Soybean in succession to the residue of the sorghum/Paiaguás grass straw with Azospirillum brasilense ¹

ABSTRACT

One of the alternatives to achieve agriculture with sustainability and reduction in production costs, mainly with fertilizers, is the formation of straw from the previous crop and the use of genus Azospirillum bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and yield of soybean, cultivated in areas under straw of sorghum regrowth inoculated or not with diazotrophic bacteria, single or intercropped with Paiaguás grass under Integrated System of Agricultural Production, in Cerrado region. It was used a complete randomized block design, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications, in two agricultural years: with the cultivation of dual-purpose and grain sorghum, single or intercropped with Paiaguás grass, with or without inoculating sorghum seeds with the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Soybean production and yield components were evaluated. Inoculation of grain or dual-purpose sorghum seeds with Azospirillum brasilense intercropped with Paiaguás grass, before soybean cultivation, increased the components of production and grain yield of soybean in succession.

Keywords:
crop-livestock integration; Glycine max (L.) Merril; Urochloa brizantha.

INTRODUCTION

The no-tillage system (NTS) has presented advances in the productive processes of the Brazilian agriculture, gaining space among the producers, both for improving the chemical and physical properties of the soil as for helping in its biology. It is estimated that 60.7 million hectares in Brazil are cropped with grains using this system (Conab, 2017). Given the importance of the system, Bertol et al. (1998) emphasize the effectiveness of land cover, which has become an important factor in crop productivity.

Because they aggregate a succession of livestock and farming activities in the same area, the integrated crop-livestock production systems (ICLPSs) have benefits on the environment and its biodiversity. It is a practice that allows the supply of high quality forage from late summer to early spring and a later straw formation for the in-succesion grain producing crop.

The importance of land cover using sorghum crop residues and Urochloa grass regrowth are identified as economic alternatives for crop rotation in the NTS as it produces high amount of dry matter for later decomposition and release of nutrients, resulting in soil protection by longer periods of time due to their high C/N ratio. According to Kluthcouski & Aidar (2003), brachiaria has the function of protecting the soil with the vegetal cover on the surface and of enhancing weed suppression as well as providing nutrients through the cycling of its straw.

The search for new technologies aiming sustainability in agricultural production systems is increasing, and some authors have presented forms and alternatives for the saving of nitrogen fertilizers. One of them is the use of biological nitrogen fixation, which may supplement or even replace the use of these fertilizers (Bergamaschi, 2006). Thus, on account of the scarcity of studies in the literature on the use of inoculation of diazotrophic growth promoting bacteria in ICLPSs, studies in this area are relevant, especially with the use of sorghum intercropped with brachiaria in the season between harvests and residual straw for soybean in succession as an alternative for cropping in the Cerrado lowlands.

In this regard, the decomposition of forage plant residues may improve the crop performance during the complete development cycle of the plant, and may even increase its productivity. However, the result of the decomposition process depends on the nature of the plant material, on the amount of dry mass produced, on the management of the cover, on soil type and on the climatic conditions of the region (Kliemann et al., 2006). So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and production of soybean yield, grown in areas with straw of regrowth of double aptitude or grain sorghum intercropped or not with Paiaguás grass and inoculated or not with Azospirillum brasilense .

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out on Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (Teaching, Research and Extension Farm) owned by Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP - Ilha Solteira Campus, located in the municipality of Selvíria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (20^º20’05” S and 51^°24’26” W and a proximately 335 m above sea level). It presents 1370 mm of annual average rainfall, 23.5 ºC of average annual temperature and average relative air humidity of 64.8%. Figure 1 shows data on rainfall, maximum, average and minimum temperature during the experimental period. The climate of the region is Aw, according to classification of Köppen, and characterized as tropical humid with rainy season in the summer and dry season in the winter. The soil of the experimental area, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (Embrapa, 2013) is a typic dystrophic Red Latosol.

Figure 1:
Rainfall and temperatures obtained from the weather station on Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão at FE/UNESP in the municipality of Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, from November/2015 to April/ 2017.

Prior to the experiment installation, 20 soil samples were collected at the 0.0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m depths for fertility purposes, following the methodology proposed by Raij et al. (2001), which revealed the following chemical attributes values for the 0.0-0.10-m layer: pH (CaCl₂) = 5.4; 16.0 mg dm^-3 of P; 1.6; 27.0; 19.0; 28.0; 47.6 and 75.6 mmol_c dm^-3 of K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB and CEC, respectively; 24.0 g dm^-3 of organic matter and base saturation (V%) = 63.0, and for the 0.10-0.20-m layer: pH (CaCl₂) = 5.5; 17.0 mg dm^-3 of P; 1.2; 25.0; 16.0; 28.0; 42.2 and 70.2 mmol_c dm^-3 of K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB and CEC, respectively; 20.0 g dm^-3 of organic matter and base saturation (V%) = 60.0.

There were two experiments with cultivation of Grain Sorghum and dual-purpose. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme. The treatments were the two years of cultivation (2015 and 2016); in exclusive cultivation (single) of sorghum or in consortium with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás), with or without inoculation of sorghum seeds with the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, with four replications. In March 2015 and 2016, respectively, the grain and dual-purpose sorghum were planted in the same place in both years, being in ICLPSs for silage material harvesting. A sowing-fertilizer with haste-type furrower (knife) was used for NTS in a 0.45-m spacing, with a density of 10 seeds m^-1.

Diazotrophic bacteria (AbV5 and AbV6 strains) were supplied at a dose of 100 ml of the commercial product (2.0 x 10⁹ CFU/ml) for 25 kg of seeds. The inoculation with the liquid inoculant was carried out in the seeds of sorghum cultivars before sowing, in the shade in both years. In both agricultural years, Paiaguás grass sowing was carried out simultaneously to the sorghum sowing, carried out with another sowing machine-fertilizer with double-disc type mechanism, disjoined for NTS, and sown between sorghum lines. The seeds were set at a depth of approximately 0.06 m at a spacing of 0.45 m, using approximately 10 kg ha^-1 of viable pure seeds with CV = 60% in the two years of conduction.

After silage harvesting, the area was closed for 99 days for regrowth development. Following this procedure, the area was desiccated and cut aiming at the continuity of the no-tillage system. The soybean crop was implanted in succession, both years and on the same sorghum plots. Each experimental unit consisted of seven lines of sorghum spaced 0.45 m apart, with twenty meters in length, totaling 63 m².

Soybean was mechanically sown on 11/17/2015 and 11/15/2016 for the first and second years, respectively, using the same cultivar BMX Potência RR recommended for the region in both years. A sowing-fertilizer machine was used with rod-type furrower mechanism (knife) for NTS with a spacing of 0.45 m between rows and approximately 19 seeds per meter of furrow. Fertilization in the sowing furrow consisted of 60 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and K₂O and 56 kg ha^-1 P₂O₅ and K₂O, in the first and second year, respectively.

Soybean seeds were treated with fipronil + pyraclostrobin (50 + 5 g a.i. 100 kg^-1 seeds, respectively), and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii (Semia 587 and Semia 5019 strains). According to the needs of the crop, insecticides and fungicides were applied twice in both years: (107.5 g ha^-1 a.i. methomyl, 80 and 10 g ha^-1 a.i. imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin and 60 + 24 g ha^-1 a.i. azoxystrobin + cyproconazole + 0.5% mineral oil (v/v) or 107.5 g ha^-1 a.i. methomyl, 10 g ha^-1 a.i. chlorantraniliprole, 80 and 10 g ha^-1 a.i. imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin and 66.5 + 25 g ha^-1 a.i. of pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole).

For the harvest in the first (03/17/2016) and second (03/03/2017) year, the productive characteristics and grain yield of the soybean were evaluated. So, the plants were collected from each plot in the three central rows at 4 m (useful area), where the plant population was determined, extrapolated to 1 ha. In addition, ten plants were randomly collected per experimental unit and the first pod insertion height, total number of pods per plant, average number of grains per pod and mass of 100 grains (13% wet basis) were determined. In order to determine grain yield, 3 rows (2 meters each) of the plot were harvested, mechanically threshed, weighed, and later calculated and extrapolated to kg ha^-1 and corrected for the 13% moisture content.

The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test and the means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% probability using SISVAR^® statistical software (Ferreira, 2011).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The average values ​​of the morphological components, production and yield of the 2015/16 and 2016/17 soybean harvests on the sorghum regrowth straw are presented in Table 1.

Table 1:
Components of production and yield of soybean cropped under grain sorghum regrowth straw. Selvíria-MS

Treatment	PH	FPIH	NPP	NGP	NGV	FPS	M100	PROD
	(cm)		(n°)				(g)	(kg ha-1)
Sorghum
1st Year	110.2a	19.5a	39.0	78.3b	2.0b	347.530a	14.2	3343b
2nd Year	103.5b	14.4b	41.2	94.6a	2.3a	295.833b	13.7	4385a
Grass
With	107.6	16.8	40.4	89.4	2.2	323.842	13.7	4170a
without	106.0	17.0	39.8	83.5	2.1	319.521	14.1	3558b
Inoculation
With	107.8	16.6	35.7b	94.6a	2.1	313.734	14.0	4027
Without	105.9	17.2	44.4a	78.3b	2.1	329.629	13.8	3701
F test
Year (A)	16.77**	79.2**	2.19ns	13.88**	13.81**	35.28**	1.90ns	28.11**
Grass (C)	0.89ns	0.11ns	0.17ns	1.83ns	1.76ns	0.24ns	1.04ns	9.67**
Inoculation (I)	1.34ns	1.10ns	34.0**	14.00**	0.42ns	3.33ns	0.18ns	2.74ns
Y x G	1.00ns	0.08ns	2.42ns	0.15ns	1.12ns	0.02ns	1.04ns	7.20*
Y x I	0.01ns	3.03ns	0.36ns	0.15ns	0.42ns	1.16ns	0.20ns	0.39ns
G x I	0.64ns	0.28ns	4.50*	0.54ns	0.76ns	0.18ns	0.04ns	0.77ns
Y x G x I	0.01ns	0.01ns	1.99ns	0.97ns	0.07ns	0.04ns	2.65ns	1.04ns
DMS	3.40	1.20	3.08	9.08	0.15	18.099	13.95	408
CV (%)	4.33	9.63	10.45	14.28	9.68	7.65	7.27	14.38

• Means followed by the same letter in the column are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability. ** and *: significant at the 1 and 5% level, respectively. ns: not-significant. PH: plant height; FPIH: first pod insertion height; NPP: number of pods per plant; NGP: number of grains per plant; NGV: number of grains per pod; FPS: final plant stand; M100: one hundred grain mass and PROD: productivity.

In the first year of soybean cultivation, plant height (PH), first pod insertion (FPIH) and final plant stand (FPS) were greater, which is justified by the lower amount of residual straw from sorghum regrowth this year. On the other hand, due to the greater amount of residual straw, planting and seedling emergence were difficult, decreasing its population, and because this cultivar had an indeterminate growth habit, it resulted in a greater production of lateral branches and smaller plant height. Nevertheless, for the first year, with larger populations, a greater leaf spacing and, consequently, higher heights (PH and FDIH) were observed. According to Mauad et al. (2010), more densified plantations increase the intraspecific competition of soybean plants for water, nutrients and mainly for light, resulting in etiolation.

Grain yield was significantly greater in the second year of cultivation and also when grown in an area where sorghum was intercropped with Paiaguás grass. In areas where A. granulosa was inoculated with A. brasilense, soybean presented significant increases in the number of grains per plant (NGP); however, with a reduction in the number of pods per plant (NPP) (Table 1).

It is verified in the soybean yield unfolding within modalities of intercropped or not with Paiaguás grass and years of cultivation that the highest values were achieved in the treatments intercropped with grass and in the second year of soybean cultivation (Table 2). This fact can be explained by the greater availability of nutrients from this intercropping straw, which improved the soil fertility, thus increasing the number of grains per pod and per plant (Table 1), determinants of greater grain yield even in smaller populations in relation to the first year. Therefore, the use of sorghum intercropped with Paiaguás grass, after two years of cultivation, with greater straw deposition, even in silage cultivation, is determinant for the increase in soybean yield as pointed out by Costa et al. (2015), after harvesting maize silages and forage sorghum in different intercropings with Marandu and Tanzania grasses.

Table 2:
Unfolding of significant interactions between years x Paiaguás grass intercropped with grain sorghum for the yield of soybean in succession. Selvíria-MS

TREATMENT	Paiaguá grass
	With	Without
PROD (kg ha-1)
1st year	3385bA	3301aA
2nd year	4954aA	3816aB

• Means followed by different lower-case letter in the column and upper-case letter in the row are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability.

The unfolding of the interaction between intercropped or not with grass within the modality sorghum in succession inoculated or not with A. Brasiliense for the number of pods per plant (Table 3), shows that regardless of whether intercropped or not with grass, the inoculation of the grain sorghum seeds provided significant increments which may have an influence on the final soybean yield, showing the residual effect of sorghum inoculation over soybean by the hormonal effect of such bacterium in increasing the root volume of the plant (Barassi et al., 2008) and reducing the effects of water stress, which normally increases the abortion of pods.

Table 3:
Unfolding of Paiaguás grass x grain sorghum inoculated with A. brasilense, for number of pods per plant (NPP) of soybean in succession. Selvíria-MS

TREATMENT	Inoculation
	With	Without
NPP
With grass	43.1aA	37.6aB
Without grass	45.7aA	33.9aB

• Means followed by different lower-case letter in the column and upper-case letter in the row are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability.

Table 4 shows that the occurrence of an effect of the years on plant height, first pod insertion height, final plant stand and mass of one hundred grains of soybean in the dual-purpose sorghum regrowth straw and all the greater values in the first year, which characterizes the greatest vegetative growth in the largest population, due to the etiolation effect ,with higher plant and first pod insertion heights, which resulted in greater intraspecific competition, reducing the number of grains per plant and per pod, explaining the compensatory effect of a greater 100-grain mass. However, in the second year, with a smaller population, even with a reduction in the mass of 100 grains, a significant increase occurred in the number of grains per plant and pod, and thus in the yield under straw of regrowth of dual-purpose sorghum, similar to that that also occurred in the areas with grain sorghum.

Table 4:
Production and yield components of soybean grown under dual-purpose regrowth straw. Selvíria-MS

Treatments	PH	FDIH	NPP	NGP	NGP	FPS	M100	PROD
	(cm)		(nº)				(g)	(kg ha-1)
Sorghum
1st year	112.2a	18.5a	36.8	77.1b	2.0b	348.611a	14.5a	3409b
2nd year	105.4b	15.1b	38.0	84.5a	2.2a	323.958b	13.5b	3990a
Grass
With	107.6	16.7	37.9	81.1	2.1	335.185	13.9	3761
without	110.0	16.9	36.9	80.5	2.1	337.384	14.1	3638
Inoculation
with	109.1	17.2	38.2	82.6	2.1	314.158b	14.2	3910a
Without	108.4	16.4	36.6	79.1	2.1	358.410a	13.8	3489b
F test
Year (Y)	18.69**	51.32**	1.33ns	7.62*	8.90**	7.22*	9.89**	2.31**
Grass (G)	2.34ns	0.30ns	0.81ns	0.04ns	0.57ns	0.05ns	0.29ns	0.91ns
Inoculation(I)	0.24ns	2.58ns	2.08ns	1.71ns	0.02ns	23.26**	1.52ns	10.65**
Y x G	0.42ns	1.19ns	0.03ns	2.45ns	2.75ns	1.82ns	0.30ns	3.56ns
Y x I	0.30ns	0.01ns	4.42*	0.90ns	1.75ns	3.20ns	0.04ns	0.51ns
G x I	1.59ns	0.33ns	3.59ns	1.51ns	0.25ns	0.14ns	3.28ns	6.62*
Y x G x I	1.97ns	0.08ns	2.72ns	2.51ns	1.53ns	1.97ns	1.85ns	3.29ns
DMS	3.26	1.01	2.24	5.52	0.09	19.080	0.67	267
CV (%)	4.08	8.17	8.17	9.30	5.82	7.72	6.58	9.85

• Means followed by the same letter in the column are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability. ** and *: significant at the 1 and 5% level, respectively. ns: not-significant. PH: plant height; FPIH: first pod insertion height; NPP: number of pods per plant; NGP: number of grains per plant; NGV: number of grains per pod; FPS: final plant stand; M100: one hundred grain mass and PROD: productivity.

In addition, it should be highlighted the greater soybean yields in this second year due to the greater contribution of straw deposited by dual purpose-sorghum regrowth, which favors the initial development of the seedlings, allowing their longer longevity until the end of the crop cycle, probably due to the release of nutrients, retention of soil moisture, and weed control.

Regarding first pod insertion height, the values met those found in the literature for adequate mechanized harvest, which according to Peixoto & Souza (2002), should be close to 15 or 20 cm.

Overall, the results of soybean populations under straw of grain sorghum (Table 1) and dual-purpose sorghum (Table 4) had the same behavior; therefore even with differences among stands, their productivity increased and may be justified by the capacity that the cultivar used (BMX Potência RR), of indeterminate growth, that when in a varied spatial arrangement of plants, has a compensating effect on the number of branches, pods and grains per plant, inversely proportional to the variation of its plant stand. Likewise, the increase in productivity may be attributable to the increase in nutrients provided by sorghum regrowth, where according to the study by Pitta et al. (2001), sorghum has the capacity to increase nutrient extractions (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) in a linear way in relation to productivity levels, where the largest requirement of sorghum refers to N and K, followed by Ca, Mg and P. Another factor to be considered is the record of the cultivation area, which had been under NTS for over 10 years, and to the soil fertility itself and cultivation conditions, where rainfall promoted a better crop development, even in the dry season.

The results showed that the soybean sowing on the dual-purpose sorghum regrowth intercropped or not with Paiaguás grass is feasible, especially when inoculating the previous sorghum with A. brasilense (Table 4) since they promoted a significant increase in soybean yield when sown in areas that had received bacteria inoculations for two years, demonstrating the residual effect of the inoculation of the area (previous crop) and the hormonal effect of this bacterium on increasing root volume (Barassi et al., 2008), which may reduce the effects of water stress, since it normally increases pod abortion (Table 5).

Table 5:
Unfolding of the significant interaction between years x Paiaguás grass intercropped with dual-purpose sorghum for number of pods per plants of soybean in succession. Selvíria-MS

TREATMENT	Inoculation
	With	Without
NVP
1st year	36.4bA	37.1aA
2nd year	39.9aA	36.1aB

• Means followed by different lower-case letter in the column and upper-case letter in the row are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability.

In the unfolding the interaction between years of dual-purpose sorghum cultivation with or without inoculation, it is verified that in the second year of cultivation with the inoculation, an increase occurred in the soybean NPP (Table 5), corroborating the previously discussed hormonal effect of the bacteria on root growth and on reducing the effects of water stress, which normally increases the abortion of pods. According to Okon & Vanderleyden (1997), Azospirillum bacteria promote gains in productivity of important crops in the most varied climate and soil conditions; not only for increasing the N₂ biological fixation but also for helping to increase the absorption surface of the plant roots and, consequently, to increase the exploited soil substrate volume, which is fundamental to the nutrient absorption. This finding is justified by the fact that the inoculation modifies the morphology of the root system, by increasing the number of rootlets as well as the diameter of the lateral and adventitious roots.

In the unfolding of the interactions between with or without Paiaguás grass and with or without the inoculation of the previous sorghum for the yield of the soybean sown on dual-purpose sorghum regrowth (Table 6), it is verified that the intercropping between the forage with Azospirillum brasilense inoculated sorghum provided greater soybean grain yield, demonstrating that the effect of the bacteria is more significant when there is a greater amount of straw on the soil, which may allow some enhancements in nutrient cycling and soil physicochemical conditions. According to Piano (2017), when integrated systems are well managed, soybean yield is increased, making it a viable option for the producer. In addition, for the continuity of the no-tillage system, the soybean cropped in NTS has the capacity to promote improvements in the physical and biological part of the soil (Salton et al., 2014).

Table 6:
Unfolding of the interaction between Paiaguás grass x dual-purpose sorghum inoculated with A. brasilense for grain yield of soybean in succession. Selvíria-MS

TREATMENT	Inoculation
	With	Without
PROD (kg ha-1)
Grass	4137aA	3385aB
Without Grass	3682bA	3593aA

• Means followed by different lower-case letter in the column and upper-case letter in the row are not different from each other by the test of Tukey at 5% of probability.

According to Costa et al. (2014), intercropping is one way of raising the productivity of integrated production systems. In this context, among the benefits of this production system, the advantages related to the conservation and improvement of soil fertility should be considered.

CONCLUSION

Increments occurred in the number of pods per plant and in the yield of soybean in succession as a result of the sorghum (grain and dual-purpose) regrowth straw with the Paiaguás grass, and especially when inoculating the previous sorghum with Azospirillum brasilense.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE

The authors would like to thank the funding agencie CAPES.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in the conduct and publication of the work.

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• 1
  This paper is part of the doctoral thesis of the first author. Study financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2019

History

• Received
  11 Sept 2018
• Accepted
  11 Sept 2019