Webannex

Webannex

DHS AND MICS TABLES OF INEQUITIES IN CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION

The World Bank's PovertyNet initiative (www.worldbank.org/poverty/) has collaborated with DHS to produce tables of a variety of indicators of child health and nutrition for 56 countries, broken down by asset quintiles. These results are summarized in tables 2.1 to 2.27 in this annex. Because the individual country tables are voluminous, we opted to present the arithmetic means of country indicators for each of the six regions of the world - according to the World Bank classification - comprising LMICs. A list of the countries with available data can be obtained. Surveys date from 1995 to 2005, with most being done in 2000 or later, and at least four country surveys are available in each region.

Additional data were obtained from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). All 59 country reports and/or standard tables from the second (circa 2000) and third (circa 2005) rounds of MICS, available by April 2007 - were reviewed. Availability of data on equity from MICS is summarized in Tables 3.1 to 3.24.

The tables show frequency measures of health and nutrition variables for the five quintiles of asset indices. They also show the ratio between the measure in the lowest and highest quintiles. Concentration indices were also calculated for all inequities presented in the tables. These indices take values between -1 and 1. A value of zero indicates that the outcome is equitably distributed across all wealth groups. A negative value indicates disproportionate concentration of the health variable/outcome among the poor, for example in the case of disease or malnutrition, where the poor are more likely to be affected. A positive value indicates that the poor are getting less than would be expected had the distribution been equitable, as often occurs for preventive and curative interventions (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Quantitative-Techniques/health_eq_tn07.pdf) Concentration indices were already available from the DHS tables analyzed by PovertyNet. For MICS, we calculated these indices using a standard spreadsheet (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONAND POPULATION/EXTPAH/0,,contentMDK:20216933~menuPK:400482~pagePK:148956~piPK: 216618~theSitePK:400476,00.html)

The differentials presented in the tables were not tested for statistical significance, because due to the complex variance structure of the surveys it would be necessary to carry out de novo data analyses in order to perform such tests. However, DHS and MICS datasets usually include thousands of children, and the consistent equity gradients observed in most countries leave little doubt that the associations are not due to chance.

LIST OF ANNEX TABLES

DHS TABLES

Table 2.1. School completion among women. Percent of women aged 15-49 years who had completed the fifth grade.

Table 2.2. School completion among men. Percent of men aged 15-54 years who had completed the fifth grade.

Table 2.3. Hand washing facility in household. Percent of households that had hand-washing materials or facilities, as determined by direct observation of interviewers.

Table 2.4. Handwashing prior to preparing food. Percent of women aged 15-49 years preparing meals who washed hands before handling food

Table 2.5. Sanitary disposal of children's stools. Percent of mothers with at least one child under five years of age who disposed of the stools of their youngest child in a sanitary manner (defined as dropping stool into a latrine, burying it, or using disposable diapers).

Table 2.6. Total fertility rates. Average number of births a woman could expect to have during her lifetime if she followed the levels of fertility currently observed at every age. The TFR is calculated as the sum of average annual age-specific fertility rates for all reproductive age groups (usually 15-49 years) in the three years before the survey.

Table 2.7. Exclusive breastfeeding. Percent of children 0-3 months of age who had received only breast milk in the 24 hours before the survey.

Table 2.8. Bottle feeding. Percent of children under 12 months of age who had received any food or drink from a bottle with a nipple in the twenty-four hours before the survey

Table 2.9. Timely complementary feeding. Percent of children 6-9 months of age who had received breast milk and solid or semi-solid foods in the twenty-four hours before the survey.

Table 2.10. Antenatal care visits to a medically-trained person. Percent of women with one or more births in the five years before the survey who had received at least one antenatal care consultation from a medically-trained person before her most recent birth.

Table 2.11. Delivery attended by a medically-trained person. Percent of births in the five years before the survey attended by a medically-trained person.

Table 2.12. Bednet ownership and use by children. Percent of households with at least one child under five years of age, some or all of whom had slept under a bednet the night before the survey.

Table 2.13. Vitamin A consumption. Percent of children (over 6 months of age and under five, four or three, depending on the country) who had received at least one dose of vitamin A in the six months before the survey, as reported by the mothers.

Table 2.14. Household availability of iodized salt. Percent of households with cooking salt testing positive for iodine/iodate at the recommended level of 15 or 25 parts per million or more (depending on the country).

Table 2.15. Oral rehydration therapy during diarrhea. Percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had received oral rehydration therapy (ORT) (defined as including consumption of oral rehydration salts, other recommended home fluids, or other increased liquids).

Table 2.16. Medical treatment of diarrhea. Percent of children with diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at any medical facility or provider, whether public or private.

Table 2.17. Medical treatment of acute respiratory infection. Percent of children with a cough and rapid breathing in the two weeks before the survey who had been taken for treatment at any medical facility or provider, whether public or private.

Table 2.18. Medical treatment of fever. Percent of children with fever, with or without cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey who had sought medical advice for fever from any health facility or health provider, whether public or private

Table 2.19. Prevalence of fever among children. Percent of children who had fever, whether or not accompanied by cough or rapid breathing, in the two weeks before the survey.

Table 2.20. Prevalence of diarrhea among children. Percent of children who had diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey.

Table 2.21. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children. Percent of children who had a cough accompanied by rapid or difficult breathing in the two weeks before the survey.

Table 2.22. Prevalence of moderate anemia among children. Percent of children with a hemoglobin level of between 7.0g/dl and 9.9g/dl.

Table 2.23. Prevalence of severe anemia among children. Percent of children with a hemoglobin level of below 7.0g/dl.

Table 2.24. Prevalence of moderate/severe stunting among children. Percent of children with a height-for-age Z-score of below -2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 2.25. Prevalence of moderate/severe underweight among children. Percent of children with a weight-for-age Z-score of below -2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 2.26. Infant mortality rates. Number of deaths to children under 12 months of age per 1,000 live births, based on experience during the ten years before the survey.

Table 2.27. Under-five mortality rates. Number of deaths to children under five years of age per 1,000 live births, based on experience during the ten years before the survey.

MICS TABLES

Table 3.1. Improved source of drinking water. Percent of household residents in defined "safe and convenient" categories. (Piped water, Tube Well/Bore hole, Protected well, others)

Table 3.2. Sanitary means of excreta disposal. Percent of household residents in defined "safe and convenient" categories. (Flush/Pour Flush, Ventilated, Improved Pit Latrine, Pit Latrine)

Table 3.3. Use of solid fuel for cooking. Proportion of residents in households that use solid fuels (wood, charcoal, crop residues and dung) as the primary source of domestic energy to cook

Table 3.4. Exclusive breastfeeding 0-5 or 0-3 months. Percent of infants less than 6 months or less than 4 months of age exclusively breastfed.

Table 3.5. Timely complementary feeding. Percent of children 6-9 months of age who had received breast milk and solid or semi-solid foods in the twenty-four hours before the survey..

Table 3.6. Antenatal care by skilled person. Proportion of women aged 15-49 years that were attended at least once during pregnancy in the last 2 years preceding the survey by skilled health personnel.

Table 3.7. Delivery care by skilled person. Proportion of women aged 15-49 years with a birth in the 2 years preceding the survey that were attended during childbirth by skilled health personnel.

Table 3.8. Child slept under a mosquito net. Proportion of under-five children who sleep under a mosquito net the previous night.

Table 3.9. Child slept under an insecticide-treated net (ITN). Proportion of under-five children who sleep under an insecticide impregnated bednet the previous night.

Table 3.10. Vitamin A supplementation. Percent of children aged 6-59 months receiving vitamin A supplement with correct timing of last dose, in the last 6 months.

Table 3.11. Household use of adequately iodized salt. Percent of households with salt testing positive for iodine/iodate

Table 3.12. ORT for diarrhoea. Percent of diarrhea cases among under-fives in 2 weeks before survey who received ORT and/or recommended home fluids.

Table 3.13. Careseeking for ARI. Proportion of under-five children who had ARI in the last 2 weeks and were taken to an adequate health care provider.

Table 3.14. Antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. Percent of children aged 0-59 months with suspected pneumonia in the previous 2 weeks receiving antibiotics.

Table 3.15. Malaria treatment. Percentage of children 0-59 months of age who were ill with fever in the last two weeks who received anti-malarial drugs.

Table 3.16. Prevalence of fever among children. Proportion of children aged 0-59 months who had fever in the last two weeks.

Table 3.17. Prevalence of diarrhea among children. Proportion of children aged 0-59 months with diarrhea in the last two weeks.

Table 3.18. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children. Proportion of children aged 0-59 months with respiratory tract infection in the last two weeks.

Table 3.19. Prevalence of moderate/severe stunting. Percent of children under five years of age with a height-for-age Z-score of below -2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 3.20. Prevalence of moderate/severe underweight. Percent of children under five years of age with a weight-for-age Z-score of below -2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 3.21. Prevalence of moderate/severe wasting. Percent of children under five years of age with a weight-for-height Z-score of below -2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 3.22. Prevalence of overweight/obesity. Percent of children under five years of age with a weight-for-height Z-score of more than 2 standard deviations of the median reference standard for their age.

Table 3.23. Infant mortality rates. Number of deaths to children under 12 months of age per 1,000 live births.

Table 3.24. Under-five mortality rates. Number of deaths to children under five years of age per 1,000 live births.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 May 2010
• Date of issue
  Feb 2010