Bud position influence the fruit quality attributes of three blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars ¹

ABSTRACT

Blueberry farming can be considered an excellent alternative to diversify the family income. In addition, the fruits have several health benefits thanks to the presence of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, however blueberries chemical composition is affected by edaphoclimatic conditions and bud position within the shoot. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of the bud position on the total phenolic content, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, and other quality parameters of blueberry fruits of three cultivars (Climax, Bluegem, and Powderblue) grown in the mesoregion of Pelotas, Brazil. Fruits of these cultivars were harvested from three shoot position. The fruits were evaluated for their total soluble solids content, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio, fruit color, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant potential against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical. The bud position in the shoots influenced the physicochemical parameters of the blueberry fruits of all cultivars. Fruits harvested from apical levels had higher content of soluble solids, pH, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant potential, demonstrating that studies aiming at evaluating fruits from different shoot levels are important, as they directly impact the quality of the fruits as well as their biological potentials.

Keywords:
climax; bluegem; powderblue; bud position; phytochemical

INTRODUCTION

Fruit farming is an activity of great importance in Brazil, with the country being the third largest fruit producer in the world, behind only China and India. Among the fruits, blueberry fruits (Vaccinium sp.) have caught the attention of consumers, the food industry, marketing agents and farmers (Fachinello 2008; Lima et al. 2010; FAO et al., 2019).

Blueberry farming can be considered an excellent alternative to diversify the family’s incomes, as it provides high economic return in small areas of cultivation and in a short period of time. In addition, the cultivation of blueberries requires a low supply of inputs, given its rusticity, a fact that can contribute to the insertion of this crop in agroecological productive models. Moreover, blueberries have a great importance in the food security of the family nucleus (Oliveira et al., 2020; Marangon & Biasi 2013).

Blueberries are considered a “super food” due to their rich composition in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic substances and anthocyanins, which have several health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antihyperglycemic, cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities (Basu et al. 2010; Rodrigues et al. 2011; You et al. 2011; Pertuzatti et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2017; Hoskin et al., 2019; Wood et al., 2019).

Despite the numerous health benefits, the chemical composition of fruits, such as blueberries, can be influenced by the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region where it is grown, season, leaf density, and the position of the fruits in the shoot (Embrapa, 2010). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the bud position on the total phenolic content, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, and other quality parameters of fruits of three blueberry fruits of three cultivars (Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant material

Blueberry plants (Vaccinium sp.) Group “Rabbiteye” from the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue, grown in an organic commercial orchard located in Morro Redondo, RS (31º32'S 52º34'O, 150 meters high) were used to conduct the experiment during the 2012-2013 harvest.

The plants used for each blueberry cultivar in the Rabbiteye group were eight years old at the time of collection and were in full production. For this purpose, ten experimental units were delimited, with three plants in each unit. The plants were randomly selected in the orchard, three for each cultivar. From each of these 10 branches were selected, with a apical, median, and basal bud in each branch. The plants had long branches between 31 and 50 cm in length, and short branches between 15 and 30 cm in length. Apical fruits were collected from the tip furthest from the base, the medians were collected from the center of each branch and the basal ones were collected close to the base of the branch. The number of fruits, per bud, was evaluated at harvest time, with each branch being one repetition, which totaled 30 repetitions, per cultivar.

For the evaluation of the physicochemical parameters, the fruits were collected, stored in thermal boxes, and transported to the Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory of the Federal University of Pelotas. The analyzes were performed in triplicate.

Physicochemical assessments

The harvested fruits were evaluated as for their total solids soluble content, total titratable acidity, pH, fruit color, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant potential against the DPPH radical.

Total soluble solids content (TSS) was determined by refractometer (Quimis model Q-109B) and expressed in ºBrix. The determination of total titratable acidity (TTA) was performed by titration with 0.1 M NaOH solution until the pH stabilized at 8.1 and expressed as a percentage of citric acid according to the AOAC method (2001). The pH was determined using a potentiometer (New Technical Ind. And Com. Brazil). The fruit color evaluation was performed using a colorimeter (Minolta) and was expressed in Hue Angle calculated using the formula:

$HueAngle={[tan}^{-1}\times \frac{b^{*}}{a^{*}}]$

Where a* defines the green/red scale and b* defines the yellow/blue scale. Color measurements were performed on opposite faces in the equatorial region of the fruits.

The content of total phenolic compounds was determined by the method used by Pereira et al. (2013), where the absorbance reading was performed on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 765nm and the results expressed in mg of gallic acid 100 g^-1 on a dry basis. The total anthocyanin content was determined by the spectrophotometric method adapted from Lees & Francis (1972), and the absorbance reading was performed on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 520nm. The anthocyanin content was expressed in mg of cyanidin-3-glycoside 100g ^-1 of dry matter.

The antioxidant potential was determined using the method established by Rutz et al. (2012), which measures the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical inhibition capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and the results were expressed in µmol eq. Trolox 100 g^-1 of dry matter.

Statistical analysis

All data were submitted to analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05) and, when significantly different, the means were compared by the Tukey’s HSD statistical method (p ≤ 0.05) using the software Statistica (Supplementary Table 1).

Supplementary Table
1. Analysis of variance of blueberry fruits of the cultivars Climax, Bluegem, and Powderblue located in different shoot levels (apical, medial, and basal), grown in the municipality of Morro Redondo, RS in the 2012/2013 harvest season

Total soluble solids
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	7.192	3.5959	154.11	4.7406e-12
Bud position	2	13.059	6.5293	279.82	2.7700e-14
Cultivars * bud position	4	15.448	3.8620	165.52	6.2200e-14
Residue	18	0.420	0.0233
Total	26	36.119
CV: 0.96%
Total tritrable acidity
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	0.40627	0.203137	18282.3	0.000e+00
Bud position	2	0.14783	0.073915	6652.3	1.500e-26
Cultivars * bud position	4	0.08059	0.020148	1813.3	3.483e-23
Residue	18	0.00020	0.000011
Total	26	0.63490
CV: 0.67%
pH
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	0.55814	0.279070	105.976	0.00000000
Bud position	2	0.12699	0.063493	24.111	0.00000810
Cultivars * bud position	4	0.08028	0.020070	7.622	0.00089177
Residue	18	0.04740	0.002633
Total	26	0.81281
CV: 1.59%
Total tritrable acidity
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	2110.9	1055.45	3545.0	4.3000e-24
Bud position	2	1358.3	679.17	2281.2	2.2350e-22
Cultivars * bud position	4	1037.8	259.45	871.4	2.4813e-20
Residue	18	5.4	0.30
Total	26	4512.4
CV: 1.54%
Phenolic compounds
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	548076	274038	20765.9	0.0000e+00
Bud position	2	136044	68022	5154.5	0.0000e+00
Cultivars * bud position	4	26122	6531	494.9	3.8865e-18
Residue	18	238	13
Total	26	710480
CV: 0.25%
Antioxidant potencial (DPPH)
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	0.65339	0.32669	630.05	0.0000e+00
Bud position	2	0.05787	0.02894	55.81	1.9200e-08
Cultivars * bud position	4	0.03015	0.00754	14.54	1.8151e-05
Residue	18	0.00933	0.00052
Total	26	0.75074
CV: 1.55%
Anthocyanins
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	96.535	48.268	13575.3	0.0000e+00
Bud position	2	7.150	3.575	1005.5	0.0000e+00
Cultivars * bud position	4	0.179	0.045	12.6	4.5875e-05
Residue	18	0.064	0.004
Total	26	103.929
CV: 0.55%
Hue angle
	GL	SQ	QM	Fc	Pr>Fc
Cultivars	2	1463.47	731.74	3002.11	0.0000e+00
Bud position	2	434.93	217.46	892.20	0.0000e+00
Cultivars * bud position	4	18.91	4.73	19.39	3.1824e-11
Residue	81	19.74	0.24
Total	89	1937.05
CV: 0.17%

Table 1
Total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH and total soluble solids/total titratable acidity (TSS/TTA) ratio of blueberry fruits of the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue located in different shoot levels (apical, medial and basal), grown in the municipality of Morro Redondo, RS in the 2012/2013 harvest season

Total soluble solids
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	17.50 Ba	15.80 Bb	14.93 Bc
Bluegem	14.67 Cb	16.37 Aa	14.93 Bb
Powderblue	18.27 Aa	16.00 Bb	15.47 Ac
Total titratable acidity
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	0.49 Ac	0.68 Ab	0.83 Aa
Bluegem	0.46 Bb	0.43 Bc	0.49 Ba
Powderblue	0.27 Cc	0.40 Cb	0.45 Ca
pH
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	3.17 Ba	3.02 Cb	3.00 Cb
Bluegem	3.19 Ba	3.20 Ba	3.20 Ba
Powderblue	3.58 Aa	3.32 Ab	3.32 Ab
TSS/TTA
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	35.7 Ba	23.2 Cb	18.0 Cc
Bluegem	31.9 Cb	38.1 Ba	30.5 Bc
Powderblue	66.8 Aa	39.7 Ab	34.6 Ac

• Different capital letters in the same column statistically differ from each other according to the Tukey’s HSD test (p ≤ 0.05). Different lowercase letters on the same line statistically differ from each other according to the Tukey’s HSD test (p ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Total soluble solids

The contents of total soluble solids for the three cultivars at the different shoot levels can be seen in table 1. A statistical difference can be observed between the shoot levels for the cultivars Climax and Powderblue with the highest sugar content, in both cultivars, for the fruits harvested from the apical level. For the Bluegem cultivar, a statistical difference was observed only for the fruits present at the medial level, as these presented the highest content of soluble solids.

The fruits of the cultivar Climax harvested from the medial and basal shoot levels showed similar values ​​of soluble solids, and those fruits harvested at the apical level showed higher values than those reported by Pertuzatti et al. (2016), who found values ​​between 14.4 to 16.4 °Brix for blueberries (cultivar Climax) harvested (without comparison of levels) in the mesoregion of Porto Alegre, Brazil in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 harvest seasons, respectively. For the cultivar Bluegem, the study performed by Pertuzatti et al. (2016) found values ​​similar to those reported in our study. Finally, for the cultivar Powderblue, the contents of soluble solids were higher than those reported by Pertuzatti et al. (2016). In addition, the content of soluble solids found for the three cultivars, in our study, were higher than those observed by Saftner et al. (2008) for cultivars of the Rabbiteye group (11 ºBrix on average).

Total soluble solids content is a maturation parameter. For blueberry fruits, values ​​equal to or greater than 15 °Brix are considered indicators of optimal maturation stage. The sugar content is directly related to the incidence of solar radiation on the fruits, where the greater the incidence of solar radiation, the greater the accumulation of sugars (Morrison & Noble, 1990). The buds located in the region near the apical part of the shoot receive higher radiation than buds located in the medial and basal levels, which stimulates a greater accumulation of sugars in the fruits located in this region.

Total titratable acidity

The content of soluble solids is negatively correlated with the percentage of acidity, where, as the sugar synthesis increases during maturation, the acidity decreases. The fruits of the cultivar Climax, regardless of the shoot level, presented higher percentages of acidity (Table 1), while the lowest values ​​were found in the cultivar Powderblue. The fruits harvested from the different levels of all cultivars showed a statistical difference between them, with a higher percentage of acidity for the fruits located in the basal level. It was observed that the bud position significantly influenced the acidity.

The percentage of acidity found in the cultivar Climax was lower than that found by Pertuzatti et al. (2016) in blueberries grown in the mesoregion of Porto Alegre, Brazil, who found acidity ranging from 0.30 to 0.52%, depending on the harvest season. The same study, when evaluating the acidity for the cultivar Bluegem found similar values ​​(0.27 to 0.52%) than those reported in our study, while the values ​​obtained for the cultivar Powderblue were higher (0.43 to 0.57%) than the ones found in our study. Rodrigues et al. (2011), when analyzing the cultivars Powderblue and Bluegem reported that they had 1.28 and 0.95% acidity, respectively, values ​​that are much higher than those reported in our study.

pH

For the cultivars Climax and Powderblue, only the fruits of the apical levels showed a statistical difference for the pH values (Table 1), with higher pH in both cultivars. As for the cultivar Bluegem, no statistical differences were observed between the levels. Evaluating the different cultivars for the fruits harvested from the apical level, we only observed a statistical difference for the cultivar Powderblue, while for the medial and basal levels, all cultivars differed statistically from each other, with the cultivar Powderblue being the one with the highest pH at both levels.

The fruit pH is directly related to its composition, since lower pH values ​​help to retain phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Thus, it is observed that in all cultivars and at both levels, the pH values ​​were low, which may be an indication of protection of bioactive compounds.

The pH values ​​found for the three cultivars and at all bud levels, were similar to those reported by Pertuzatti et al. (2016) for blueberries produced in the mesoregion of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio (TSS/TTA)

All cultivars showed statistical differences between the bud levels for the TSS/TTA ratio (total soluble solids/total titratable acidity) (Table 1), with the cultivars Climax and Powderblue having the highest TSS/TTA ratio at the apical level, and for the cultivar Bluegem at the medial level. Statistical differences were observed between cultivars at all levels.

The relationship between the content of total soluble solids and total titratable acidity is related to the balance between sugars and acids present in the fruit, being used as an important indicator of the maturation point for the fruits. During the maturation period, the TSS/TTA ratio tends to increase, as a consequence of the decrease in acids, due to the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and an increase in sugars, a secondary product of the conversion of organic acids. In all cultivars, the TSS/TTA ratio was higher at the apical level, when compared with the medial and basal levels.

The values ​​of the TSS/TTA ratio found for the three cultivars at all levels were higher than those found for the same cultivars produced in the region Vale do Ribeiro, Paraná, Brazil during three harvest seasons, where researchers found values ​​for the cultivar Climax ranging between 7.1 to 19.5, for the cultivar Bluegem between 7.2 to 19.1 and for the cultivar Powderblue ​​between 8.4 to 20 (Medeiros et al. 2018).

Phenolic compounds

The fruits of all levels for all the cultivars differed statistically from each other, with higher contents of phenolic compounds at the apical level for the three cultivars (Table 2). Comparing the three cultivars for each level, we found a statistical difference, with a higher content of phenolic compounds in the cultivar Powderblue and a lower value ​​in the cultivar Bluegem. The bud position influenced the content of special compounds in the fruits, and the fruits located in the apical shoot level showed a concentration of phenolic compounds significantly higher than the fruits located in the medial and basal levels.

Table 2
Content of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, antioxidant potential against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil radical and fruit color (Hue Angle) of blueberry fruits of the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue located in different shoot levels (apical, medial and basal), grown in the municipality of Morro Redondo, RS in the 2012/2013 harvest season

Phenolic compounds
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	1553.91 Ba	1355.00 Bc	1362.92 Bb
Bluegem	1362.57 Ca	1147.56 Cc	1258.51 Cb
Powderblue	1664.70 Aa	1586.27 Ab	1564.38 Ac
Antioxidant potential (DPPH)
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	1600Aa	1500 Bb	1500 Bb
Bluegem	1300Ba	1200 Cb	1300 Ca
Powderblue	1700 Aa	1600 Ab	1600 Ab
Anthocyanins
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Climax	61.0 Ba	57.2 Bb	55.6 Bb
Bluegem	43.7 Cb	48.7 Ca	41.1 Cc
Powderblue	68.2 Aa	60.8 Ab	57.6 Ac
Hue angle
Cultivar	Apical	Medial	Basal
Bluegem	299.03 Aa	294.92 Ab	293.23 Ac
Climax	295.19 Ba	293.30 Bb	290.61 Bc
Powderblue	289.45 Ca	285.10 Cb	283.90 Cc

• Different capital letters in the same column statistically differ from each other according to the Tukey’s HSD test (p ≤ 0.05). Different lowercase letters on the same line statistically differ from each other according to the Tukey’s HSD test (p ≤ 0.05).

The content of phenolic compounds found for the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue were higher than those reported by You et al. (2011) evaluating blueberries produced in the United States and by Rodrigues et al. (2011) evaluating blueberries from the mesoregion of Porto Alegre, Brazil.

The results found in our study were promising, because they demonstrate a good adaptation of the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue to the climatic condition of Pelotas mesoregion, Brazil, and to the proper management of the trees, which promotes a greater accumulation of phenolic compounds that have several biological properties such as antitumor, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities (Basu et al. 2010; You et al. 2011; Sukprasansap et al. 2020).

Antioxidant potential against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical

Evaluating the antioxidant potential against the DPPH radical (Table 2) in the cultivars Climax and Powderblue, we observed a statistical difference only for the apical levels, while for the cultivar Bluegem, only the medial level statistically differed from the others. At the apical level, the highest value of inhibition of the DPPH radical was observed in the cultivars Climax and Powderblue, which did not statistically differ from each other. Finally, for the medial and basal levels, we encountered a statistical difference between the cultivars, with the highest inhibition values found ​​in the cultivar Powderblue and the lowest in the cultivar Bluegem.

The fruits harvested in the apical level showed significantly higher antioxidant potential than the antioxidant potential observed for fruits located in the medial and basal levels of the shoots, ensuring that a greater amount of compounds with bioactive properties are produced and accumulated in the fruits of the apical region. The results of the antioxidant potential of the cultivar Climax, at all levels, were higher than those found by Rodrigues et al. (2011) in blueberries grown in the mesoregion of Porto Alegre, Brazil, while the cultivars Bluegem and Powderblue showed lower results.

Although the DPPH radical is not produced in the human body, its evaluation is used as a parameter for determining the antioxidant activity of a compound or group of compounds due to its chemical structure. The antioxidant potential of blueberry fruits comes possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins that act on the route of the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), which stimulates antioxidant response agents promoting oxidative stress control, controlling several chronic non-communicable diseases (Sukprasansap et al. 2020).

Anthocyanins

The cultivar Climax only showed a statistical difference in the anthocyanin content (Table 2) for the apical level, where we observed a higher content. For the cultivars Bluegem and Powderblue, statistical differences were observed between all levels, with Bluegem having greater content of anthocyanins at the medial level and Powderblue at the apical level. Assessing each level in the three cultivars, it is observed that all cultivars statistically differed from each other, with the highest content of anthocyanins in the Powderblue cultivar for all levels and the lowest in the cultivar Bluegem.

Anthocyanins are responsible for the coloring of the epidermis and the blueberry pulp. It is believed that the greater accumulation of these compounds in the fruits located in the apical levels may be related to a higher incidence of solar radiation that these fruits receive in relation to the fruits of the medial and basal levels, which are close to the crop canopy and receive less light. According to Riihinen et al. (2008), studying European blueberries, fruits located in higher levels are exposed to greater solar radiation and thus accumulate more phenolic compounds and anthocyanins.

In addition to providing color to the fruits, anthocyanins, as well as the phenolic compounds present in blueberries, act in the control of several chronic non-communicable diseases, such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases (Basu et al. 2010; You et al. 2011; Sukprasansap et al. 2020).

Fruit color (Hue angle)

The fruit color, measured by the Hue angle (Table 2), statistically differed between the shoot levels of the three cultivars, being in all cases, fruits with greater hue angles located at the apical levels of the shoots. Statistical differences were also observed between cultivars for each level, with the highest hue angle values ​​in the cultivar Bluegem and the lowest in the cultivar Powderblue.

The color of the fruits, indicated by the Hue angle, varied between 283.03 and 299.03, a range of values ​​that indicate the typical bluish color of blueberries. Regarding the bud position on the shoot, it was observed that the fruits present in the apical levels presented a higher hue angle than that observed for the fruits located in the medial and basal levels, which is associated with the greater accumulation of anthocyanins in these fruits, and the highest amount of solar radiation in the upper part of the shoots.

CONCLUSIONS

The bud position in the shoots influences the physicochemical parameters of the blueberry fruits for the cultivars Climax, Bluegem and Powderblue. Fruits located in the apical levels showed, in general, higher soluble solids, pH, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant potential, thus demonstrating that studies aiming at evaluating fruits at different levels in the shoots are important, as they directly impact the quality of the fruits as well as their biological potentials. These results can contribute, for blueberry producers to test practices to assist in the greater exposure of fruits to solar radiation, as well as in the selection of fruits that will be used for fresh consumption or for industrial processing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE

This work received financial support from the funding agencies of CAPES and CNPQ, as well as from the Federal University of Pelotas..

REFERENCES

• BasuARhoneMLyonsTJ2010 Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutrition Reviews, 68:168-177
• Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuárias2010 Cultivo de videira - Colheita e Pós-Colheita. Available at: Available at: http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br:8080/sistema_producao/spuva/colheita.html Accessed on: 29 de maio de 2021.
  » http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br:8080/sistema_producao/spuva/colheita.html
• FachinelloJC2008 Blueberry. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 30:285-576
• FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. 2019 Available at: //Available at: //http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC //. Accessed on: May 24th, 2021.
  » http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
• HoskinRTXiongJEspositoDALilaMA2019 Blueberry polyphenol-protein food ingredients: The impact of spray drying on the in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory markers, glucose metabolism and fibroblast migration. Food Chemistry, 280:187-194
• LeesDHFrancisFJ1972 Standardization of pigment analysis in Cranberries. Hortscience, 7:83-84
• LimaCSMGonçalvesMATomazZFPRufatoARFachinelloJC2010 Sistemas de tutoramento e épocas de transplante de physalis. Ciência Rural, 40:2472-2479
• MarangonMBiasiLA2013 Estaquia de mirtilo nas estações do ano com ácido indolbutírico e aquecimento do substrato. Pesquisa Agropecuária, 48:25-32
• MedeirosJGSBiasiLABonaCMCuquelFL2018 Phenology, production and quality of blueberry produced in humid subtropical climate. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 40:01-10
• MorrisonJCNobleAC1990 The effects of leaf and cluster shading on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and on fruit and wine sensory properties. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 41:193-200
• OliveiraJRSilvaJVGAmourimMAASantosMNBatistaAG2020 Produção de pequenas frutas no Brasil: Um mercado em potencial. Enciclopédia Biosfera, 17:362-379
• PereiraMCSteffensRSJablonskiAHertzPFRiosAOVizzottoMFloresSH2013 Characterization, bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of three Brazilian fruits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 26:19-24
• PertuzattiPBBarciaMTRebelloLPGGómez-AlonsoSDuarteRMTDuarteMCTGodoyHTHermosín-GutiérrezI2016 Antimicrobial activity and differentiation of anthocyanin profiles of rabbiteye and highbush blueberries using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn and multivariate analysis. Journal Functional Foods, 26:506-516
• RiihinenKJaakolaLKärenlampSHohtolaA2008 Organ-specific distribution of phenolic compounds in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and ‘northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium). Food Chemistry , 110:156-160
• RodriguesEPoernerNRockenbachIVGonzagaLVMendesCRFettR2011 Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blueberry cultivars grown in Brazil. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 31:911-917
• RutzJKVossGBZambiaziRC2012 Influence of the Degree of Maturation on the Bioactive Compounds in Blackberry (Rubus spp.) cv. Tupy. Food Science & Nutrition, 3:1453-1460
• SaftnerRPolashockbJEhlenfeldtbMVinyardcB2008 Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 49:19-26
• SukprasansapMChanvorachotePTencomnaoT2020 Cyanidin-3-glucoside activates Nrf2-antioxidant response element and protects against glutamate-induced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 20:01-12
• WoodEHeinSHeissCWilliamsCRodriguez-MateosA2019 Blueberries and cardiovascular disease prevention. Food & Function, 10:7621-7633
• WuYZhouQChenXLiXWangYZhangJ2017 Comparison and screening of bioactive phenolic compounds in different blueberry cultivars: Evaluation of anti-oxidation and α-glucosidase inhibition effect. Food Research International, 100:312-324
• YouQWangBChenFHuangZWangXLuoPG2011 Comparison of anthocyanins and phenolics in organically and conventionally grown blueberries in selected cultivars. Food Chemistry , 125:201-208

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Apr 2022
• Date of issue
  Mar-Apr 2022

History

• Received
  03 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  21 July 2021