uso de la PrEP son multifactoriales. Se necesitan intervenciones eficaces para ayudar a los usuarios de la PrEP a acceder, adherirse y conservar los servicios de salud.

Descriptores:
Profilaxis Pre-Exposición; Fármacos Anti-VIH; Prevención de Enfermedades; Barreras de Acceso a los Servicios de Salud; Salud Sexual

INTRODUÇÃO

A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) continua um problema de saúde pública mundial. Desde o surgimento da pandemia, 79,3 milhões de pessoas se infectaram com o HIV e 36,3 milhões morreram de doenças relacionadas à AIDS no mundo. Em 2020, especificamente, 1,5 milhões de pessoas foram diagnosticadas e 680 mil morreram de AIDS(11 UnAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics: 2020 fact sheet [Internet]. Geneva: UnAIDS; 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/fact...
).

Nos últimos anos, emergiram novas estratégias de prevenção ao HIV, sendo a Profilaxia Pré-Exposição (PrEP) considerada um dos mais importantes avanços biomédicos recentes na prevenção do HIV. O esquema com um comprimido combinado, contendo emtricitabina oral/tenofovir disoproxil fumarato (FTC/TDF), tem sido comprovado como estratégia de prevenção altamente eficaz para mulheres e homens, com proteção contra o HIV superior a 90% entre aqueles com altas taxas de adesão à medicação(22 Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G, Cotte L, Charreau I, et al. On-Demand Preexposure Prophylaxis in Men at High Risk for HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2237-46. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273...
).

A PrEP é indicada para pessoas soronegativas para o HIV que estão sob maior risco de se infectar devido a vulnerabilidades e contextos sociais específicos e tem sido implementada mundialmente por políticas públicas de saúde voltadas à prevenção do HIV. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e o Joint UNAIDS tornaram a implementação da PrEP uma prioridade para as populações de maior risco, e vários países desenvolveram diretrizes e planos nacionais para sua implantação(33 UnAIDS. On the Fast-Track to end AIDS by 2030: Focus on location and population [Internet]. Genebra: UnAIDS; 2015 [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/documents/2015/FocusLocationPopulation
https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/docu...
). O Brasil foi o primeiro país da América Latina a utilizar essa estratégia de prevenção, que ocorreu no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em 2017, entre segmentos populacionais que concentram a maior prevalência de HIV no país, tais como gays e outros homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), pessoas transexuais, trabalhadores/as do sexo e casais sorodiferentes ao HIV(44 Organização Pan-americana de Saúde (OPAS). Brasil inicia implementação da PrEP para prevenir novos casos de HIV entre segmentos populacionais de maior risco [Internet]. Brasília: OPAS; 2018 [cited 2021 Jun 7]; Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/noticias/3-1-2018-brasil-inicia-implementacao-da-prep-para-prevenir-novos-casos-hiv-entre-segmentos
https://www.paho.org/pt/noticias/3-1-201...
).

Desde a implementação da PrEP no país, há 473 serviços dispensadores e 64.066 mil pessoas se beneficiaram com o uso da profilaxia, 24.843 mil descontinuaram seu uso e, atualmente, há aproximadamente 39.223 mil usuários ativos da PrEP. Dessa forma, observa-se que 39% das pessoas que iniciaram a PreP descontinuaram o uso da profilaxia em algum momento(55 Ministério da Saúde (BR). Painel PrEP [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. Available from: http://www.AIDS.gov.br/pt-br/painel-prep
http://www.AIDS.gov.br/pt-br/painel-prep...
). Apesar de a eficácia estar bem estabelecida na literatura, a adesão e a retenção dos indivíduos em uso da PrEP nos serviços de referência são um desafio. Estudo realizado em São Francisco, nos Estados Unidos, mostrou que menos da metade das pessoas que iniciaram a PrEP ficaram retidas nos serviços clínicos(66 Hojilla JC, Vlahov D, Crouch PC, Dawson-Rose C, Freeborn K, Carrico A. HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake and Retention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Community-Based Sexual Health Clinic. AIDS Behav. 2009;22(4):1096-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2009-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2009-...
).

Na literatura, pouco se sabe sobre as barreiras e facilitadores específicos para a adesão à PrEP, particularmente em algumas populações mais vulneráveis, como jovens negros de minorias sexuais e de gênero em ambiente real do uso da PrEP(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
), sendo necessários mais estudos para um levantamento detalhado dessas lacunas.

Apesar de a PrEP ser uma tecnologia de prevenção altamente eficaz, se tomada de forma consistente, a adesão é, portanto, fundamental para o sucesso do método, e, por isso, a descontinuação precoce e as lacunas no uso limitam o impacto potencial da estratégia(88 Colson PW, Franks J, Wu Y, Winterhalter FS, Knox J, Ortega H, et al. Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in a Community Setting in Harlem, NY. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(12):3436-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02901-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02901...
). São necessárias várias abordagens para compreender e enfrentar os complexos desafios à implementação da PrEP(99 Sullivan PK, Mena L, Elopre L, Siegler AJ. Implementation Strategies to Increase PrEP Uptake in the South. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16(4):259-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447...
). Dessa forma, é necessário que profissionais de saúde informados sobre este desafio possam apoiar seus clientes com informações no início, bem como apoiá-los durante o uso da PrEP com estratégias de adesão personalizadas(99 Sullivan PK, Mena L, Elopre L, Siegler AJ. Implementation Strategies to Increase PrEP Uptake in the South. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16(4):259-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447...
) para mitigar possíveis barreiras para o uso e adesão à profilaxia.

Diante desse cenário, por compreender a relevância da estratégia no contexto da prevenção combinada da infecção pelo HIV e diante dos dados oficiais do governo brasileiro sobre a alta taxa de descontinuidade de PrEP, propusemos este estudo a fim de reunir as evidências disponíveis atualmente sobre as barreiras relacionadas ao uso da PrEP. Esperamos que esta revisão possa contribuir com a prática assistencial baseada em evidências para o fornecimento da PrEP na vida real.

OBJETIVOS

Identificar e sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre as barreiras e dificuldades para o uso e adesão da PrEP para o HIV.

MÉTODOS

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que seguiu as seguintes etapas: identificação do tema e elaboração da questão de pesquisa; estabelecimento dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão; busca na literatura; extração e categorização dos dados; análise crítica das publicações selecionadas; interpretação dos resultados; e apresentação/síntese do conhecimento(1010 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072008000400018
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-0707200800...
-1111 Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Integrative review: what is it? how to do it?. Einstein (São Paulo). 2010;8(1):102-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082010RW1134
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082010RW...
).

A questão norteadora foi construída a partir do acrônimo PIO(1212 Polit DF, Beck CT. Fundamentos de Pesquisa em Enfermagem: Avaliação de Evidências para a Prática da Enfermagem. 9ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2019. 431p). Assim, estabeleceu-se: “população” (P) = usuários de PrEP; “intervenção” (I) = o uso da PrEP; e “outcome” (O) = barreiras e dificuldades para o uso, adesão e continuidade da PrEP. A questão de pesquisa, portanto, foi: quais são as barreiras e dificuldades que usuários de PrEP vivenciam para aderir e continuar o uso da profilaxia?

A busca dos estudos ocorreu em fevereiro de 2021, em quatro bases de dados, sendo elas: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier e Scopus (Elsevier). A estratégia de busca se constituiu por descritores e seus sinônimos, identificados nos Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS), seus equivalentes em inglês, identificados no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e no CINAHL headings. Os descritores utilizados foram PrEP, HIV, adesão ao tratamento e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Tendo em vista que a PrEP é uma estratégia recente, utilizamos filtros para limitar a busca de arquivos a partir do ano 2000 em algumas bases de dados.

Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos primários que tinham como o objetivo avaliar as barreiras, ou dificuldades, experiências e desafios sobre o uso da PrEP relatados pelas pessoas que estavam em uso da profilaxia ou que já fizeram uso dela em algum momento de suas vidas. Não houve restrições de idiomas na inclusão dos arquivos.

Além dos estudos que não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, excluíram-se literatura cinzenta, estudos que avaliaram as barreiras para uso da PrEP entre participantes de ensaios clínicos ou que a entrega da PrEP não ocorreu em ambiente real. Os estudos com participantes mistos (participantes que já usaram a PrEP e participantes que nunca a utilizaram) foram excluídos, devido à impossibilidade de identificar quais barreiras foram experimentadas especificamente por quem já utilizou a PrEP.

Utilizamos a plataforma Rayyan(1313 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan: a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(210):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
) para a triagem dos estudos, e, para a extração dos dados, utilizamos um roteiro(1414 Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura [Dissertation]. [Ribeirão Preto]: Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto; 2005. 130p.) que propõe os principais dados a serem considerados da publicação: autoria, país de realização do estudo, título do periódico, desenho do estudo (experimental, quase-experimental, observacional, estudos com abordagem qualitativa ou métodos mistos) e o nível de evidência, que foi classificado em cinco níveis(1414 Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura [Dissertation]. [Ribeirão Preto]: Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto; 2005. 130p.-1515 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
).

Os dados também foram apresentados quanto à população do estudo, objetivo ou questão de investigação e principais resultados encontrados. Para analisar a avaliação do nível de evidência dos estudos, consideramos: nível 1 - metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados; nível II - ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados; nível III - ensaios clínicos sem aleatorização; nível IV - estudos de caso-controle e coorte; nível V - revisões sistemáticas, estudos descritivos e qualitativos; nível VI - opiniões de autoridades e/ou parecer de comitês de especialistas(1515 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
-1616 Melnyk B, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: a guide to best practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019. 782 p.).

Para descrever as barreiras identificadas, adotamos a análise temática, que é um método para identificar, analisar e relatar padrões (temas) dentro dos dados(1717 Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci. 2013;15(3):398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204...
). As barreiras e dificuldades para o uso da PrEP foram agrupadas por similitude em três aspectos: barreiras individuais, que incluem aqueles que são comportamentais ou clínicos e são geralmente relacionadas à tomada de decisão, atitudes ou perspectivas de uma pessoa; barreiras sociais e interpessoais, definidas como aquelas que podem derivar do contexto social no qual o indivíduos está inserido; e barreiras estruturais e logísticas, que são além do controle do indivíduo, incluindo barreiras ao acesso a serviço e políticas de saúde e envolvem aspectos relacionados às instituições e ao meio ambiente(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
-1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
).

RESULTADOS

A busca resultou em 2041 arquivos, que foram exportados para a plataforma Rayyan(1313 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan: a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(210):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
), onde passou pelo processo de exclusão de duplicados (n = 369). Em seguida, 1.672 artigos foram avaliados por título e resumo por dois revisores independentes. Nessa etapa, 1.563 artigos foram excluídos, restando 109 arquivos. Um terceiro revisor independente resolveu 68 conflitos, resultando em 58 arquivos para leitura na íntegra. Desses, 03 arquivos não foram resgatados. Finalmente, 55 arquivos foram lidos na íntegra e 23 foram incluídos nesta revisão, conforme Figura 1.

Figura 1
Fluxograma PRISMA do processo de pesquisa, identificação dos estudos e seleção da literatura, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, 2022

Dos 23 (100%) estudos incluídos nesta revisão, quinze (65,2%) eram qualitativos, cinco (21,73%), quantitativos, e três (13,04%), de métodos mistos. Do total, 16 (69,56%) foram realizados nos Estados Unidos(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
-3232 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...
), cinco (21,73%), em países do continente africano(3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
-3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
), um (4,34%), na Alemanha(3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), e um (4,34%), no México(3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
).

A categorização dos dados por similitude constituiu-se dos seguintes agrupamentos e número de artigos: barreiras individuais (15), barreiras sociais (15) e barreiras estruturais (22). Todos (100%)(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...

32 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...

33 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...

37 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...

38 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
-3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
) estudos identificaram que os usuários da PrEP experimentaram mais de uma barreira para o seu uso, adesão ou continuidade e, por isso, alguns estudos foram alocados em duas ou mais categorias desta revisão, conforme o Quadro 2.

Quadro 1
Estratégia de busca e bases de dados, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, 2022
Quadro 2
Síntese dos estudos incluídos na revisão de acordo com o ano de publicação e nível de evidência, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, 2022

Barreiras individuais

As barreiras individuais identificadas foram relacionadas com a ingestão subótima da PrEP relacionada com a dificuldade de usar os medicamentos por via oral(2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
-2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
), esquecimento de tomar o medicamento diariamente(2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
), falta de armazenamento seguro das pílulas(3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
) e não querer tomar uma substância química por longo tempo(2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
). Ademais, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e outras drogas(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
), o estilo de vida e os estressores concorrentes que envolvem a necessidade de conciliar a rotina da vida pessoal e do trabalho com o uso da PrEP também interferiram diretamente na adesão(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
).

Os efeitos adversos da medicação foram identificados como uma barreira de adesão. A maioria dos participantes que experimentaram efeitos adversos relatou uma apresentação passageira de dores de cabeça e náuseas, que se resolveram logo após alguns dias de uso da PrEP(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
). Demais efeitos relatados, como falta de apetite, tonturas, vômitos e dores de estômago, foram motivo para a descontinuação e abandono da profilaxia(2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), principalmente quando esses efeitos envolveram níveis elevados de creatinina(2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
).

Preocupações sobre futuros efeitos colaterais da PrEP, toxicidade do medicamento a longo prazo(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
) e interação hormonal entre pessoas transexuais foram referidos como motivos para descontinuar a profilaxia. Três estudos identificaram que mulheres transexuais em terapia hormonal manifestaram medo da interação da PrEP com os hormônios e medo de uma sobrecarga prejudicial dos fármacos no organismo(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
).

A baixa percepção de vulnerabilidade ao HIV resultou no uso esporádico, adesão subótima, descontinuação da PrEP, ou uso do medicamento apenas em finais de semana ou em períodos de mudanças no comportamento sexual(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
). Ademais, o status de relacionamento que leva à crença e confiança no parceiro foi relatado como barreira para uso da PrEP em relacionamentos monogâmicos de longo prazo(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
).

A presença de problemas relacionados com a saúde mental (por exemplo, depressão, ansiedade) é desafio que afeta a motivação para adesão sustentada à profilaxia, tornando-a menos prioritária(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2222 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...
). Não obstante, o uso sustentado de substâncias psicoativas, em especial de drogas opioides, constitui-se uma barreira importante.

Em contextos de uso de drogas associado à insegurança econômica e instabilidade habitacional, atender às necessidades básicas de sobrevivência se torna prioridade que ofusca a regularidade do uso da profilaxia e, por isso, configura-se como barreira para sua adesão(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
). O movimento diário de suprir as necessidades humanas básicas, como alimentação, higiene, moradia, e a busca de meios de conseguir as substâncias psicoativas foram relatados como prioritários, deixando a dedicação em usar a PrEP em um patamar distante do prioritário(3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
).

Barreiras foram descritas entre indivíduos que usaram a profilaxia conhecida como PrEP “sob demanda”, “episódica”, “baseada em eventos” ou “orientada em eventos” e foram relacionadas com encontros sexuais não planejados, resultando na falta da dose de PrEP antes da atividade sexual e dificuldade em lembrar a dosagem após a dose dupla do medicamento(3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
).

Em contrapartida, o esquema de PrEP diária foi relatada como desafiador em alguns estudos(2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
), e, por isso, muitos usuários expressaram o desejo de ter formulações de ação prolongada. O reabastecimento de PrEP por 90 dias foi levantado como desanimador pelos usuários que se sentiam sobrecarregados, com a sensação de ter um longo trajeto a percorrer, o que resultou em sensação de impotência para lidar com o uso regular de todas aquelas pílulas por longo período de tempo(3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
).

Barreiras sociais e interpessoais

Apesar das inúmeras barreiras individuais levantadas, o uso e a continuidade da PrEP foram mais impactadas por desafios externos, tornando a descontinuidade não intencional em diversos estudos. Barreiras interpessoais incluíam a influência de parceiros íntimos/românticos na capacidade de iniciar e permanecer aderente, pois os parceiros estavam hesitantes sobre o uso da PrEP, que foi percebido como falta de confiança e lealdade dentro do relacionamento(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
-1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
). A motivação do parceiro para o uso e persistência na PrEP foi relatada como fator primordial para a adesão, sendo que a diminuição ou desaprovação do uso da profilaxia pelos mesmos levou à descontinuidade da PrEP por muitos participantes(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
).

Em relação às barreiras sociais, o estigma foi uma barreira citada para a adesão em diferentes estudos e está descrito de múltiplas formas(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
-2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
-3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
). Identificou-se um estigma sobre o uso da PrEP, pautado em percepções negativas da comunidade que erroneamente julgavam que a profilaxia está vinculada a comportamentos sexuais, como a promiscuidade(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
-2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
-3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
).

O estigma relacionado ao HIV também é uma barreira proeminente ao acesso à PrEP e aos serviços de saúde(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
). O estigma foi sentido no nível individual, relacionado ao medo de conhecer seu status de HIV, que impede que os indivíduos procurem serviços preventivos, e no nível social, com a preocupação do estigma potencial que enfrentam por membros da comunidade e outros trabalhadores do sexo masculinos, se eles foram vistos recebendo serviços relacionados ao HIV(3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
), que associam o uso da PreP com o tratamento do HIV devido à aparência e embalagem semelhantes dos comprimidos(3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
).

Importante ressaltar que, além dessas pressões sociais, o medo de ter a sexualidade revelada para familiares ou na comunidade(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
), além do medo de ter a condição sorológica dos parceiros HIV positivo revelada(3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
), foram barreiras relevantes elencadas por diversos usuários de PrEP.

Outro aspecto interessante diz respeito às normas sociais que silenciam a discussão sobre sexualidade e favorecem o julgamento sobre a orientação sexual como potenciais barreiras(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
). Em mais de um dos estudos realizados no continente Africano, os usuários de PrEP descontinuaram a profilaxia devido às tradições culturais(3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
). Nesse caso, os rituais para se tornarem um curandeiro tradicional da comunidade geraram um conflito de identidade dos usuários que optaram em descontinuar a profilaxia, por medo de interferir nos rituais de iniciação a essa atividade cultural(3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
).

Outra barreira encontrada foi vivenciar eventos traumáticos, como o luto. Lidar com a perda física de familiares e pessoas próximas, inclusive daquelas envolvidas no apoio emocional para o uso da PrEP, foi precursor da descontinuidade da profilaxia(3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
).

Barreiras estruturais

As barreiras estruturais, em sua maioria, foram relacionadas ao tempo de espera prolongado por uma consulta com os prescritores e dificuldades de comunicação com esses profissionais, atrasos administrativos do sistema de saúde, falta de medicamentos em algumas unidades de saúde e o custo dos medicamentos (diferente do Brasil, em alguns países, a PrEP não é gratuita), desconhecimento e/ou resistência de alguns profissionais de saúde em prescrever a PrEP, estigma da equipe de saúde e dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...

32 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...

33 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...

37 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...

38 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
-3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
).

A falta de educação sobre PrEP é uma grande barreira para o alcance da PrEP, particularmente entre populações altamente vulneráveis(3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
). A desinformação dos profissionais de saúde com informações imprecisas ou limitada(2222 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...
-2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
), o número insuficiente de profissionais de saúde qualificados para oferecer a PrEP(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
-2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
) e o estigma percebido proveniente dos próprios profissionais de saúde(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
-2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
-2424 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
) continuam sendo desafios na atual estratégia de implementação, dificultando o início, a adesão e a persistência da profilaxia.

A ausência de atendimento médico competente para pessoas transgênero(2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
), o despreparo profissional para lidar com a diversidade de gênero, identidade sexual e comportamento sexual, bem como com o manejo clínico da PrEP(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
-2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
-3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
), foram levantados em diversos artigos como barreiras significativas para a PrEP. Inclusive, um dos estudos identificou que este contexto propiciou aos usuários experiências desconfortáveis e, às vezes, negativas com profissionais de saúde, que foram descritas como culturalmente insensíveis ou sem conhecimento sobre saúde de pessoas transgênero(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
).

Os custos relacionados à PrEP, bem como com serviços de saúde auxiliares (ou seja, consultas médicas e testes laboratoriais), e falta de cobertura de seguro de saúde foram barreiras tanto para a aceitação quanto para a adesão(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
). Outros aspectos identificados foram a perda do seguro de saúde após a mudança para uma nova cidade ou o emprego, resultando em custos maiores para continuar com uma prescrição de PrEP(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
) e dificuldade de acompanhar os requisitos de acompanhamento, com consultas exames laboratoriais(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
). Os recursos financeiros limitados nas unidades de saúde também dificultam o início e o monitoramento clínico dos efeitos colaterais. Isso incluiu incapacidade ou atrasos nos testes laboratoriais necessários, resultando em pular os testes para evitar atraso no início da PrEP(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
).

Não obstante, longas distâncias percorridas para chegar aos serviços de saúde, dificuldade para ter renovação de prescrição, para retirar medicação ou comparecer a consultas médicas de acompanhamento de rotina, além de longo período de espera para o reabastecimento das farmácias, também foram relatadas como barreiras para a PrEP em diversos artigos(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2222 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...
-2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
-2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
).

Inclusive, residir em zona rural foi relatado como uma barreira significativa, não só pela longa distância dos serviços de saúde, mas também pela falta de divulgação da profilaxia entre a comunidade rural, mesmo quando essa se encontra em contato com profissionais de saúde. Isso fez com que a população soubesse da PrEP através de amigos e redes sociais, resultando na necessidade de pesquisar por si só para solicitar a prescrição aos profissionais de saúde(2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
).

Finalmente, um dos estudos identificou o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, o que trouxe barreiras importantes, sendo elas a dificuldade em realizar/obter testes laboratoriais, dificuldade para obter recargas de PrEP, em receber uma prescrição de recarga de um profissional de saúde, não conseguir uma consulta ou não conseguir se comunicar com o profissional de saúde(3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
).

DISCUSSÃO

A PrEP é um avanço significativo para a prevenção do HIV, entretanto, nesta revisão, identificaram-se barreiras e dificuldades multifacetadas para o seu uso, adesão e continuidade.

Observam-se ainda muitas lacunas na identificação dessas barreiras entre populações de diferentes regiões, pois a maioria dos estudos foram realizados nos EUA(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
-3232 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...
) e em países do continente Africano(3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
-3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
). Não se observou nenhum estudo com população de países latino-americanos, como o Brasil, no qual existem desigualdades e iniquidades sociais que podem se constituir fortes barreiras para o uso da PrEP.

Da mesma forma, destaca-se a necessidade de ampliar os estudos com foco em outras populações, visto que a maioria foi conduzida entre HSH(2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2424 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
-3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
,3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
) e a população transgênero(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
). Esses achados podem estar relacionados com o fato de que a implementação da PrEP tem sido destinada especialmente a populações-chave. Entretanto, outros grupos populacionais que se encontram em risco de infecção por HIV, tais como meninas adolescentes, mulheres jovens, pessoas trabalhadoras do sexo, que fazem uso de drogas injetáveis e privados de liberdade, devem ser compreendidos sob uma perspectiva mais ampla que transcende apenas o grupo populacional dos HSH. A importância de cada uma dessas populações varia nas regiões de determinados países(33 UnAIDS. On the Fast-Track to end AIDS by 2030: Focus on location and population [Internet]. Genebra: UnAIDS; 2015 [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/documents/2015/FocusLocationPopulation
https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/docu...
). Ademais, entre HSH, há grupos socialmente ainda mais marginalizados, como os HSH negros, que são desproporcionalmente acometidos pelo HIV e logo são considerados prioritários para a PrEP.

Nossos achados ilustram que o uso dessa medida preventiva é permeado por múltiplas barreiras. Todos os estudos identificaram que os usuários da PrEP experimentaram mais de uma barreira para o seu uso(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...

32 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...

33 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...

37 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...

38 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
-3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
), e esse dado é preocupante, uma vez que a eficácia está diretamente relacionada à adesão.

Muitas barreiras são modificáveis para uma mesma pessoa ao longo do tempo. O estudo de Koppe et al.(3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
) mostrou que os usuários de PrEP de curto prazo eram mais propensos a interromper a profilaxia devido a preocupações com efeitos colaterais de longo prazo e por não querer tomar uma substância química. Em contraste, os usuários de longo prazo indicaram com mais frequência que sua situação de parceiro havia mudado, sendo esse o principal motivo de descontinuar.

Esse dinamismo é esperado, por se tratar de uma estratégia de prevenção que está diretamente relacionada com o comportamento sexual, o que pode assumir diversas nuances, e todo esse dinamismo influencia diretamente na adoção de medidas preventivas(4040 Barros JF, Lapa JS, Costa AR. Avaliação de mudança de padrão de comportamento sexual em usuários da profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV. Braz J Infect Dis. 2022;26:1:101829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101829
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.1018...
). Entretanto, é de suma importância dar condições para garantir acesso digno e atendimento qualificado de prevenção à população, respeitando seus singulares momentos e contextos de vida. Dessa forma, compreender as barreiras envolvidas nesse movimento de prevenção é primordial para delinear estratégias eficazes de atenção à saúde de pessoas que buscam a PrEP.

A PrEP é uma estratégia preventiva utilizada por pessoas soronegativas ao HIV, e não para fins de tratamento, por isso, pode haver desafios únicos para motivar a adesão, inclusive a inconveniência de tomar a pílula diariamente, o que pode ser considerada uma das barreiras para seu uso(2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...

30 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...

31 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...

32 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...

33 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
-3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
). Além disso, muitas pessoas têm dificuldade de ingerir medicamentos, e aspectos relacionados com o sabor, cheiro e tamanho do comprimido também podem influenciar no uso da profilaxia(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
).

Estratégias alternativas de dosagem, como a PrEP sob demanda, podem ser mais aceitáveis e gerenciáveis para pessoas com dificuldade de aderir ao esquema de doses diárias(4141 Batista AT, Saldanha AAW, Furtado FMF. Vantagens e desvantagens percebidas pelas populações chaves no uso da profilaxia pré-exposição. Mudanças [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 7];28(2):11-20. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/muda/v28n2/v28n2a02.pdf
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/muda/v28n2...
). A formulação de antirretrovirais injetáveis, implantes subcutâneos de longa duração e anéis vaginais de liberação prolongada também estão sendo estudados para minimizar os efeitos da não adesão, e representam opções alternativas promissoras aos medicamentos orais(4242 Flexner C, Owen A, Siccardi M, Swindells S. Long-acting drugs and formulations for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;57(1):106220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106220
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.20...
). Isso é importante, pois a adesão a estratégias preventivas está diretamente ligada à adequação e conveniência da mesma sobre o contexto e a preferência de quem a consome(4343 Chemnasiri T, Varangrat A, Amico KR, Chitwarakorn A, Dye BJ, HPTN 067/ADAPT Study Team, et al. Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Care. 2019;32(2):249-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.16...
).

Ademais, a PrEP sob demanda pode ter especial relevância para aqueles que têm atividade sexual pouco frequente, enquanto regimes diários podem se encaixar bem para aqueles cujos eventos sexuais são frequentes. No entanto, a complexidade nas instruções para seguir regimes não diários pode exigir atenção adicional, de forma que ferramentas e suportes específicos são necessários para apoiar o seu uso contínuo(4343 Chemnasiri T, Varangrat A, Amico KR, Chitwarakorn A, Dye BJ, HPTN 067/ADAPT Study Team, et al. Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Care. 2019;32(2):249-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.16...
).

Diversos estudos desta revisão identificaram que o estilo de vida pode ser uma barreira para o uso da PrEP(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
). Estressores, como mudanças no cotidiano, viagens duradouras, estar longe de casa(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
) e carga horária de trabalho exaustiva, estiveram associadas com o esquecimento/dificuldade em se lembrar de tomar pílulas, além de comparecer às consultas de rotina(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
).

Assim, estratégias pessoais eficazes que ajudam na ingestão de medicamentos, tais como o uso de despertador do telefone, bilhetes, caixa organizadora de comprimidos, devem ser aconselhadas pela equipe de saúde e podem facilitar o uso dos medicamentos(4444 Ching SZ, Wong LP, Said MAB, Lim SH. Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM). AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32(5):416-431. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.416.33112675
https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.4...
). Ainda, há a necessidade de auxílio para que o usuário organize sua rotina, de forma a preservar o uso da profilaxia, mesmo quando houver a necessidade de viagens ou mudanças na rotina. No Brasil, a PrEP é disponibilizada pelo SUS, o que permite que as pessoas continuem tendo acesso a atendimento gratuito e dispensa de medicamentos, mesmo em situações de viagens ou mudança de cidade/estado, ainda que dentro do território nacional(4545 Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (CONASS). Assistência Farmacêutica no SUS [Internet]. Brasília: CONASS; 2015[cited 2021 Oct 25]. 186p. Available from: https://www.conass.org.br/biblioteca/assistencia-farmaceutica-no-sus-2/
https://www.conass.org.br/biblioteca/ass...
).

Diversos estudos desta revisão identificaram que os custos relacionados com a medicação foram barreiras para continuar o uso da PrEP(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
-2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
). Por isso, é importante frisar que a instituição da PrEP enquanto política pública no Brasil contribui na mitigação de potenciais barreiras relacionadas ao seu uso. Entretanto, é necessário identificar e superar diversas outras barreiras que permeiam o continuum do cuidado relacionado à PrEP.

A crença sobre os efeitos adversos e colaterais(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1717 Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci. 2013;15(3):398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204
https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), bem como vivenciá-los(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), foram importantes barreira para o uso e adesão à medicação. Para algumas pessoas, os efeitos adversos melhoraram com o tempo de uso(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), entretanto, para outras, foram o suficiente para descontinuar a profilaxia(2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
).

De fato, a literatura descreve a presença de sintomas, como náusea, flatulência, diarreia, cefaleia e dor abdominal, que tendem a atingir o pico de frequência no primeiro mês após o início e costuma se resolver em três meses, chamada de “síndrome de start-up”, que acomete a minoria das pessoas em uso de PrEP(4646 Glidden DV, Amico KR, Liu AY, Hosek SG, Anderson PL, Buchbinder SP, et al. Symptoms, Side Effects and Adherence in the iPrEx Open-Label Extension. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(9):1172-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw022
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw022...
). Acontece que a tolerância do desconforto é diferente para cada indivíduo. Por isso, a equipe de saúde deve orientar que em geral os efeitos adversos tendem a diminuir com o uso regular dentro do primeiro mês de uso(4444 Ching SZ, Wong LP, Said MAB, Lim SH. Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM). AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32(5):416-431. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.416.33112675
https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.4...
) e implementar estratégias para o gerenciamento desses efeitos com a finalidade de auxiliar no enfrentamento sem desistir da terapêutica.

Além disso, a preocupação com a segurança terapêutica, o medo de possíveis efeitos coletareis em longo prazo (por exemplo, danos hepáticos)(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
), bem como interações entre a PrEP e outros medicamentos, inclusive os que estão envolvidos em terapia hormonal(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
), foram levantados como barreiras para o uso contínuo da PrEP.

O uso sustentado de substâncias psicoativas, em especial de drogas opioides, constitui uma barreira importante para o uso da PrEP. Em contextos de uso de drogas associado à insegurança econômica e instabilidade habitacional, atender às necessidades básicas de sobrevivência se torna prioridade que ofusca a regularidade do uso da PrEP, e, por isso, configuram-se como barreiras para o seu uso e adesão(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
). Além disso, existe também o receio de interação da medicação com o álcool e as substâncias psicoativas(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
). Apesar das inúmeras barreiras individuais levantadas, o uso e a continuidade da PrEP foram mais impactadas por desafios externos, tornando a descontinuidade da PrEP não intencional em diversos estudos(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,2424 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
-3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
). O contexto social pode constituir uma barreira para o uso da profilaxia. Intrigantemente, vivenciar eventos traumáticos pareceu assumir destaque no que se refere ao uso da PrEP. Vivenciar ações de violência e estupro motivou mulheres a buscarem e aderirem à profilaxia, o que foi apoiado por familiares e pessoas do reduto social. Entretanto, ao vivenciar o falecimento de familiares, culminou-se na diminuição na motivação do uso da PrEP, resultando na descontinuidade da mesma(3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
).

Nesta revisão, quase metade dos estudos identificou algum tipo de estigma relacionado ao uso da PrEP como uma barreira para o seu uso, sendo mais da metade deles referente ao estigma sobre o HIV(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
-1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
-2424 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-3535 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
). Os casais sorodiscordantes para o HIV relataram medo constante de ter a sorologia de seus parceiros revelada na família ou na comunidade(3636 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
). Além disso, o medo de que as pessoas em uso de PrEP sejam vistas como soropositivas ao HIV está centrado no próprio estigma do vírus(1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...
,4343 Chemnasiri T, Varangrat A, Amico KR, Chitwarakorn A, Dye BJ, HPTN 067/ADAPT Study Team, et al. Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Care. 2019;32(2):249-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.16...
). A história da infecção pelo HIV e principalmente da AIDS foi marcada por uma construção social pautada na discriminação e estigma(4747 Perlongher N. O que é AIDS. 2ed. Coleção Primeiros Passos, 197. 1987. p. 95.-4848 Pelúcio L, Miskolci R. A prevenção do desvio: o dispositivo da AIDS e a repatologização das sexualidades dissidentes. Sexualidad, Salud Soc Rev Latinoam [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Jun 02];1.125-57. Available from: https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/SexualidadSaludySociedad/article/view/29/132
https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index....
) que persistem até os dias atuais. Apesar de os usuários de PrEP serem soronegativos para o HIV, eles estão inseridos em um emaranhado de tensões relacionados ao vírus e, por isso, muitas vezes, experimentam situações semelhantes (como o estigma percebido) às das pessoas que vivem com o HIV.

Não obstante, o estigma associado à promiscuidade tem sido descrito por usuários da PrEP. A profilaxia tem sido percebida como uma medida de prevenção do HIV para indivíduos que desejam ter sexo sem o uso de preservativos, por exemplo, ou com múltiplos parceiros(as). Assim, alguns estudos referiram que a identidade social como usuário da PrEP é frequentemente associada a percepções negativas de que desejar sexo sem preservativo pode ser considerado promiscuidade(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1818 Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017...

19 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
-2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...

25 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...

26 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
,3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...

34 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

35 O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145...

36 Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.19...
-3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
).

Combater o estigma social, promover, respeitar e proteger os direitos humanos é fundamental para o desenvolvimento humano e o fim da AIDS como uma ameaça à saúde pública. Dessa forma, o sucesso da implementação da PrEP como resposta para o enfrentamento do HIV deve usar abordagens baseadas em direitos e combate ao estigma generalizado e arraigado, à discriminação e a outras violações dos direitos humanos enfrentadas por pessoas que vivem com HIV, bem como por grupos populacionais que estão em maior risco de infecção(33 UnAIDS. On the Fast-Track to end AIDS by 2030: Focus on location and population [Internet]. Genebra: UnAIDS; 2015 [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/documents/2015/FocusLocationPopulation
https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/docu...
,4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
). Entretanto, a construção dos critérios de elegibilidade para o uso da profilaxia, especificamente sobre as identidades de gênero e preferências sexuais que se diferem da hegemonia heteronormativa, tem reforçado o estigma existente sobre alguns grupos populacionais e sobre a infecção do HIV(4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
), alimentando crenças e percepções preconceituosas de que pessoas dentro dos padrões hetoronormativos estão distantes ou isentos do risco de adquirir o HIV e, por isso, não se enquadram nos critérios para a PrEP.

Nos EUA, um estudo identificou que as pessoas expressam menor apoio a políticas de financiamento e programas que possibilitam o acesso à PrEP para grupos estigmatizados (populações chave), em comparação com a população em geral(4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
). Os autores reforçam que campanhas públicas de PrEP que visam especificamente às populações-chave correm o risco de perpetuar os estereótipos existentes de promiscuidade associados a esses grupos(4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
).

Campanhas de divulgação e apoio à PrEP com mensagens que abrangem a população em geral, evitando nomear explicitamente grupos de alto risco, ajudam a evitar crenças preconceituosas(4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
). É imprescindível que, em programas de PrEP, profissionais de saúde entendam como os usuários são percebidos dentro da comunidade e como essas percepções podem impedir a adoção de estratégias e suas consequências pessoais para o uso da PrEP.

Para as barreiras estruturais, as barreiras dos sistemas de saúde se concentram principalmente em questões de acessibilidade aos serviços clínicos ou de farmácia, devido ao seguro, transporte ou dificuldade de navegação em sistemas de saúde complexos(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
,3232 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...
-3333 Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335...
,3939 Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167...
). Os fatores logísticos relacionados aos serviços de saúde(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
-2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
,2222 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
-2424 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...

27 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...

28 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...

29 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
-3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
,3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
-3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
) e aos seus profissionais(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
-2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
-3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
), levantados como barreiras para o uso da PrEP nesta revisão, suscitam um paradoxo da implementação da PrEP nos serviços de saúde. O despreparo estrutural (considerando aqui o despreparo profissional) dos serviços frente à demanda dessa estratégia se configura contramão de seu caráter inovador.

A qualidade dos serviços assistenciais influencia diretamente na captação e adesão à PrEP(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
). Atendimentos hostis com resistência de prescrição da profilaxia(2020 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...
-2121 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...
,3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
), bem como a dificuldade de comunicação com a equipe, períodos prolongados de espera por consultas(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
,3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
), foram identificados nesta revisão e evidenciam o despreparo profissional e institucional para esta nova estratégia preventiva.

O despreparo profissional cerne não apenas o manejo sobre a profilaxia, mas também o atendimento às pessoas transexuais(1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...

20 Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093...

21 Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.15...

22 Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.000000000000...

23 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...

24 Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.13...
-2525 Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850...
,2929 Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654...
-3030 Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025...
). Esse despreparo profissional e institucional pode estar relacionado com as normas da comunidade local e da convicção moral de seus profissionais de saúde sobre a sexualidade(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
). Pode haver uma transferência de responsabilidade na escolha das estratégias pelos profissionais de saúde influenciados pelo biopoder, reduzindo a autonomia das pessoas em optarem pela medida preventiva mais confortável para o seu contexto.

Além disso, o estigma e as discriminações de cunho sexual influenciam no acesso aos serviços de saúde. As desigualdades de gênero e a incriminação sobre o trabalho sexual impedem, na maioria das vezes, a população de HSH, travestis e transsexuais de buscarem a PrEP nos serviços de saúde. Garantir acesso para essas pessoas possibilitaria melhores autoavaliações de saúde, além da redução na transmissão do HIV. A escassez de profissionais na propagação dessa medida, sobrecarga de trabalho e ausência de capacitação da equipe no atendimento e incentivo a grupos específicos demonstraram importância no que se refere ao acesso à PrEP por parte dos usuários(77 Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502...
,1919 Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159...
,2727 Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
-2828 Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.17...
,3434 Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
).

Ademais, a PrEP tem sido recomendada e prescrita, majoritariamente, por profissionais de saúde que atuam na área de infectologia, inclusive envolvidos nos cuidados de pessoas que vivem com o HIV. Entretanto, é destinada a pessoas soronegativas para o vírus, configurando um “paradoxo de alcance” da profilaxia. Por isso, oferecer a PrEP em serviços não especializados à população que vive com o HIV pode oportunizar o alcance desta estratégia(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
,3232 Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786...
) e, consequentemente, diminuir algumas barreiras estruturais para o seu uso.

Estratégias específicas que aproximem a PrEP da população como um todo são importantes. Ao serem realizadas de forma dinâmica, como oficinas, atividades grupais, entre outras, a troca de saberes é estimulada. Dessa forma, acredita-se que profissionais de saúde devem realizar seus aconselhamentos sem preconceitos sobre sexualidade e/ou comportamento sexual. Ações educativas planejadas de acordo com o contexto dos indivíduos são totalmente possíveis e pertinentes no que se refere à prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis(2323 Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591...
).

Além disso, testes simplificados, pedidos permanentes para laboratórios, prescrições de PrEP válidas por até 90 dias, provisão proativa de apoio e aconselhamento para adesão à medicação também são estratégias plausíveis para começar a superar algumas barreiras estruturais(2626 Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807...
).

Durante as consultas, a adesão deve ser abordada largamente de forma simples e clara. Avaliar a ingestão dos medicamentos, reforçar que a efetividade está intimamente ligada à adesão, associar a tomada com eventos rotineiros diários, evitando esquecimentos(3131 Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021...
,3737 Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134...
), observar os dados da farmácia referente à dispensação dos medicamentos e avaliar os manejos adversos são condutas que diminuem as barreiras(4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
).

Permitir que profissionais de diversas especialidades passem a ofertar e prescrever PrEP, além da adoção de novas estratégias que incentivam a adesão, requer esforços a nível institucional e governamental. A formação permanente e treinamento adequado dos profissionais de saúde sobre PrEP(3838 Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174...
,4949 Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
) é crucial para garantir o sucesso da implementação de programas de prevenção do HIV.

Limitações do estudo

Os resultados desta revisão devem ser interpretados à luz de suas limitações. A maioria dos estudos foram realizados com HSH nos EUA e, por isso, as barreiras identificadas nesta revisão podem não ser aplicáveis para outros países, devido às diferenças na cultura, crença e sistemas de saúde. Ademais, outra limitação diz respeito às quatro bases utilizadas na estratégia de busca, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados. Entretanto, isso não invalida os nossos achados, uma vez que nossa busca contemplou bases de dados multidisciplinares, reconhecidas e utilizadas mundialmente. Não obstante, para a condução deste estudo, buscou-se realizar uma sistemática e rigorosa abordagem dos processos de uma revisão integrativa, particularmente da análise de dados, o que implica a diminuição de vieses e erros.

Contribuições para as áreas de enfermagem, saúde e políticas públicas

Os achados desta revisão fornecem evidências a respeito das barreiras para o uso da PrEP, contribuindo para a discussão sobre as estratégias de prevenção e combate à epidemia do HIV/AIDS. Levantar informações sobre as barreiras e potencialidades para o sucesso do uso da PrEP contribui para a formulação de políticas públicas como suporte para implementação de estratégias preventivas em locais com situação epidemiológica de altos índices de casos do HIV/AIDS, para a elaboração de atividades de capacitação profissional, bem como para a elaboração de protocolos assistenciais em unidades que implementaram a PrEP.

CONCLUSÕES

Os achados desta revisão evidenciam que usuários da PrEP vivenciam barreiras e dificuldades multifacetadas para uso e continuidade da profilaxia. Essas barreiras abrangem, desde aspectos individuais, como hábitos de vida e medo da segurança farmacológica da profilaxia, aspectos sociais, como o estigma relacionado ao HIV e à promiscuidade, até aspectos estruturais, como falhas e dificuldades relacionadas aos serviços de saúde.

Apesar das diversas barreiras individuais, o uso e a continuidade da PrEP são mais impactados por desafios externos que fogem ao controle do individuo, sendo elas barreiras sociais e especialmente estruturais que tornam a descontinuidade da profilaxia não intencional.

Superar essas barreiras exige uma variedade de abordagens para contemplar todas essas instâncias. Esforços institucionais e governamentais que apostam na educação permanente e capacitação profissional dos prestadores de cuidados são primordiais para superar as barreiras estruturais para o uso da profilaxia. Além disso, é necessário compreender e responder às barreiras ao uso da PrEP entre os usuários e membros de suas redes sociais.

  • EDITOR CHEFE: Álvaro Sousa
  • EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior
  • FOMENTO
    Os pesquisadores agradecem a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa pelo auxilio recebido para o desenvolvimento do estudo. Programas Regulares / Auxílios a Pesquisa nº 2021/08247-1.

REFERÊNCIAS

  • 1
    UnAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics: 2020 fact sheet [Internet]. Geneva: UnAIDS; 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
    » https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
  • 2
    Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G, Cotte L, Charreau I, et al. On-Demand Preexposure Prophylaxis in Men at High Risk for HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2237-46. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273
    » https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273
  • 3
    UnAIDS. On the Fast-Track to end AIDS by 2030: Focus on location and population [Internet]. Genebra: UnAIDS; 2015 [cited 2021 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/documents/2015/FocusLocationPopulation
    » https://www.unAIDS.org/en/resources/documents/2015/FocusLocationPopulation
  • 4
    Organização Pan-americana de Saúde (OPAS). Brasil inicia implementação da PrEP para prevenir novos casos de HIV entre segmentos populacionais de maior risco [Internet]. Brasília: OPAS; 2018 [cited 2021 Jun 7]; Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/noticias/3-1-2018-brasil-inicia-implementacao-da-prep-para-prevenir-novos-casos-hiv-entre-segmentos
    » https://www.paho.org/pt/noticias/3-1-2018-brasil-inicia-implementacao-da-prep-para-prevenir-novos-casos-hiv-entre-segmentos
  • 5
    Ministério da Saúde (BR). Painel PrEP [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. Available from: http://www.AIDS.gov.br/pt-br/painel-prep
    » http://www.AIDS.gov.br/pt-br/painel-prep
  • 6
    Hojilla JC, Vlahov D, Crouch PC, Dawson-Rose C, Freeborn K, Carrico A. HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake and Retention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Community-Based Sexual Health Clinic. AIDS Behav. 2009;22(4):1096-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2009-x
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2009-x
  • 7
    Wood S, Gross R, Shea JA, Bauermeister JA, Franklin J, Petsis D, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of PrEP Adherence for Young Men and Transgender Women of Color. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(10):2719-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02502-y
  • 8
    Colson PW, Franks J, Wu Y, Winterhalter FS, Knox J, Ortega H, et al. Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in a Community Setting in Harlem, NY. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(12):3436-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02901-6
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02901-6
  • 9
    Sullivan PK, Mena L, Elopre L, Siegler AJ. Implementation Strategies to Increase PrEP Uptake in the South. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16(4):259-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447-4
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00447-4
  • 10
    Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072008000400018
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-07072008000400018
  • 11
    Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Integrative review: what is it? how to do it?. Einstein (São Paulo). 2010;8(1):102-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082010RW1134
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082010RW1134
  • 12
    Polit DF, Beck CT. Fundamentos de Pesquisa em Enfermagem: Avaliação de Evidências para a Prática da Enfermagem. 9ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2019. 431p
  • 13
    Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan: a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(210):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
  • 14
    Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura [Dissertation]. [Ribeirão Preto]: Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto; 2005. 130p.
  • 15
    Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(5):546-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621
  • 16
    Melnyk B, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: a guide to best practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019. 782 p.
  • 17
    Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs Health Sci. 2013;15(3):398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.1204
  • 18
    Arnold T, Rubisten LB, Chan PA, Brumer AP, Bolonha ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. Plos One. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172354
  • 19
    Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, et al. Multilevel Barriers to HIV PrEP Uptake and Adherence Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx Transgender Women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03159-2
  • 20
    Ellisson J, Berg JJVD, Montgomery MC, Tao J, Pashankar R, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Next-Generation HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Taking Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2019;33(11):482-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
    » https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2019.0093
  • 21
    Hunt T, Lalley-Chareczko L, Daughtridge G, Swyryn M, Koenig H. Challenges to PrEP use and perceptions of urine tenofovir adherence monitoring reported by individuals on PrEP. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1203-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
    » https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587369
  • 22
    Park CJ, Taylor TN, Gutierrez NR, Zingman BS, Blackstocke OJ. Pathways to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Women Prescribed PrEP at an Urban Sexual Health Clinic. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(3):321-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
    » https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000070
  • 23
    Rice WS, Stringer KL, Sohail M, Crockett KB, Atkins GC, Kudroff K, et al. Accessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): perceptions of Current and Potential PrEP Users in Birmingham, Alabama. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2966-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02591-9
  • 24
    Schwartz J, Grimm J. Stigma Communication Surrounding PrEP: the experiences of a sample of men who have sex with men. Health Commun. 2019;34(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
    » https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384430
  • 25
    Sun, CJ, Anderson KM, Bangsberg D. Access to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Practice Settings: a Qualitative Study of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults’ Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:535-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04850-w
  • 26
    Laborde ND, Kinley PM, Spinelli M, Vittinghoff E, Whitacre R, Scott HM, et al. Understanding PrEP Persistence: provider and patient perspectives. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2509-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02807-3
  • 27
    Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: a need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
  • 28
    Nieto O, Anne EF, Cabral A, Landrian A, Brooks RA. Barriers and motivators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among Black and Latina transgender women in Los Angeles: perspectives of current PrEP users, AIDS Care. 2021;33:244-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
    » https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1769835
  • 29
    Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Voorheis E, Lester J, Reece M, et al. Facilitators and Barriers of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake Among Rural Men who have Sex with Men Living in the Midwestern U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2179-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01654-6
  • 30
    Camp C, Saberi P. Facilitators and barriers of 2-1-1 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251917
  • 31
    Felsher M, Ziegler E, Amico KR, Carrico A, Coleman J, Roth AM. "PrEP just isn't my priority": adherence challenges among women who inject drugs participating in a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA USA. Soc Sci Med. 2021;275:113809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113809
  • 32
    Willie TC, Monger M, Nunn A, Kershaw T, Stockman JK, Mayer KH, et al. “PrEP’s just to secure you like insurance”: a qualitative study on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence and retention among black cisgender women in Mississippi. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1
  • 33
    Jackson-Gibson M, Ezema AU, Orero W, Were I, Ohiomoba RO, Mbullo PO, et al. Facilitators and barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake through a community-based intervention strategy among adolescent girls and young women in Seme Sub-County, Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11335-1
  • 34
    Kimani M, Van Der Elst EM, Chirro O, Wahome E, Ibrahim F, Mukuria N, et al. “I wish to remain HIV negative”: pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence and persistence in transgender women and men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Plos One. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244226
  • 35
    O’Rourke S, Hartmann M, Myers L. The PrEP Journey: Understanding How Internal Drivers and External Circumstances Impact The PrEP Trajectory of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:10195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03145-0
  • 36
    Sack DE, Schacht CD, Paulo P, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV serodiscordant couples: a qualitative study in Mozambique. Global Health Action. 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
    » https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1940764
  • 37
    Stoner MCD, Rucinsk KB, Giovenco D, Gill K, Morton JF, Bekker LG, et al. Trajectories of PrEP Adherence Among Young Women Aged 16 to 25 in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2046-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03134-3
  • 38
    Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
  • 39
    Kadiamada-Ibarra H, Hawley NL, Sosa-Rubí SG, Wilson-Bathers M, Franco RR, Galárraga O. Barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção da profilaxia pré-exposição entre trabalhadores do sexo masculinos no México: uma aplicação da estrutura RE-AIM. BMC Saúde Pública. 2021;21:2174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
    » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12167-9
  • 40
    Barros JF, Lapa JS, Costa AR. Avaliação de mudança de padrão de comportamento sexual em usuários da profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV. Braz J Infect Dis. 2022;26:1:101829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101829
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101829
  • 41
    Batista AT, Saldanha AAW, Furtado FMF. Vantagens e desvantagens percebidas pelas populações chaves no uso da profilaxia pré-exposição. Mudanças [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Nov 7];28(2):11-20. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/muda/v28n2/v28n2a02.pdf
    » http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/muda/v28n2/v28n2a02.pdf
  • 42
    Flexner C, Owen A, Siccardi M, Swindells S. Long-acting drugs and formulations for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;57(1):106220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106220
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106220
  • 43
    Chemnasiri T, Varangrat A, Amico KR, Chitwarakorn A, Dye BJ, HPTN 067/ADAPT Study Team, et al. Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Care. 2019;32(2):249-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
    » https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
  • 44
    Ching SZ, Wong LP, Said MAB, Lim SH. Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM). AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32(5):416-431. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.416.33112675
    » https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.416.33112675
  • 45
    Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (CONASS). Assistência Farmacêutica no SUS [Internet]. Brasília: CONASS; 2015[cited 2021 Oct 25]. 186p. Available from: https://www.conass.org.br/biblioteca/assistencia-farmaceutica-no-sus-2/
    » https://www.conass.org.br/biblioteca/assistencia-farmaceutica-no-sus-2/
  • 46
    Glidden DV, Amico KR, Liu AY, Hosek SG, Anderson PL, Buchbinder SP, et al. Symptoms, Side Effects and Adherence in the iPrEx Open-Label Extension. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(9):1172-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw022
    » https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw022
  • 47
    Perlongher N. O que é AIDS. 2ed. Coleção Primeiros Passos, 197. 1987. p. 95.
  • 48
    Pelúcio L, Miskolci R. A prevenção do desvio: o dispositivo da AIDS e a repatologização das sexualidades dissidentes. Sexualidad, Salud Soc Rev Latinoam [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2022 Jun 02];1.125-57. Available from: https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/SexualidadSaludySociedad/article/view/29/132
    » https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/SexualidadSaludySociedad/article/view/29/132
  • 49
    Calabrese SK, Magnus M, Mayer KH, Krakower DS, Eldahan AI, Gaston-Hawkins LA, et al. Putting PrEP into Practice: Lessons Learned from Early-Adopting U.S. Providers’ Firsthand Experiences Providing HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Care. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157324

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    26 Jun 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    17 Mar 2021
  • Aceito
    07 Out 2022
Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br