Productivity and nutritive value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense in association with nitrogen fertilization¹

ABSTRACT

Tifton 85 bermudagrass has been widely used in tropical and subtropical regions. Owing to its high forage yield, the fertilizer requirement of Tifton 85 is also high. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense is an alternative to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers and decrease their environmental impact. However, the effects of inoculation in tropical grasses remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity, pasture characteristics, and nutritive value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass inoculated with A. brasilense in association with nitrogen fertilization. The study evaluated four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha^-1 ), inoculated and uninoculated, under cutting conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial arrangement, with two qualitative (inoculated with A. brasilense or uninoculated) and four quantitative levels (nitrogen doses) with three replications (24 plots). Botanical composition and morphological characteristics, leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio, nutritive value, and forage yield were evaluated. The inoculation increased the leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio and forage yield of Tifton 85, but did not affect crude protein concentration, neutral detergent fiber content, and total digestible nutrient content of the forage constituted by Tifton 85 leaf blades. The protein concentration and forage production corresponded linearly to the nitrogen dose increase.

Keywords
crude protein; Cynodon spp.; diazotrophic bacteria; forage yield; total digestible nutrients

INTRODUCTION

The Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) stands out for its high forage production, good nutritive value, response to fertilization, and better animal performance when compared to other cultivars of the same genus (Burton, 2001; Baseggio et al., 2015; Olivo et al., 2019). As a result, Tifton 85 is the most farmed grass of the Cynodon genus in Brazil (Silva et al., 2017). Tifton 85 has substantial requirements in terms of fertility, hence the application of fertilizers is crucial to enhance the production and the forage quality (Sohm et al., 2014).

In this context, nitrogen (N) is the nutrient in highest deficit and the one most required in quantitative terms (Alderman et al., 2011; Bourscheidt et al., 2019) to enhance the forage production of forage grasses and ensure a higher stocking rate and animal production per area (Oliveira et al., 2010). It is also important for improving the nutritive value of the forage (Anderson & Stewart, 2017; Olivo et al., 2019).

Currently, alternatives are being sought to reduce the use of fertilizers and make production systems less costly and more sustainable. Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria stands out. Diazotrophic bacteria may help reduce the application of fertilizers (Santos et al., 2021) and increase the efficiency of N use by reducing N leaching and volatilization through biological fixation (Cunha et al., 2014).

Diazotrophic bacteria promote plant growth and fix atmospheric N. Its association with plant roots is capable of counteracting populations of phytopathogenic microorganisms in the soil, fixing atmospheric N, and secreting phytohormones (Dobbelaere et al., 2003). Studies have shown that the diazotrophic bacterium Azospirillum brasilense (strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6) promotes an increase in biomass and accumulated N in forage biomass (Hungria et al., 2016).

A. brasilense (strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6) research has been conducted previously, particularly in annual crops for grain production, such as wheat (Quatrin et al., 2019) and maize (Mumbach et al., 2017), but few studies have been conducted in pastures, especially with perennial species (Aguirre et al., 2018a). In addition, results from research involving inoculation with A. brasilense and application of N fertilizers show variability (Galindo et al., 2017), particularly in forage plants (Leite et al., 2019). However, inoculation with A. brasilense and nitrogen fertilization in tropical perennial pastures can increase the productive characteristics and nutritive value of the pasture.

Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the forage production and nutritive value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass inoculated with the strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 of A. brasilense and subjected to different doses of N fertilizer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Site

This study was conducted at the Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria (RS - Brazil) between August 2017 and May 2018, totaling 279 days. The soil is classified as Hapludult (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). The climate is Cfa (humid subtropical) according to the Köppen classification.

The daily average temperature and monthly precipitation were 21.2 °C and 140.3 mm month⁻¹, respectively, during the experimental period. The climatological means (1981–2010) of daily temperature and monthly precipitation for the respective period were 20.3 °C and 148.8 mm month⁻¹, respectively (INMET, 2018).

The results of the soil analysis (0–20 cm deep) were as follows: pH 5.9; organic matter 3.1; P 48.2 mg dm⁻³; K 0.225 cmol dm⁻³; Ca 7.6 cmol dm⁻³; Mg 3.1 cmol dm⁻³, and CEC 15.8 cmol dm⁻³. Soil acidity was corrected with lime to 2.5 t ha⁻¹. Base fertilization was performed according to the soil analysis, as recommended by the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Commission, RS/SC (Tedesco et al., 2004) for warm-season grasses. In total, 60 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of P₂O₅ and 60 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of K₂O were used.

Establishment of Pasture and Treatments

Tifton 85 was planted on September 14 using seedlings in furrows approximately 10 cm deep and spaced every 0.50 m. The experimental area was subdivided into 24 plots with an area of 3 × 4 m, separated from each other by 0.5 m wide borders. Eight treatments were arranged, based on the bermudagrass cultivar Tifton 85, with two qualitative levels (uninoculated or inoculated with A. brasilense) and four quantitative levels of N fertilizer (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha⁻¹).

The N fertilizer (urea) was supplied according to each treatment and divided into five applications. In treatments involving the inoculation, the liquid inoculant Azototal^® (A. brasilense bacterium, strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6) was applied on the plant surface using a solution prepared according to the recommendations (500 mL of inoculant ha⁻¹ for 200 L of water). The inoculant applications were fractioned, with half of the dose applied in January and the other half applied in February, and performed by spraying with a back spray.

Pasture Measurements

The first pasture cut was performed on December 7, 2017, using canopy height of 20–25 cm as the criterion. Pasture height was measured using a graduated ruler. The evaluations were performed by random cutting within each plot (0.5 × 0.5 m square). To determine the forage mass of the upper stratum, cuts were made at 7–9 cm above the ground. Subsequently, in the same place, the residue of the pasture was collected, making the cut close to the ground to determine the forage mass of the lower stratum. The sample collection site was demarcated with stakes to avoid sampling in the same location in later cuts. Subsequently, the grass of the entire plot was cut at 7–9 cm from the ground using a side mower. The forage was removed with the help of rakes.

The forage from the cut samples was homogenized and a subsample was taken per plot, which was then used to determine the botanical composition of the pasture and the morphological characteristics of the Tifton 85 bermudagrass. Subsequently, the samples were placed in a forced ventilation oven set at 55 °C for drying to constant weight, and the content of the partially dry matter hence obtained was determined.

Forage accumulation from the first cutting cycle was determined by adding the forage mass of the upper and lower strata. In the subsequent cutting cycles, the forage accumulation was calculated from the forage mass of the upper stratum alone (Zanine et al., 2011). The forage accumulation rate was estimated from the relationship between forage accumulation and days between cutting cycles.

Nutritive Value

The samples used for the analysis of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) consisted of the leaf blade fraction from the upper stratum of the Tifton 85 grass forage. These samples were ground in a “Willey” type mill and analyzed in the laboratory for CP concentration using the Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 1995) and NDF content (Van Soest et al., 1991). The estimated values of total digestible nutrients (TDN) were obtained using the following equation: TDN = 83.79 − 0.4171 NDF; r² = 0.82 (Cappelle et al., 2001).

Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis

The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (Tifton 85 without and with inoculation × 4 levels of N fertilizer) and three replications (24 plots). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 5% probability of error; when significant, Tukey’s test for comparison of means was used to further analyze the treatment effect using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2001). The statistical additive model used was as follows: Y_ijk = m + T_i + D_j + T_iD_j + ɛ_ijk, where Y_ijk represents the dependent variables; i, the treatment index a, qualitative (inoculation); j, the treatment index b, quantitative (N levels); k, the repetition index; m, the mean of all observations; T_i, the effect of the inoculation (i = 2); D_j, the effect of the N dosage (j = 4); T_iD_j, the correlation between the inoculation and the N dosage; and ɛ_ijk, the residual or experimental error. Regression analysis was used when at least one significant effect was found. The criteria for choosing the model were the coefficient of determination (R²) and a p-value of ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

Upper Stratum Forage Mass

In the 234 days of the experimental period, 5, 6, 6, and 7 cutting cycles were carried out, with an average of 25, 20, 20, and 21 days between the cycles, considering the beginning of pasture use, for the treatment combinations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. The average height of the pasture before cutting was 24 cm.

There was no correlation between the inoculation and N doses for forage mass, both in the available form and in the upper stratum (Table 1). For the same variables, no inoculation effect was observed either. The highest value (p ≤ 0.05) of forage mass was obtained in the pasture in which 300 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied. The forage masses of the upper stratum differed depending on N doses (p ≤ 0.05), with an ascending linear effect (y = 0.0013*N + 1.03; r² = 0.985; p ≤ 0.001) associated with increased N doses.

Table 1
Effect of N levels and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on pastures consisting of Tifton 85 bermudagrass and warm season spontaneous growth species

Variables	Inoculation		N levels (kg ha-1)				Means	CV (%)
			0	100	200	300
Forage mass (t DM ha-1)	Ns		2.0C	2.1BC	2.4B	2.7A		13,9
		Upper stratum1
Forage mass (t DM ha-1)	Ns		1.0C	1.1BC	1.3AB	1.4A	1.2	12.5
		Botanical composition (%)
Tifton 85	Ns		18.2C	23.8B	27.9A	29.7A	24.9	9.5
Other species3	Ns		79.1A	73.4B	70.2BC	68.0C	72.7	7.8
Dead material	Ns		2.7A	2.8A	1.9A	2.3A	2.4	18.5
		Morphological composition Tifton 85 bermudagrass (%)
Leaf blead	No		50.6Aa	51.1Aa	50.3Aa	50.5Ab	50.6	8.0
	Yes		52.5Aa	54.7Aa	51.8Aa	55.3Aa	53.6
Stem+sheath	Ns		44.0A	43.5A	44.0A	44.0A	43.9	9.2
Senescent material	Ns		4.5A	3.4A	5.0A	3.2A	4.1	15.4
		Leaf blade/stem + sheath ratio Tifton 85 bermudagrass
	No		1.2Aa	1.1Ab	1.1Aa	1.1Ab	1.1	9.4
	Yes		1.2Aa	1.4Aa	1.2Aa	1.4Aa	1.3
		Lower stratum2
Forage mass (t DM ha-1)	Ns		0.9C	1.0BC	1,1B	1.3A	1.1	13.4
		Botanical composition (%)
Tifton 85	No		11.1Bb	16.5Aa	20.0Aa	18.0Aa	16.4	12.3
	Yes		18.2Aa	19.9Aa	16.9Aa	16.2Aa	17.8
Other species3	Ns		76.3A	71.8AB	72.1AB	69.9B	72.5	10.3
Dead material	Ns		9.0B	9.9B	9.4B	13.0A	10.3	13.8
		Morphological composition Tifton 85 bermudagrass (%)
Leaf blead	Ns		34.1A	32.2A	35.3A	34.0A	33.9	9.6
Stem+sheath	Ns		50.5B	55.4A	51.5AB	53.1AB	52.6	10.1
Senescent material	Ns		15.3A	12.3A	13.2A	14.0A	13.6	14.2
		Leaf blade/stem + sheath ratio Tifton 85 bermudagrass
	Ns		0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	11.6

• Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same row and lower case in the same column, are significantly different by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. DM= dry matter. Ns= not significant to inoculation. Cv= coefficient of variation.
• ¹
  Cutting at 7 and 9 cm above the soil;
• ²
  Cutting close at the soil level.
• ³
  Spontaneous growth species. 5, 6, 6 e 7 cuts were made to 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha^-1, from December to May.

There was also no effect of the inoculation in the botanical composition of the forage mass of the upper stratum (Table 1). In the botanical composition, Tifton 85 was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in pastures where N fertilizer was applied, with a linear upward trend (y = 0.0387*N + 19.077; r² = 0.953; p ≤ 0.001) with increasing N dose. In contrast, the other species showed an opposite trend (y = −0.0366*N + 78.2; r² = 0.955; p ≤ 0.001), with greater botanical composition (p ≤ 0.05) in the pasture without N fertilizer. These species were composed of, in particular, Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch., Cynodon spp., and Ipomoea acuminata (Vahl.) Roemer & Schultes. There was no effect of the inoculation and N application on dead material in the forage mass of the upper stratum. As for the morphological characteristics of Tifton 85 (Table 1), there was a difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the samples of the plot applied 300 kg N ha⁻¹, with a higher percentage of leaf blades in the inoculated pasture. Further, inoculation provided the highest values (p ≤ 0.05) of leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio in samples of the plots applied 100 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹.

Lower Stratum Forage Mass

There was no correlation between inoculation and N application in the forage mass of the lower stratum (Table 1). For this variable, a linear ascending trend with increasing N doses was observed (y = 1.051*N + 932.1; r² = 0.938; p ≤ 0.001). The botanical composition of Tifton 85 in the forage mass was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the uninoculated pasture without N fertilizer application. Among the four N levels, no difference was noted in the botanical composition of Tifton 85. The N dosage had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the fraction of other species, with a lower botanical composition of these species in the pasture with the highest dose of N compared to the unfertilized one. The fraction of spontaneously growing species showed a downward linear trend with increasing N doses (y = −0.019*N + 75.357; r² = 0.822; p ≤ 0.001). The highest value (p ≤ 0.05) of dead material was found in the pasture applied 300 kg N ha⁻¹.

The inoculation did not affect the morphological characteristics and leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio of Tifton 85 (Table 1). There was a difference in terms of stem+sheath (p ≤ 0.05) among the samples from the plots applied different N doses, with a lower value in the unfertilized pasture compared to the one that was applied 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Among the N-fertilized pastures, no difference was noted in terms of stem+sheath.

Forage Accumulation

There was no correlation between the inoculation and N application for the production variables (Table 2). The inoculation affected the accumulation rate and forage production in the unfertilized pasture and the pasture in which 200 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied (p ≤ 0.05). Further, the inoculation affected the forage production of Tifton 85 (p ≤ 0.05) only in the unfertilized pasture, with a value 26% higher than that in the uninoculated one. Forage production showed a linear ascending trend with increasing N application, both in the uninoculated and inoculated pastures (Figure 1). As for the forage production of the spontaneously growing species, there was a difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the unfertilized pasture in comparison to that applied 300 kg N ha⁻¹, with lower values in the inoculated pasture. Forage production of the spontaneously growing species showed a linear increasing trend with increasing N dosage, both in uninoculated and inoculated pastures (Figure 1).

Table 2
Pasture productivity, inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and N fertilized, consisting of Tifton 85 bermudagrass and spontaneous growth species of warm season

Variables	Inoculation	N levels (kg ha-1)				Means	CV (%)
		0	100	200	300
Forage accumulation ratio (kg ha-1 day-1)	No	27,6Db	35,5Ca	40,0Bb	46,1Aa	37,3	2,5
	Yes	30,8Da	38,2Ca	43,7Ba	47,5Aa	40,0
Herbage yield (t DM ha-1)	No	5,7Db	7,3Ca	8,2Bb	10,8Aa	8,0	2,5
	Yes	6,3Da	7,8Ca	9,0Ba	11,1Aa	8,6
Tifton 85 (t DM ha-1)	No	1,4Db	2,6Ca	3,2Ba	4,3Aa	2,9	4,6
	Yes	1,9Da	2,8Ca	3,2Ba	4,4Aa	3,1
Others species (t DM ha-1)	No	3,9Ca	4,6Ba	4,8Ba	6,6Aa	5,0	3,8
	Yes	3,3Cb	4,5Ba	4,7Ba	5,9Ab	4,6

• Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same row and lower case in the same column, are significantly different by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. DM= dry matter. Cv= coefficient of variation.

Figure 1
Effect of N levels and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in pastures of Tifton 85 and spontaneous growth species of warm season. Santa Maria, RS, 2017-2018.

The nutritive value of the evaluated forage, leaf blades of Tifton 85 from the upper stratum, was not affected by the inoculation (Table 3). However, CP concentration differed significantly among the different N doses (p ≤ 0.05), with higher concentrations in the fertilized pastures. CP concentration showed a linear ascending trend as a function of increasing N dosage (y = 0.0173*N + 14.2; r² = 0.983; p ≤ 0.001).

Table 3
Nutritive value of leaf blades of the upper stratum of Tifton 85 bermudagrass, submitted to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

Variables	Inoculation	N levels (kg ha-1)				Means	CV (%)
		0	100	200	300
CP (g/kg-1 DM)	Ns	140C	161B	179AB	191A	168	3,1
NDF (g/kg-1 DM)	Ns	697A	680A	684A	673A	684	3,3
TDN (g/kg-1 DM)	Ns	547A	552A	554A	557A	552	1,69

• Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same row and lower case in the same column, are significantly different by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. CP= crude protein, NDF= neutral detergent fiber, TDN= total digestible nutrients. Ns= not significant to inoculation. Cv= coefficient of variation.

DISCUSSION

Forage Mass

The average of 24 days between the cutting cycles is suitable for pastures of Tifton 85 grass. Research evaluating different cutting intervals has shown that intervals of up to 27 days are associated with high forage production and nutritive value (Michelangeli et al., 2010).

The increase in forage masses of the upper and lower strata are linearly associated with the application of increasing N doses, which is related to the utilization of N by plants. Greater availability of N in the soil implies shorter harvest time and higher forage production (Pereira et al., 2012). N fertilizers also affected the botanical composition of the pasture, as shown in the present study. Thus, higher levels of fertilizers implied greater botanical composition of Tifton 85 as it responds well to N fertilization (Borges et al., 2017). As for the other spontaneously growing species, the opposite trend was observed, revealing a linear descending trend as a function of N dosage. These species are usually less productive (Anjos et al., 2016) and less consumed by the animals (Olivo et al., 2014).

As for the nutritive value of Tifton 85 grass leaf blades from the upper stratum, the increase in CP concentration, due to the increase in the applied N dose, indicates the dependence of this grass on N (Nascimento et al., 2017). A similar result was obtained by Almeida et al. (2019) in a study on Tifton 85 for hay production fertilized with urea in increasing doses, and by Olivo et al. (2019) in pastures of Tifton 85 for dairy production. These differences in CP concentration, in contrast with the unfertilized pasture, may increase in the following year if there is no adequate N replacement in the soil. On the contrary, the absence of a difference in the nutritive value variable does not corroborate with the findings in Coastcross grass (Cynodon spp.) inoculated with A. brasilense in the same region, which showed an increase in the concentrations of CP and NDT in the pasture (Aguirre et al., 2018b).

The effect of the inoculation on the botanical composition of the forage mass of the lower stratum was observed only in the unfertilized pasture, with greater botanical composition of Tifton 85. This may be attributed to the high competitive capacity of A. brasilense under conditions of low N availability in the soil (Bourscheidt et al., 2019).

The increase in the leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio of Tifton 85 from the upper stratum in two of the three N levels of the inoculated pastures suggests an association between A. brasilense and fertilization. A similar effect, with a larger contribution of leaf blades, was observed in Coastcross-1 pasture (Aguirre et al., 2018a) and in maize plants (Morais et al., 2015) while validating an associative effect between N levels and the A. brasilense inoculant. This effect, with a greater contribution of leaf blades, was also found in inoculated winter cycle cultures (Díaz-Zorita & Fernandez-Canigia, 2009).

Forage Yield

The forage accumulation rate increase in two of the three quantitative levels of N in the inoculated pastures suggests a synergistic relationship between inoculation and N fertilization. This is an important finding as the predominant result in related research is the increase in forage production with inoculation when there is no N application (Vogel et al., 2013; Aguirre et al., 2020) or when low amounts of N fertilizer are used (Hungria et al., 2010; Lana et al., 2012).

The effect of inoculation in pastures applied different doses of N is attributed to the contribution of the A. brasilense bacterium, capable of inducing greater development of the root system, thereby resulting in substantial increases in nutrient and water absorption by the host plant (Bashan & Bashan, 2010; Licea-Herrera et al., 2020) and usually involving greater tillering and contribution of leaf blades (Guimarães et al., 2011). N synthesis also occurs on a smaller scale (Hungria et al., 2016; Santos et al., 2021). There is also an increase in plant resistance to stress conditions (Moreira et al., 2010). A comparable result was observed by Leite et al. (2019), with increased plant height and forage production in Marandu - palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), and by Andrade et al. (2019), with an increase in the leaf elongation rate of Tamani grass (Panicum maximum cultivar BRS Tamani) inoculated with A. brasilense and fertilized with different doses of N.

The lower forage production of spontaneously growing species in the inoculated pasture is possibly related to the better response of Tifton 85 to inoculation with A. brasilense. A similar finding was noted by Sabundjian et al. (2013), who found a lower inoculation response of Urochloa ruziziensis compared to maize.

CONCLUSIONS

Inoculation with A. brasilense, strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, resulted in greater participation in botanical composition of Tifton 85 in the pasture and a larger leaf blade/stem+sheath ratio. Forage production was higher in inoculated pastures, responding linearly with increasing N doses.

The inoculation did not affect the nutritive value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass leaf blades. CP concentration of Tifton 85 bermudagrass leaf blades responded linearly to the increase in N fertilization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE

The authors thank to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in carrying the research and publishing this manuscript.

• 1
  This paper is part of the master’s dissertation of the first author.

REFERENCES

• Aguirre PF, Giacomini SJ, Olivo CJ, Bratz VF, Quatrin MP & Schaefer GL (2020) Biological nitrogen fixation and urea-N recovery in ‘Coastcross-1’ pasture treated with Azospirillum brasilense Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 55:01-10.
• Aguirre PF, Olivo CJ, Rodrigues PF, Falk DR, Adams CB & Schiafino HP (2018a) Forage yield of Coastcross-1 pastures inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences, 40:01-08.
• Aguirre PF, Olivo CJ, Sauthier JC, Sauter MP, Aires JF, Seibt DC & Simonetti GD (2018b) Valor nutritivo da Coastcross-1 inoculada com Azospirillum brasilense Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 70:1997-2006.
• Alderman PD, Bootle KJ & Sollenberger LE (2011) Regrowth dynamics of ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Crop Science, 51:1716-1726.
• Almeida JC de C, Morais LF de, Moreira TGB, Abreu JBR de & Morenz MJF (2019) Nutritive value of Tifton 85 hay ammoniated with urea. Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences, 41:01-7.
• Anderson W & Stewart M (2017) Tifton 85 bermudagrass response to fertilization on two coastal plain soils. Better Crops With Plant Food, 4:24-26.
• Andrade RA, Porto MO, Cavali J, Ferreira E, Bergamin AC, Souza FR de & Aguiar IS de (2019) Azospirillum brasilense e fosfato natural reativo no estabelecimento de forrageira tropical. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 42:146-154.
• Anjos ANS dos, Olivo CJ, Sauter CP, Silva AR, Santos FT dos & Seibt DC (2016) Forage yield in pastures with bermudagrass mixed with different legumes. Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences, 38:261-266.
• AOAC - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995) Official methods of analysis. 16^th ed. Washington, AOAC. 1015p.
• Baseggio M, Newman Y, Sollenberger LE, Fraisse C & Obreza T (2015) Planting rate and depth effects on Tifton 85 bermudagrass establishment using rhizomes. Crop Science, 55:1338-1345.
• Bashan Y & Bashan LE (2010) How the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum promotes plant growth – A critical assessment. Advances in Agronomy, 108:77-136.
• Borges BMMN, Silveira ML, Cardoso SS, Moline EFV, Coutinho Neto AM, Lucas FT, Muraoka T & Coutinho ELM (2017) Growth, herbage accumulation, and nutritive value of ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass as affected by nitrogen fertilization strategies. Crop Science, 57:01-10.
• Bourscheidt MLB, Pedreira BC, Pereira DH, Zanette MC & Devens J (2019) Estratégias de fornecimento de nitrogênio em pastagens: fertilizante mineral, inoculante bacteriano e consórcio com amendoim forrageiro. Scientific Electronic Archives, 12:137-147.
• Burton GW (2001) Tifton 85 Bermudagrass – early History of its creation, selection, and evaluation. Crop Science, 41:05-06.
• Cappelle ER, Valadares Filho S de C, Silva JFC da & Cecon PR (2001) Estimates of the energy value from chemical characteristics of the feedstuffs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30:1837-1856.
• Cunha FN, Silva NF da, Bastos FJ de C, Carvalho JJ de, Moura LM de F, Teixeira MB, Rocha AC da & Souchie EL (2014) Efeito da Azospirillum brasilense na produtividade de milho no Sudoeste goiano. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, 13:261-272.
• Díaz-Zorita M & Fernandez-Canigia MV (2009) Field performance of a liquid formulation of Azospirillum brasilense on dryland wheat productivity. European Journal of Soil Biology, 45:03-11.
• Dobbelaere S, Vanderleyden J & Okon Y (2003) Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 22:107-149.
• Galindo FS, Teixeira Filho MCM, Tarsitano MAA, Buzetti S, Santini JMK, Ludkiewicz MGZ, Alves CJ & Arf O (2017) Economic analysis of corn inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense associated with nitrogen sources and doses. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 38:1749-1764.
• Guimarães SL, Bonfim-Silva EM Polizel AC & Campos DT da S (2011) Produção de Capim-Marandu inoculado com Azospirillum spp. Enciclopédia Biosfera, 7:816-825.
• Hungria M, Campo RJ, Souza EM & Pedrosa FO (2010) Inoculation with selected strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. lipoferum improves yields of maize and wheat in Brazil. Plant Soil, 331:413-425.
• Hungria M, Nogueira MA & Araujo RS (2016) Inoculation of Brachiaria spp. with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense: An environment-friendly component in the reclamation of degraded pastures in the tropics. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 221:125-131.
• INMET – Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (2018) Banco de dados meteorológicos para ensino e pesquisa. Dados mensais Estação Meteorológica de Santa Maria – Cód. A803.
• Lana MC, Dartora J, Marini D & Hann JE (2012) Inoculation with Azospirillum, associated with nitrogen fertilization in maize. Revista Ceres, 59:399-405.
• Leite R da C, Santos JGD dos, Silva EL, Alves CRCR, Hungria M, Leite R da C & Santos AC dos (2019) Productivity increase, reduction of nitrogen fertilizer use and drought-stress mitigation by inoculation of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha) with Azospirillum brasilense Crop Pasture & Science, 70:61-67.
• Licea-Herrera JI, Quiroz-Velasquez JC & Hernandez-Mendoza JL (2020) Impact of Azospirillum brasilense, a rhizobacterium stimulating the production of indole-3-acetic acid as the mechanism of improving plants’ grow in agricultural crops. Revista Boliviana de Química, 37:34-39.
• Michelangeli JAC, Newman YC, Sollenberger LE, Staples C, Ortega LE & Christiman MC (2010) Managing harvest of ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass for production and nutritive value. Forage and Grazinglands, 8:01-08.
• Morais TP de, Brito CH de, Ferreira A de S & Luz JMQ (2015) Aspectos morfofisiológicos de plantas de milho e bioquímico do solo em resposta à adubação nitrogenada e à inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense Revista Ceres, 62:507-509.
• Moreira FM de S, Silva K da, Nóbrega RSA & Carvalho F de (2010) Bactérias diazotróficas associativas: diversidade, ecologia e potencial de aplicações. Comunicata Scientiae, 1:74-79.
• Mumbach GL, Kotowski IE, Schneider FJA, Mallmann MS, Bonfada EB, Portela VO, Bonfada EB & Kaiser DR (2017) Resposta da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense nas culturas de trigo e de milho safrinha. Scientia Agraria, 18:97-103.
• Nascimento MTCC do, Azevedo CAV de, Santos JS dos, Lima VLA de & Barbosa RBG (2017) Crescimento e produção do capim Tifton 85 irrigado com água residuária e adubação orgânica. Espacios, 38:13-24.
• Oliveira APP, Rossiello ROP, Galzerano L, Costa Júnior JBG, Silva RP & Morenz MJF (2010) Respostas do capim-Tifton 85 à aplicação de nitrogênio: cobertura do solo, índice de área foliar e interceptação da radiação solar. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 62:429-438.
• Olivo CJ, Agnolin CA, Bratz VF, Diehl MS, Simonetti GD, Correa M da R, Rodrigues PF, Fantineli DG, Nunes JS & Bem CM de (2014) Produtividade de pastos consorciados com leguminosas forrageiras. Revista de Agricultura, 89:78-90.
• Olivo CJ, Quatrin MP, Sauter CP, Silva AR, Sauthier JC & Sauter MP (2019) Productivity and crude protein concentration of Tifton 85 pasture-based mixed with pinto peanut. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 43:01-08.
• Pereira OG, Rovetta R, Ribeiro KG, Santos MER, Fonseca DM & Cecon PR (2012) Crescimento do capim-tifton 85 sob doses de nitrogênio e alturas de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41:30-35.
• Quatrin MP, Olivo CJ, Simonetti GD, Bratz VF, Godoy GL de & Casagrande LG (2019) Response of dual-purpose wheat to nitrogen fertilization and seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 43:01-10.
• Sabundjian MT, Arf O, Kaneko FH & Ferreira JP (2013) Adubação nitrogenada em feijoeiro em sucessão a cultivo solteiro e consorciado de milho e Urochloa ruziziensis Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 43:0292-299.
• Santos MS, Nogueira MA & Hungria M (2021) Outstanding impact of Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 on the Brazilian agriculture: Lessons that farmers are receptive to adopt new microbial inoculant. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 45:01-31.
• Silva ACC da, Lima LA, Almeida WF de, Thebaldi MS & Silva AC da (2017) Tifton 85 production under deficit irrigation. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencia Agrarias, 49:117-126.
• Sohm G, Thompson C, Assefa Y, Schlegel A & Holman J (2014) Yield and quality of irrigated bermudagrass as a function of nitrogen rate. Agronomy Journal, 106:1489-1496.
• Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12^th ed. Washington, USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service. 372p.
• SAS Institute Inc. (2001) Statistical Analysis System user’s guide. Version 8.2. Cary, Statistical Analysis System Institute. 1686p.
• Tedesco MJ, Gianello C, Anghinoni I, Bissani CA, Camargo FAO & Wiethölter S (2004) Manual de adubação e de calagem para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. 10ª ed. Porto Alegre, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Núcleo Regional Sul. 400p.
• Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB & Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and no starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.
• Vogel GF, Martinkoski L, Martins PJ & Bichel A (2013) Desempenho agronômico de Azospirillum brasilense na cultura do arroz: uma revisão. Revista em Agronegócios e Meio Ambiente, 6:567-578.
• Zanine A de M, Nascimento Júnior D do, Santos MER, Pena K da S, Silva SC da & Sbrissia AF (2011) Características estruturais e acúmulo de forragem em Capim-Tanzânia sob pastejo rotativo. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40:2364-2373.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Aug 2023
• Date of issue
  Jul-Aug 2023

History

• Received
  30 Aug 2021
• Accepted
  05 Sept 2022