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Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise conceitual

RESUMO

Objetivo:

analisar o conceito de violência contra pessoa idosa e identificar seus respectivos antecedentes, atributos e consequentes.

Métodos:

análise de conceito, de acordo com a proposição de Walker e Avant. A busca pelo conceito foi mediada por uma revisão integrativa nas bases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science e BDENF.

Resultados:

como antecedentes, destacam-se sexo feminino, membro da família, baixo apoio social e baixa renda ou condições socioeconômicas. Os atributos foram ameaças e/ou intimidações, uso intencional da força física, usar recursos sem sua autorização, atividade sexual indesejada, ofertar baixa quantidade de nutrientes insuficientes ao idoso e não atendimento as necessidades afetivas/emocionais do idoso. Os consequentes foram transtornos psicológicos, dependência do agressor, ambiente de insegurança e danos/perda dos direitos humanos ou a dignidade humana.

Considerações finais:

o fenômeno em discussão é amplo e multifacetado, sugerindo ampliação de estudos relacionados à temática a fim de explorá-la minunciosamente.

Descritores:
Idoso; Violência; Abuso de Idosos; Exposição à, Violência; Formação de Conceito

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to analyze the concept of elder abuse and identify its respective antecedents, attributes and consequents.

Methods:

this is a conceptual analysis according to Walker and Avant’s proposition. The search for the concept was mediated by an integrative review in the LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and BDENF databases.

Results:

as antecedents, female, family member, low social support and low income or socioeconomic conditions stand out. Attributes were threats and/or intimidation, intentional use of physical force, using resources without authorization, unwanted sexual activity, offering low insufficient amount of nutrients for older adults and not meeting older adults’ affective/emotional needs. Consequents were psychological disorders, dependence on aggressors, environment of insecurity and damage/loss of human rights or human dignity.

Final considerations:

the phenomenon under discussion is broad and multifaceted, suggesting expansion of studies related to the theme in order to explore it in detail.

Descriptors:
Aged; Violence; Elder Abuse; Exposure to Violence; Concept Formation

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

analizar el concepto de violencia contra el anciano e identificar sus respectivos antecedentes, atributos y consecuencias.

Métodos:

análisis de concepto, según propuesta de Walker y Avant. La búsqueda del concepto estuvo mediada por una revisión integradora en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science y BDENF.

Resultados:

como antecedentes, se destacan el género femenino, familiar, bajo apoyo social y bajos ingresos o condiciones socioeconómicas. Los atributos fueron amenazas y/o intimidación, uso intencional de la fuerza física, uso de recursos sin su autorización, actividad sexual no deseada, oferta insuficiente de nutrientes al anciano y no satisfacción de las necesidades afectivas/emocionales del anciano. Las consecuencias fueron trastornos psicológicos, dependencia del agresor, ambiente de inseguridad y daño/pérdida de los derechos humanos o de la dignidad humana.

Consideraciones finales:

el fenómeno en discusión es amplio y multifacético, sugiriendo la ampliación de estudios relacionados con el tema para explorarlo en detalle.

Descriptores:
Anciano; Violencia; Abuso de Ancianos; Exposición a la Violencia; Formación de Concepto

INTRODUÇÃO

O envelhecimento populacional aumenta, de forma acelerada, no decorrer dos anos, em virtude da queda nos indicadores de natalidade e fecundidade associado ao aumento da expectativa de vida da população em geral. Ao envelhecer, o indivíduo experimenta alterações comportamentais, físicas, psicológicas, cognitivas e sociais de caráter fisiológico, mas que apresentam potencial para o surgimento de comorbidades que podem resultar em fragilidade, perda da autonomia e dependência física, tornando-o, assim, exposto a vivenciar situações de violência(11 Fernandes IN, Silva MJA, Sampaio LHF. Avaliação dos efeitos de um emissor de ondas ultrassônicas no tratamento do envelhecimento facial. Braz J Health Rev. 2022;5(1):2127-39. http://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n1-188
http://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n1-188...
).

Embora seja um fenômeno mundial, a síntese de dados quantitativos sobre a ocorrência de violência contra a pessoa idosa (VCPI) é rara, principalmente em países de média e baixa renda. O The Lancet Global Health publicou em metanálise que aproximadamente um a cada seis idosos sofrem algum tipo de violência, distribuídos com prevalência geral de 15,7%, além de 11,6% relacionado à violência psicológica, 6,8%, à abuso financeiro, 4,2%, à violência do tipo negligência, 2,6%, à violência física, e 0,9%, à violência sexual(22 Yon Y, Mikton CR, Gassoumis ZD, Wilber KH. Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(2):e147-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30006-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30...
). Considerando a variabilidade regional do Brasil, no Nordeste, a violência física é considerada a mais prevalente (28,0%), seguida da negligência e abandono (17,3%)(33 Lima IVS, Palmeira CS, Macedo TTS. Violence against the elderly in the Northeast region of Brazil from 2012 to 2018. J Contemp Nurs. 2021;10(2):252-261. https://doi.org/10.17267/2317-3378rec.v10i2.3865
https://doi.org/10.17267/2317-3378rec.v1...
). Entretanto, em estudo desenvolvido com notificações geradas pelo Disque 100, a negligência foi a mais predominante (37%), seguida da psicológica (27%) e financeira (20,3%), e a violência sexual apresentou baixo quantitativo de notificações (0,3%)(44 Freitas LG, Benito LAO. Denúncias de violência contra idosos no Brasil: 2011-2018. REVISA. 2020;9(3):483-99. https://doi.org/10.36239/revisa.v9.n3.p483a499
https://doi.org/10.36239/revisa.v9.n3.p4...
).

A sua definição é genericamente definida por qualquer ato propositado ou não que gere agravos e sofrimento à pessoa idosa, tendo como consequências a queda na qualidade de vida, o aumento do risco de adoecimento físico e emocional, além da própria suscetibilidade a enfrentar os mais variados tipos de violência(55 World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health [Internet]. Geneve: Who [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
), sendo considerada, então, problema de saúde pública que atinge qualquer idoso, independente de classe social, etnia ou religião.

Ao observar a dimensão do fenômeno na VCPI, é possível perceber seu caráter multifacetado e multidimensional, além dos diversos desdobramentos sociais e individuais causados como consequência da sua ocorrência(66 Lourenço AS, Cândido RM. A multidimensionalidade do conceito da violência: elementos para o debate. Perspectiva. 2017;35(4)1277-95. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-795X.2017v35n4p1277
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-795X.2017v3...
). Conceituá-lo torna-se então uma tarefa complexa e abstrata, uma vez que a definição da VCPI é pouco esclarecedora, em vista da amplitude e a relação do fenômeno com características culturais, religiosas e regionais(77 Monteiro MHL, Silva AAS, Silva DLS, Silva JECF, Rafael KG, Gonçalves NAL. A sexualidade de idosos em meio aos riscos e tabus: uma revisão de literatura. Braz J Health Rev. 2021;4(4):14692-704. https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n4-026
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n4-026...
). É, então, vital que o conceito seja mais bem explorado, em busca de compreender quais são as suas características definidoras, antecedentes e consequências que incidem na população idosa.

A elaboração de conceitos pode ser considerada a base do conhecimento e do desenvolvimento científico para construção de modelos teóricos que versam a definição de campos de atuação, métodos e objetos de estudo de forma mais clara(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.). Podem também representar a realidade abstrata de experiências cognitivas(99 Brandão MAG, Mercês CAM, Lopes ROP, Martins JSA, Souza PA, Primo CC. Concept analysis strategies for the development of middle-range nursing theories. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019;28:e20180390. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0390
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
).

A realização de análises do conceito é considerada extremamente útil para desvelar fenômenos, e pode ser executada por diversos métodos, entretanto, na enfermagem, o modelo proposto por Walker e Avant é amplamente veiculado(99 Brandão MAG, Mercês CAM, Lopes ROP, Martins JSA, Souza PA, Primo CC. Concept analysis strategies for the development of middle-range nursing theories. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019;28:e20180390. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0390
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
). O referido modelo tem por finalidade fortalecer base teórica no tocante ao objeto de estudo. Confere, ainda, subsídio para elaboração de instrumentos psicométricos por meio da lista de atributos definidores (caraterísticas que definem o objeto de estudo), antecedentes (eventos ou incidentes que acontecem antes da ocorrência do fenômeno) e consequentes (são resultados da ocorrência do conceito)(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.).

O presente estudo foi idealizado mediante a questão: quais os atributos essenciais, antecedentes e consequentes que esclarecem a definição da VCPI de acordo com o método de Walker e Avant?

OBJETIVO

Analisar o conceito de VCPI e identificar seus respectivos antecedentes, atributos e consequentes.

MÉTODOS

Aspectos éticos

O estudo dispensa apreciação de comitê de ética para sua execução, tendo em vista que utilizou a literatura disponibilizada em bases de dados, não envolvendo seres humanos de forma direta ou indireta.

Referencial teórico-metodológico

O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado foi o modelo de análise de conceito proposto por Walker e Avant. O modelo possui oito etapas interativas: seleção do conceito; delineamento dos objetivos da análise; identificação dos possíveis usos do conceito; determinação dos atributos essenciais; identificação do caso modelo; identificação do caso contrário; identificação dos antecedentes e consequentes do conceito; definição das referências empíricas do conceito estudado(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.).

A explicação para ocorrência da violência precisa ser observada por diversas facetas, pois não existe um único fator que explique ações e relações violentas. Desta vista, justifica-se o uso do modelo ecológico, proposto por Bronfenbrenner em 1975, para categorização dos dados relacionados aos antecedentes e consequentes da VCPI, pois, além de fornecer melhor compreensão do fenômeno, ele subsidia a identificação das relações entre as dimensões individual (fatores pessoais percebidos no comportamento), relacional (relações sociais próximas), comunitária (contextos comunitários) e social (fatores sociais mais amplos)(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
).

Tipo de estudo

Estudo do tipo análise do conceito, cujo propósito é distinguir, refinar as ambiguidades e clarificar os conceitos. O método permite analisar a estrutura e função dos seus elementos básicos do conceito de VCPI.

Procedimentos metodológicos

Cenário do estudo

O estudo foi realizado por pesquisadores do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Enfermagem Forense (GEPEFO), vinculado à Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), como etapa inicial da construção e validação de uma escala para rastreio de VCPI: produto de tese da autora principal do presente estudo. Analisar o conceito é essencial para que instrumentos sejam aplicáveis na prática assistencial, tendo em vista que a clarificação do conceito oportuniza maior precisão na identificação do fenômeno na população idosa.

Coleta e organização dos dados

Na primeira etapa, selecionou-se o conceito de VCPI, possibilitando a ampliação da compreensão do profissional diante da situação de violência ou risco para violência, e, na segunda etapa, definiu o objetivo descrito na seção Objetivos. Na terceira etapa, foi realizada uma busca minuciosa para identificar na literatura o uso do conceito. Para tal, realizaram-se as seis etapas da revisão integrativa(1111 Stillwell SB, Fineout-Overholt E, Melnyk BM, Williamson KM. Searching for the evidence: strategies to help you conduct a successful search. Am J Nurs. 2010;110(1):41-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000372071.24134.7e
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.000037207...
).

Os dados foram oriundos de uma pergunta de pesquisa elaborada de acordo com mnemônico PCC, em que P (paciente) - pessoa idosa, C (conceito) - conceito de VCPI e C (contexto) - atributos, antecedentes e consequentes da VCPI. Quais os conceitos apresentados na literatura para definição da VCPI? Quais os atributos, antecedentes e consequentes do fenômeno?

Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre os anos 2012 e 2022, desenvolvidos com temática relacionada a pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 60 anos, escritos em português, inglês e espanhol, disponíveis na íntegra em meio eletrônico. Foram excluídos documentos classificados como literatura cinzenta (editoriais, boletins informativos, notícias, teses e dissertações) e duplicados.

A busca foi desenvolvida nas bases de dados Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), BDENF, MEDLINE via PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Web of Science, utilizando os descritores: “Aged”, “Exposure to violence”, “Elder Abuse”. Os descritores selecionados foram combinados por meio de operadores booleanos, a fim de viabilizar o resgate dos documentos, sendo, então, a combinação geral adotada: “AgedANDExposure to violenceORElder Abuse”.

Foram identificados, inicialmente, 14.478 documentos entre os anos 2012 e 2022, que foram exportados para o software Rayyan, a fim de sistematizar a seleção da amostra e coleta. Esse software viabiliza a identificação de manuscritos duplicados e a formação de categorias de inclusão e exclusão. Esses recursos foram utilizados por dois pesquisadores, e as divergências foram discutidas e entradas em consenso. A seleção dos estudos foi determinada de acordo com o fluxograma apresentado na Figura 1.

Figura 1
Fluxograma de seleção dos estudos, 2022

Figura 2
Árvore máxima da violência contra a pessoa idosa representando as referências empíricas, 2022

Análise dos dados

A revisão integrativa permitiu pesquisar, avaliar e selecionar os estudos. Os manuscritos foram lidos na íntegra e, após leitura acurada, foram retirados fragmentos de texto, contendo expressões ou palavras relacionadas aos atributos, eventos antecedentes e consequentes da VCPI.

Os manuscritos selecionados para compor a amostra foram categorizados em planilha com o protocolo estabelecido para coleta de dados no Microsoft Excel, contendo as variáveis título, ano, desenho do estudo, conceito determinado de VCPI, antecedentes, atributos e consequentes.

A extração de trechos dos manuscritos para compor os antecedentes se deu por meio da pergunta “Quais eventos ou incidentes devem ocorrer ou existir antes da ocorrência do fenômeno VCPI?”, os atributos, “Quais são as características que expressam a essência da VCPI?”, e os consequentes, “Quais eventos ou incidentes ocorrem como resultado da VCPI?”.

Os antecedentes e consequentes foram analisados à luz do modelo ecológico, no qual classifica a violência em quatro dimensões de risco: individual; relacional; comunitária; e social(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Os atributos foram classificados de acordo com a tipificação da VCPI.

Apenas na última etapa, foi utilizado o Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRAMUTEQ) para determinar as referências empíricas do conceito analisado. O conteúdo proveniente do conceito da violência foi extraído dos manuscritos, transformado em corpus textual, analisado por meio da análise de similitude. A ferramenta oferece como resultado uma árvore máxima que possibilita a visualização dos termos com mais ênfase, indicando as aproximações e distanciamentos, assim como as suas respectivas ramificações, representando as relações entre os termos pela espessura da linha de conectividade.

Durante a execução da revisão integrativa, é recomendada a determinação do nível de evidência das pesquisas incluídas na amostra, com a finalidade de determinar sua confiabilidade. Dessa forma, foram considerados estudos com nível de evidência NE I aqueles oriundos de revisões sistemáticas com metanálise e estudos provenientes de ensaios clínicos randomizados; NE II, ensaios randomizados ou experimentais.; NE III, ensaios clínicos sem randomização, estudos experimentais com seleção não aleatória de sujeitos; NE IV, estudos de coorte/ou caso controle; NE V, revisão sistemática qualitativa ou revisões de síntese de evidências; NE VI, estudos descritivos ou qualitativos; NE VII, estudos de opinião(1111 Stillwell SB, Fineout-Overholt E, Melnyk BM, Williamson KM. Searching for the evidence: strategies to help you conduct a successful search. Am J Nurs. 2010;110(1):41-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000372071.24134.7e
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.000037207...
).

RESULTADOS

Compuseram a amostra 40 documentos extraídos da literatura nacional e internacional, classificados predominantemente com nível de evidência IV (n=11), estudos descritivos ou qualitativos, conforme o Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Classificação dos artigos incluídos na análise do conceito de violência contra a pessoa idosa, 2022

O Quadro 2 demonstra os antecedentes relacionados à VCPI organizados de acordo com o modelo ecológico. Foram encontradas nove características individuais da pessoa idosa que o torna mais exposto à violência, oito características do domínio relações do modelo ecológico, uma característica classificada na dimensão comunidade e seis na dimensão social.

Quadro 2
Antecedentes da análise do conceito classificado de acordo com o modelo ecológico, 2022

Considerando que o perfil de ocorrência da VCPI é expresso por situações na qual o ato advém de um indivíduo (perpetrador) sobre uma pessoa (vítima), então as suas características definidoras (atributos) podem ser expressas em qualquer relação da pessoa idosa observada entre os três últimos níveis do modelo ecológico (relações, comunidade e social). Dessa forma, os atributos não foram categorizados de acordo com o modelo ecológico, conforme apresentado no Quadro 3.

Quadro 3
Antecedentes da análise do conceito classificado de acordo com o modelo ecológico, 2022

O Quadro 4 demonstra os consequentes relacionados à VCPI organizados de acordo com o modelo ecológico. Foram encontradas 12 consequentes individuais, três no domínio de relações, duas relacionadas à comunidade, e quatro, à sociedade.

Quadro 4
Consequentes da análise do conceito classificado de acordo com o modelo ecológico, 2022

Foram construídos o caso modelo e o caso contrário. O caso modelo é compreendido como um exemplo leal do conceito, demonstrando os atributos do conceito: M.C.N.P, sexo feminino, 74 anos, ensino fundamental completo, aposentada, faz uso de remédio controlado. Durante a consulta de enfermagem, a enfermeira observa magreza acentuada, ao pesar 41 kg, com Índice de Massa Corporal de 18,22, e presencia comentários humilhantes, intimidadores por parte do marido. A paciente referiu que o marido tinha um jeito brincalhão. Ao exame físico, a enfermeira observa queimaduras e hematomas em lugares inapropriados.

Continuando, observou o órgão genital edemaciado e, ao tocar, queixa-se de dor. Antes da finalização, o marido precisou sair da consulta. De modo voluntário, a idosa refere que deseja ir ao psiquiatra, mas não foi porque o marido cortou o plano de saúde. Ao ser questionada sobre alimentação, a paciente relata baixa quantidade de nutrientes, porque o marido utiliza o dinheiro da aposentadoria para uso dele, não sobrando o suficiente. Ainda cita que pede para ele não usar, pois precisa comprar alimento e remédio. A enfermeira indaga-a sobre as queimaduras e hematomas. No primeiro momento, desmente, porém, no decorrer da conversa, confirma que foi o marido, mas pede para não o contar. Chorosa, menciona que teve uma noite péssima ontem, onde teve relação sexual com o marido e fez penetração digital excessivamente, de modo que ela gemia de dor e ele não parava, só quando quis.

Caso contrário, são exemplos claros de “não o conceito”. Isso quer dizer que os conceitos apresentados não são atributos, logo, não representam a VCPI: J.A.M.S, sexo masculino, 70 anos, ensino superior completo, alta renda familiar. Durante a consulta de enfermagem, ele solicita que a sua mulher esteja com ele, referindo ser uma pessoa que dá apoio emocional. A enfermeira observa harmonia entre eles.

Antes da finalização, a esposa precisou sair da consulta. O paciente menciona que sua mulher o estimula a ser cada vez mais independente, demonstra preocupação com sua segurança, com a saúde dele e com os horários dos remédios. Ao ser perguntado sobre relação sexual, relata que possui pouco desejo sexual, e ela atende seu pedido de não querer quando solicitado, pontuando que a relação tem como base o respeito. Refere-se que no relacionamento não há agressões. A enfermeira pergunta sobre as finanças, e ele responde que, apesar de possuírem conta conjunta, a esposa não interfere nas suas aquisições.

Por fim, os referenciais empíricos da VCPI, por meio da análise de similitude, foram identificados “físicos”, “abuso” e “dano”, sendo também possível observar o termo “idoso” no núcleo central do fenômeno. No termo físico, por meio da árvore máxima, observam-se lesão, força física, ato intencional, agressão, gestual e relação sexual como definição operacional. O termo “abuso” é definido operacionalmente como negligência, abandono, abuso psicológico, abuso financeiro e abuso sexual. Já a última referência empírica “dano” possui como definição operacional sofrimento, angústia, dor, omissão e quebra de expectativa.

DISCUSSÃO

A definição largamente utilizada para VCPI é a da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), na qual caracteriza-se como “ato único ou repetido ou, ainda, ausência de ação apropriada, ocorrendo dentro de um relacionamento de confiança e que cause danos, sofrimento ou angústia para a pessoa idosa”(55 World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health [Internet]. Geneve: Who [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
).

Considerando a organização do conceito pela proposição de Walk e Avant(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.) e a apresentação da similitude, as ramificações corroboram com a definição geral de VCPI e fornece indicadores encontrados para os atributos essenciais do fenômeno, antecedentes e consequentes, que serão mais bem explorados nas seções subsequentes.

Antecedentes da violência contra a pessoa idosa

A identificação dos antecedentes no desenvolvimento de uma análise do conceito fornece ao pesquisador a identificação dos eventos ou incidentes que antecedem a ocorrência do conceito estudado e as suposições implícitas nele(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.). Aliado a essa premissa, o modelo ecológico foi aplicado, em 2011, por pesquisadores dos EUA, no qual objetivam relacionar os fatores de risco relacionadas à VCPI em ambientes institucionalizados. Os autores aplicaram o modelo teórico considerando suas quatro dimensões (individual, relacional, comunitária e social)(55 World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health [Internet]. Geneve: Who [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
).

A idade avançada(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...

18 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
-1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...

23 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...

24 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...
-2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...

34 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...

35 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
-3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
), ser do sexo feminino(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
-1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...

25 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
-2626 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...

34 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...

35 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...

36 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...

37 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...

45 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
-4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
), ter baixa escolaridade(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
-4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
), estado civil solteiro e/ou viúvo(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
) ou casado(2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
) são informações coletadas de caracterização da amostra em pesquisas e elencadas na literatura como fatores de risco para VCPI. Considerando o modelo ecológico, tais características são classificadas como individuais. O relatório mundial sobre violência e saúde(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
) considera que as características biológicas, pessoais e históricas do indivíduo refletem no comportamento individual da vítima ou do perpetrador da violência.

A dependência ou limitações do idoso, seja de caráter físico(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
-2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
-2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...

38 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...

39 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...

40 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...

41 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
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42 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...

43 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...

44 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
-4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
), psíquico(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
-2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...

23 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
-2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...
,2626 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...

31 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
-3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
-4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
) ou financeiro(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
), assim como condições de saúde crônica(s) e/ou agudas(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...

26 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
-2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
), são comumente discutidos no que tange a mais risco para experienciar situações violentas.

Parte-se do pressuposto de que a VCPI incide mais frequentemente no ambiente intrafamiliar(2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
) e o principal perpetrador é um dos membros do convívio domiciliar desse idoso(2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...

28 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
-2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), que, por sua vez, também é o cuidador imediato do idoso na maioria das situações. O idoso dependente acaba por gerar novas demandas e responsabilidades para seus cuidadores imediatos (habitualmente familiares), que podem ser estressoras e geradoras de sobrecarga(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
), e desembocar na violência.

O segundo nível do modelo considera as relações próximas (companheiros conjugais ou membros da família) que suscitam o risco para violência(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Como mencionado anteriormente, é no ambiente domiciliar e de relações próximas que frequentemente ocorre a VCPI(2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...

28 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
-2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
). O ambiente familiar conflituoso e/ou desestruturado também é reconhecido como potencial risco para VCPI(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
). A essência de um ambiente problemático emerge de um ambiente com poucos limites, separações, descompromisso entre os residentes, conflitos conjugais, irresponsabilidade com as atividades para manutenção do ambiente pacífico, desrespeito e desvalorização da pessoa idosa(2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
) e drogadição de filhos ou netos(3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
).

Paradoxalmente, uma dificuldade encontrada para efetivação da identificação da VCPI consiste na omissão e negação do ato violento pelo próprio idoso, com receio de que a denúncia vá causar prejuízos para seu familiar (filho, netos ou cuidador), de forma que poderá tornar pior a sua vida, mesmo que resulte em experienciar a violência(4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
).

Essa discussão acaba por culminar no terceiro nível do modelo ecológico que contempla a avaliação da comunidade do cenário, em busca de identificar associação com situações de violência(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). A rede de apoio e de suporte ao idoso é indicada como fator protetivo ao idoso em situações de violência(2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
). Dentro da rede, estão inclusos oferta de serviços na comunidade que propiciem ao idoso segurança para quebra do ciclo violento e incentivo da inclusão social do idoso em grupos de convivência social que, além de fornecer melhora na autoestima da pessoa idosa, minimiza o isolamento social, que também é um fator de risco para VCPI(2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
).

O quarto núcleo do modelo se propõe a avaliar as razões sociais amplas que determinam situações de violência. Nesse aspecto, discutem-se desigualdades sociais, discriminações, preconceitos e normas culturais que refletem o comportamento violento(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Nesse sentido, os estereótipos sociais negativos relacionados ao envelhecimento(3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), implicados de normativas culturais que afetam a dignidade da pessoa idosa(3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
), estigmatizam o envelhecimento como um processo transversal, estático e igualitário para todos, independente do contexto, somatizado às estereotipias veiculadas por meios de comunicação de massa, fomentando o crescimento ageísmo social(5353 Sousa NFS, Lima MG, Cesar CLG, Barros MBA. Active aging: prevalence and gender and age differences in a population-based study. Cad Saúde Pública. 2018;34(11):e00173317. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00173317
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0017331...
).

O sexo feminino(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
-1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...

25 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
-2626 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
-2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...

34 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...

35 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...

36 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...

37 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...

45 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
-4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
) é potencialmente mais vulnerável à VCPI, como elencado na dimensão individual do modelo ecológico. Essa prevalência incide sobre os contornos sociais imbricados nas distinções de gênero(2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...

45 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
-4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
), observada na dimensão social. As distinções de gênero observadas entre pessoas idosas são fortemente associadas aos aspectos culturais e educacionais nos quais se desenvolveram, tornando-os naturalizados(5454 Souza ER, Minayo MCS. Inserção do tema violência contra a pessoa idosa nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15(6):2659-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
).

Um dos estudos(4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
) inclusos na amostra sinaliza a potencialização das distinções de gênero associadas a situações de violência por mulheres moradoras de zona rural, em que o contexto social inclui as distinções de atribuições relacionadas ao sexo, no qual o homem responde pelo provento da casa enquanto a mulher é destinada ao papel de cuidadora subordinada. Ainda, o ambiente rural torna mais difícil a identificação de casos de VCPI e acesso a serviços e rede de proteção à vítima(4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
).

Atributos da violência contra a pessoa idosa

Os atributos de uma análise do conceito consistem em características que definem a ocorrência do fenômeno estudado, sendo úteis para realizar o diagnóstico diferencial nas ciências médicas. Eles fornecem suporte, ainda, para identificar quais são os atributos diferenciais do desfecho estudado, assim como atributos inespecíficos, mas que se relacionam com o conceito. Walker e Avat(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.) indicam, ainda, que o volume de informações fornecidas pela análise pode ser grande, tornando necessária a tomada de decisões sobre quais características são essenciais para a compreensão do conceito.

Os atributos apresentados na presente revisão não esgotam a literatura relacionada ao tema da VCPI, mas fornecem a compreensão de características fortes que subsidiam a identificação da sua ocorrência. Dessa forma, os atributos foram categorizados de acordo com o tipo de violência (violência psicológica, violência física, violência sexual, violência financeira e econômica, negligência, autonegligência e abandono) e o nível do modelo ecológico no qual o atributo foi classificado.

A violência psicológica perpetrada contra a pessoa idosa consiste na aplicação de ataques verbais ou gestuais com a finalidade de limitar o convívio social, isolar, humilhar ou causar medo no idoso(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
). Hazrati et al.(2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
) acrescentam que essa definição é resultado de respostas inadequadas aos sentimentos e emoções.

A violência psicológica é a mais prevalente entre as tipologias de VCPI(2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
). Entretanto, é desafiante a sua identificação, uma vez que sua ocorrência acontece em ambiente doméstico. A pessoa idosa comumente tem receio em indicar estar sendo vitimado por atos violentos(4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
) e a normatização social de experiências psicologicamente violentas, como xingamentos e palavras depreciativas no cotidiano.

A violência psicológica antecede atos violentos mais severos, indicando, assim, a necessidade de observar com mais atenção sinais indicadores de maus-tratos emocionais(44 Freitas LG, Benito LAO. Denúncias de violência contra idosos no Brasil: 2011-2018. REVISA. 2020;9(3):483-99. https://doi.org/10.36239/revisa.v9.n3.p483a499
https://doi.org/10.36239/revisa.v9.n3.p4...
). Entre as relações da pessoa idosa em todas as instâncias da modelagem ecológica, podem ser observados sinais de abuso, como gritos(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), xingamentos e/ou insultos(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), comentários desagradáveis e humilhantes(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
-2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), ameaças e/ou intimidações(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
-3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
-4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
), atos de desprezo ao idoso e/ou sua autonomia(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
), discussões verbais(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), rejeição às crenças religiosas do idoso(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
), privação de direitos (liberdade) e decisões(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), e isolamento do idoso do seu convívio social(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
).

A violência física, por sua vez, consiste “no uso da força física para ferir, provocar dor, incapacidade/ou morte/ou para compelir o idoso a fazer o que não deseja”(5454 Souza ER, Minayo MCS. Inserção do tema violência contra a pessoa idosa nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15(6):2659-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
). É caracterizada por lesões físicas capazes de causar dor ou lesão(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
-3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), arranhões(2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
), tapas(3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), empurrões(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), queimaduras(3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
), beliscões(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
), espancamento(3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), chutes(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
), socos e/ou golpes(3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), lance e/ou quebra objetos(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), agarrar o idoso(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
), bater/machucar(3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
) e puxar partes do corpo do idoso contra sua vontade (1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
).

A violência financeira comumente incide concomitante em outras formas de violência, e sua ocorrência é disseminada e conhecida no contexto brasileiro, embora acredita-se haver bastante subnotificação de casos(2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
). Estudo desenvolvido na Delegacia de Segurança e Proteção ao Idoso, no Nordeste do Brasil, em Teresina, localizado no Piauí, identificou tendência de crescimento no registo de violência financeira, comparado com outras tipologias de abuso contra a pessoa idosa(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
).

Incide, predominantemente, no domicílio do idoso por meio de estelionatário em bancos, planos de saúde e lojas(2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
). Os principais atributos que indicam a ocorrência da violência financeira são expressões claras de roubo dos recursos financeiros da pessoa idosa(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
-4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
), uso de recursos sem sua autorização(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...

37 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), uso não autorizado da identidade do idoso para aquisição de bens ou outras finalidades(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
-2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...

37 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
), restringir e/ou desconsiderar a autonomia financeira do idoso(2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
-3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
) e destruir pertences do idoso(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
).

O ageísmo relacionado à sexualidade e à atividade sexual da pessoa idosa é reflexo de uma tendência cultural que presume a assexualidade do grupo etário. A extrapolação desse preconceito não percebe os idosos como vítimas prováveis de violência sexual. Uma vez que não praticam o sexo consensual, pressupõe-se que não seja alvo de atos sexuais sem consentimento. Estudo desenvolvido no Reino Unido constatou que a maioria das vítimas tinha idade entre 60 e 69 anos; os infratores eram mais jovens que a vítima (50 a 59 anos); os perpetradores eram pessoas conhecidas; e o local de ocorrência mais comum era o domicílio e casas de repouso(5555 Bows H. The other side of late-life intimacy? sexual violence in later life. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(Suppl.1):65-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12728
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12728...
).

O abuso sexual é conceituado como “atos ou jogos sexuais de caráter homo ou heterorrelacional que utilizam pessoas idosas visando obter excitação, relação sexual ou práticas eróticas por meio de aliciamento, violência física ou ameaças”(5454 Souza ER, Minayo MCS. Inserção do tema violência contra a pessoa idosa nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15(6):2659-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
). Caracteriza-se por toques indesejados sobre a roupa ou abaixo dela(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), assédio sexual(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
-3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), exposição de partes do corpo do idoso(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), penetração digital(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
), atividade sexual indesejada(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
), beijo indesejado(3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
), e diálogo indesejado sobre atos/atividade sexual(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
).

A discussão da negligência e o abandono contra pessoas idosas são comumente explorados de forma associada, entretanto é necessário esclarecer a diferença existente entre ambos os fenômenos. Enquanto a negligência consiste na omissão de cuidados essenciais para manutenção da saúde da pessoa idosa por parte de responsáveis (cuidador formal ou informal), o abandono, por sua vez, consiste no desamparo da pessoa idosa por parte de responsáveis (família, instituição ou governo) na prestação de assistência ao idoso com necessidade de proteção(5454 Souza ER, Minayo MCS. Inserção do tema violência contra a pessoa idosa nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15(6):2659-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
).

A negligência ocorre muito frequentemente durante a institucionalização do idoso(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
-3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
). Pode ocorrer também no domicílio(2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
), durante o cuidado ofertado por membros da família(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
) ou por cuidador formal(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
). Frequentemente, é tipificada com oferta de nutrientes insuficientes para as necessidades do idoso de forma intencional(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
), omissão de cuidados com o idoso(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
-2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
-3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
-4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
), baixa qualidade de assistência entre idosos institucionalizados ou ignorar demanda do idoso(2626 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
-3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
), oferta maior de medicamentos do que o necessário para o tratamento da pessoa idosa(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), ou atraso do horário da sua administração(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
).

A pessoa idosa se ampara em diversas normativas jurídicas que lhes garante direitos e deveres sociais, entretanto a invisibilidade que incide sobre esse grupo em específico acaba gerando exclusão social e abandono do idoso. O abandono será configurado como a omissão de outrem em atender suas responsabilidades legais de assistência ao idoso(5454 Souza ER, Minayo MCS. Inserção do tema violência contra a pessoa idosa nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2010;15(6):2659-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000600002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
), incluindo as suas dimensões afetivas.

Na tipificação de abandono, os atributos essenciais são ações de não atendimento às necessidades afetivas/emocionais do idoso(2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
), desatenção ou falta de contato pessoal com o idoso(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
-3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
), ostracismo(3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
), o idoso sente-se indesejado(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
), deserção governamental na oferta de socorro/proteção ao idoso(2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), insegurança social(2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
), cortes de assistência médica(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
) e despreocupação com a segurança do idoso(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
).

Consequentes da violência contra a pessoa idosa

A definição dos consequentes de um fenômeno consiste na identificação dos incidentes resultantes da ocorrência do conceito, relacionamento desse com eventos que comumente são marginalizados e geradores de novas evidências(88 Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 6ed. Person, 2019.). O conceito estudado de VCPI envolve consequências dentro dos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico(55 World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health [Internet]. Geneve: Who [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
).

Entre os consequentes individuais observados nos manuscritos, pôde-se observar uma quantidade expressiva de evidências que apontam para danos e/ou sofrimento(2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
-2424 Neuberg M, Meštroviü T, Ribiü R, Šubariü M, Canjuga I, Kozina G. Contrasting vantage points between caregivers and residents on the perception of elder abuse and neglect during long-term care. Psychiatr Danub [Internet] 2019[cited 2022 May 5];31(Suppl 3):345-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488751...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...

34 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...

35 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...

36 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
-3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...
) na pessoa idosa vitimada pela violência. Esse associa-se à definição proposta pela OMS para VCPI, que inclui como resultado qualquer ato que resulte em dano ou sofrimento(55 World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Violence and Health [Internet]. Geneve: Who [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand...
).

Ao imergir em busca de melhor compreensão dos danos e sofrimento que a VCPI causa, é possível constatar que as consequências psicológicas surgem na forma de transtornos psicológicos(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
,1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
-1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...

29 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...

30 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...
-3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
), perda ou diminuição da autoestima e/ou autoconfiança(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4444 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
), diminuição na qualidade de vida(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
), introspecção social(2626 Maia PHS, Ferreira EF, Melo EM, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,5252 Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freiras CPP, Lawrenz P, Habugzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev SPAGESP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 5];19(2):64-80. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
), medo(2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
,2525 Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
-2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3838 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...
), tentativa de suicídio(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
) e até a morte(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...
-4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
-4343 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...
,4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
-4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
).

O surgimento da depressão em pessoas idosas que experienciam situações de violência(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
,5656 Santos RC, Souto RQ, Almeida AM, Araújo GKN, Sousa RCR, Santos RC. Factors associated with depressive symptoms and cognition in elderly victims of violence. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73(Suppl 3):e20190383. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0383
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0...
-5757 Antequera IG, Lopes MCBT, Batista REA, Campanharo CRV, Costa PCP, Okuno MFP. Violence against elderly people screening: association with perceived stress and depressive symptoms in hospitalized elderly. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(2):e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2020-0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-20...
) é uma consequência de grande impacto para a saúde do idoso acometido. Pesquisa desenvolvida em São Paulo(5757 Antequera IG, Lopes MCBT, Batista REA, Campanharo CRV, Costa PCP, Okuno MFP. Violence against elderly people screening: association with perceived stress and depressive symptoms in hospitalized elderly. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(2):e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2020-0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-20...
) descreve, em seus resultados, que pessoas idosas que indicaram vulnerabilidade à exposição da violência apresentavam quadro de depressão leve a severa, somatizando ao estresse percebido.

O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado dos sintomas relacionados à depressão na pessoa idosa incluem a compreensão por parte da equipe de saúde dos principais fatores de risco em que esse idoso se encontra exposto, dos quais incluem as condições sociodemográficas e de saúde(5757 Antequera IG, Lopes MCBT, Batista REA, Campanharo CRV, Costa PCP, Okuno MFP. Violence against elderly people screening: association with perceived stress and depressive symptoms in hospitalized elderly. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(2):e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2020-0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-20...
), mais severos que a depressão pode acarretar, como a ideação suicida e até o suicídio(5656 Santos RC, Souto RQ, Almeida AM, Araújo GKN, Sousa RCR, Santos RC. Factors associated with depressive symptoms and cognition in elderly victims of violence. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73(Suppl 3):e20190383. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0383
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0...
).

As limitações e incapacidade física, por um lado, consistem em um fator de risco(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
-1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
-2020 Hazrati M, Mashayekh M, Sharifi N, Motalebi SA. Screening for domestic abuse and its relationship with demographic variables among elderly individuals referred to primary health care centers of Shiraz in 2018. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01667...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
-2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
,2828 Rodrigues RAP, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Monteiro EA, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Report of multiple abuse against older adults in three Brazilian cities. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211806
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
,3030 Mileski M, Lee K, Bourquard C, Cavazos B, Dusek K, Kimbrough K, et al. Preventing the abuse of residents with dementia or alzheimer’s disease in the long-term care setting: systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1797-815. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S216678...

31 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
-3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
-3535 Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violence against elderly people: a documentary analysis. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-60. https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7
https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7...
,3737 Mawar S, Koul P, Das S, Gupta S. Association of physical problems and depression with elder abuse in an urban community of North India. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(3):165-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_249_17...

38 Gerino E, Caldarera AM, Curti L, Brustia P, Rollè L. Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors. Front Psychol. 2018;9(SEP):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595...

39 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...

40 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...

41 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....

42 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...

43 Eslami B, Di Rosa M, Barros H, Stankunas M, Torres-Gonzalez F, Ioannidi-Kapolou E, et al. Lifetime abuse and perceived social support among the elderly: a study from seven European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):686-692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx047...

44 Hirt MC, Costa MC, Arboit J, Leite MT, Hesler LZ, Silva EB. Social representations of violence against women for a group of rural elderly. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2017;38(4):e68209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.04.68209
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2017.0...
-4545 McGarry J, Ali P, Hinchliff S. Older women, intimate partner violence and mental health: a consideration of the particular issues for health and healthcare practice. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15-16):2177-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13490...
) para VCPI, mas, por outro, idosos sem limitações ou danos físicos podem vir a apresentá-los em virtude de atos violentos, sejam eles de caráter reversível(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
-1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,2323 Yon Y, Ramiro-Gonzalez M, Mikton CR, Huber M, Sethi D. The prevalence of elder abuse in institutional settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky093...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
,3131 Burnes D, Acierno R, Hernandez-Tejada M. Help-Seeking among victims of elder abuse: findings from the national elder mistreatment study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74(5):891-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby122...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,3939 Oliveira KSM, Carvalho FPB, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FTL, Martins AGC. Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2018;39:e57462. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.5...

40 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...

41 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
-4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
), como lesões(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
), ferimentos(2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
) e lesões por pressão(4040 Friedman L, Avila S, Friedman D, Meltzer W. Association between Type of Residence and Clinical Signs of Neglect in Older Adults. Gerontol. 2019;65(1):30-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029
https://doi.org/10.1159/000492029...
), e/ou irreversíveis(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
-4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
), como incapacidade funcional(1212 Li M, Dong X. Elder abuse and cognitive function among community-Dwelling older adults: does abuse history matter?. Soc Sci Med. 2022;297:114835. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022114835
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.20221...
,1515 Weissberger GH, Lim AC, Mosqueda L, Schoen J, Axelrod J, Nguyen AL, et al. Elder abuse in the COVID-19 era based on calls to the National Center on Elder Abuse resource line. BMC Geriatrics. 2022;22(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03385-w
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03385...
) e HIV(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
).

A avaliação da capacidade funcional da pessoa idosa comumente é determinada por meio da avaliação da dependência ou não do idoso para realizar atividades básicas de vida (alimentação, controle esfincteriano, transferências, capacidades para se vestir, tomar banho e utilizar o vaso sanitário) e avançadas (preparar refeições, executar tarefas domésticas, manusear dinheiro, utilizar o telefone, tomar medicações, fazer compras e usar os meios de transporte). Para tal, utilizam-se dois instrumentos largamente veiculados: o Índice de Katz, para as atividades básicas de vida, e a Escala de Lawton, para as atividades intermediárias de vida.

Não obstante, as relações proximais da pessoa idosa também apresentam consequentes resultantes da VCPI, que representa o segundo nível do modelo ecológico(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Na revisão, foram identificadas as despesas elevadas com curtos para reabilitação do perpetrador(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
), situações de quebra do binômio mãe-filho por meio da prática abortiva(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
), dependência da pessoa idosa do perpetrador da VCPI(1616 Sousa RCR, Araújo GKN, Souto RQ, Santos RC, Almeida LR. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3...
,2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
) e distanciamento de familiares(1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
).

A insegurança(2222 Santos AMR, Nolêto RDS, Rodrigues RAP, Andrade EMLR, Bonfim EG, Rodrigues TS. Economic-financial and patrimonial elder abuse: a documentar study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;53:e03417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2017043803417
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201704...
,2929 Joyce CM. Prevalence and nature of resident-to-resident abuse incidents in Australian residential aged care. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(3):269-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12752...
) foi desvelada como consequente comunitário da ocorrência da VCPI, que abarca as relações com a comunidade na qual ocorre o fenômeno da violência. Esse sentimento de insegurança pode acontecer por parte da equipe que assiste a pessoa idosa tanto na denúncia quanto na notificação do caso(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
).

Esse sentimento de insegurança social e medo do perpetrador por parte da equipe acaba por gerar subnotificações de casos de VCPI. Alguns profissionais conseguem identificar a situação de violência, mas preferem que essa seja denunciada pela pessoa idosa ou por um membro da família(5858 Sousa KA, Freitas FFQ, Castro AP, Oliveira CDB, Almeida AAB, Sousa KA. Prevalence of depression symptoms in elderly people assisted by the family health strategy. REME Rev Min Enferm. 2017;21:e-1018. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.20170028
https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.201700...
), potencializando, assim, o silenciamento do fenômeno.

O trabalho desenvolvido pelas equipes de saúde ocorre em territórios de abrangência fixos, e o processo de trabalho da equipe consiste na formação de vínculo com a comunidade. Essa relação do profissional com a comunidade acaba gerando medo e insegurança do profissional a realizar a busca ativa, notificação e denúncia de casos de VCPI, uma vez que o agressor pode culpabilizá-lo e lhe deixar em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade social(5858 Sousa KA, Freitas FFQ, Castro AP, Oliveira CDB, Almeida AAB, Sousa KA. Prevalence of depression symptoms in elderly people assisted by the family health strategy. REME Rev Min Enferm. 2017;21:e-1018. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.20170028
https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.201700...
).

A VCPI também incorre em consequências que impactam a sociedade como o todo, sendo esse o quarto nível estrutural do modelo ecológico(1010 World Health Organization (WHO). Catalogación por la Biblioteca de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud: resumen[Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43431/9275324220_spa.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl...
). Dentro dessa perspectiva, foi possível identificar impactos sociais advindos do fenômeno, como aumento da mortalidade(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,1919 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: a systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-43. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239560
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023...
,3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
-4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
,4646 Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR, Pontes MLF, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
), danos à dignidade/direitos humanos(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
,2727 Santos AMR, Silva FL, Rodrigues RAP, Sá GGM, Santos JDM, Andrade EMLR, et al. Financial-patrimonial elder abuse: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(Suppl 2):328-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0703
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0...
,3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
-3333 Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violência contra os idosos brasileiros: uma análise das internações hospitalares. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(suppl 2):777-85. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0...
,3636 Mahmoudian A, Chafiri RT, Alipour A, Shamsalinia A, Ghaffari F. The design and evaluation of psychometric properties for a questionnaire on elderly abuse by family caregivers among older adults on hemodialysis. 2018;13:555-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S149338...
,4242 Cooper C, Marston L, Barber J, Livingston D, Rapaport P, Higgs P, et al. Do care homes deliver person-centred care? a cross-sectional survey of staff-reported abusive and positive behaviours towards residents from the MARQUE (Managing Agitation and Raising Quality of Life) English national care home survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193399
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
), aumento dos custos médicos e hospitalares(1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
), institucionalizações e/ou hospitalizações(1717 Botngård A, Eide AH, Mosqueda L, Malmedal W. Resident-to-resident aggression in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01623...
-1818 Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. The elderly’s perception about the experience violence. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2020;34. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825
https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v34.34825...
,3232 Naderi Z, Gholamzadeh S, Zarshenas L, Ebadi A. Hospitalized elder abuse in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1331-...
,4141 Winck DR, Alvarez AM. Perceptions of Family Health Strategy nurses about the causes of violence against the elderly. Rev APS. 2018;21(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105
https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018....
) e potencialização do estigma social relacionado ao casamento(3434 Phelan A. The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: current perspectives. Nurs Res Rev. 2018;8:15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936...
).

Estudo brasileiro propôs-se a avaliar os custos das internações hospitalares por situações de maus-tratos na pessoa com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos notificados entre os anos de 2010 e 2019, indicando nos resultados que houve disponibilização de R$ 99.451,27 para esse fim. Desses, 83,93% (R$ 83.472,17) foram destinados aos serviços hospitalares, e 16,07% (R$ 15.979,10), aos recursos humanos(5959 Coelho LP, Motta LB, Caldas CP. Rede de atenção ao idoso: fatores facilitadores e barreiras para implementação. Physis. 2018;8(4):e280404. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312018280404
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-7331201828...
). Esses dados corroboram com a argumentação do impacto social da VCPI.

Envelhecer no Brasil envolve múltiplos desdobramentos para a pessoa idosa, uma vez que se tornam mais latentes as disparidades sociais e estigmas associados ao envelhecimento, como a desvalorização da dignidade humana potencializada pelo capitalismo, no qual o valor social do indivíduo está vinculado essencialmente pela sua capacidade de produção, tornado a pessoa idosa um peso social no momento da sua aposentadoria.

Desta vista, as consequências oriundas de atos violentos perpetrados contra o idoso implicam desigualdades sociais que caminham sobre a perspectiva valorativa da pessoa idosa e a sua produtividade observada no capitalismo. Por outro lado, a desarticulação do envelhecimento como um processo de mudanças e transições fisiológicas demandará do sistema social adaptações, a fim de lhes fornecer dignidade e qualidade durante o envelhecimento.

Limitações do estudo

A limitação do estudo pode elencar a não realização da etapa da construção de caso modelo e casos adicionais, o que pode ser a proposta de um novo estudo.

Contribuições para as áreas da enfermagem, saúde, ou políticas públicas

Esta análise fornece subsídios científicos para compreensão e discussão sobre a VCPI como um fenômeno relevante, possibilitando também o avanço teórico na área da saúde. A clarificação do conceito oportuniza conhecimento de dados empíricos pertinentes para a construção de instrumentos, protocolos, linhas de cuidado ao idoso vítima da violência, políticas públicas, programas de assistências para promoção da saúde e prevenção da VCPI.

CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS

O presente estudo viabilizou a análise do conceito da violência, possibilitando maior refinamento da multidimensionalidade do fenômeno em estudo, uma vez que pode se apresentar em diversas tipificações e, a partir de cada uma delas, apresentar múltiplas características.

Os dados da análise do conceito fornecem conteúdo teórico e científico para o combate à VCPI, revelando termos que caracterizam os antecedentes, atributos e consequentes, além das referências empíricas com as definições operacionais, proporcionando compreensão e aprofundamento da temática.

Sugere-se a execução de outras análises do conceito específicas para cada tipologia de VCPI, a fim de refinar mais a discussão dos achados do presente estudo e, então, facilitar ao profissional de saúde melhor compreensão da sua ocorrência, seus fatores de risco, suas características definidoras e as consequências oriundas da ocorrência do agravo.

  • EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio José de Almeida Filho
  • EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Márcia Ferreira
  • FOMENTO
    O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 e chamada interna produtividade em pesquisa PROPESQ/PRPG/UFPB nº 03/2020, sob o código do projeto: PVG13127-2020.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    04 Dez 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    21 Abr 2023
  • Aceito
    20 Jun 2023
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