Validation and reliability of the satisfaction scale for physical activity in adults

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Analisar a validade, a consistência interna e a fidedignidade da escala de satisfação com a prática de atividade física em adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: A escala de satisfação com a prática de atividade física foi aplicada com questionário multidimensional face a face em 1.461 indivíduos (63,7% mulheres) com idade > 18 anos em Curitiba, PR, de abril a julho de 2009. O questionário foi submetido à análise de validade (fatorial e de construto) e fidedignidade (consistência interna e estabilidade temporal). O procedimento de teste-reteste, com uma semana de intervalo (n = 74), foi empregado para analisar a estabilidade temporal. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial exploratória apresentou dois fatores: satisfação com a prática de caminhada no tempo livre e satisfação com a prática de atividade física moderada ou vigorosa. Os fatores explicaram 29,3% da variância da caminhada e 53,5% da atividade física moderada ou vigorosa. Valores de α = 0,91 e 0,88, respectivamente, indicaram elevada consistência interna e duas subescalas. Os itens da escala mostraram elevada concordância no teste-reteste tanto para caminhada (71,7% a 81,1%) quanto para atividade física moderada ou vigorosa (80,5% a 92,6%). Os fatores apresentaram correlação significativa com o tempo despendido em caminhada (min/semana) (rho = 0,23; p < 0,001) e em atividade física moderada ou vigorosa (rho = 0,21; p < 0,001), indicando a validade de construto do instrumento. CONCLUSÕES: A escala de satisfação com a prática de atividade física proposta apresenta validade, consistência interna e fidedignidade adequadas para aplicação em adultos brasileiros.

Atividade Motora; Satisfação Pessoal; Avaliação; Reprodutibilidade dos Testes; Validade dos Testes

OBJETIVO: Analizar la validez, consistencia interna y fidedignidad de la escala de satisfacción con la práctica de actividad física en adultos brasileños. MÉTODOS: La escala de satisfacción con la práctica de actividad física fue aplicada con cuestionario multidimensional cara a cara en 1.461 individuos (63,7% mujeres) con edad > 18 años en Curitiba, Sur de Brasil, de abril a julio de 2009. El cuestionario fue sometido al análisis de validez (factorial y constructo) y fidedignidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal). El procedimiento de test-retest, con una semana de intervalo (n=74), fue empleado para verificar la estabilidad temporal. RESULTADOS: El análisis factorial exploratorio presentó dos factores: satisfacción con la práctica de caminada en el tiempo libre y satisfacción con la práctica de actividad física moderada o vigorosa. Los factores explicaron 29,3% de la varianza de la caminada y 53,5% de actividad física moderada o vigorosa. Valores de α=0,91 y 0,88, respectivamente, indican elevada consistencia interna y dos subescalas. Los itens de la escala presentaron elevada concordancia en el test-retest tanto para caminada (71,7% a 81,1%) como para actividad física moderada o vigorosa (80,5% a 92,6%). Los factores presentaron correlación significativa con el tiempo gastado en caminada (min/semana) (rho=0,23; p<0,001) y en actividad física moderada o vigorosa (rho=0,21; p<0,001), indicando la validez del constructo del instrumento. CONCLUSIONES: La escala de satisfacción con la práctica de actividad física propuesta presenta validez, consistencia interna y fidedignidad adecuadas para aplicación en adultos brasileños.

Actividad Motora; Satisfacción Personal; Evaluación; Reproducibilidad de Resultados; Validez de las Pruebas

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Validation and reliability of the satisfaction scale for physical activity in adults

Cassiano Ricardo Rech^{I, II}; Rogério César Fermino^{I, III}; Pedro Curi Hallal^IV; Rodrigo Siqueira Reis^{I, III}

^IPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba, PR, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil

^IIIPontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Grupo de Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Qualidade de Vida. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Curitiba, PR, Brasil

^IVDepartamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the validation, internal consistency and reliability of the satisfaction scale for performing physical activity among Brazilian adults.

METHODS: The satisfaction scale for the performance of physical activity was applied using a multidimensional questionnaire. Face-to-face interviews were performed with 1,461 subjects (63.7% females) who were at least 18 years in Curitiba, Southern Brazil from April 2009 to July 2009. The questionnaire was submitted to an analysis of its validity (factorial and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability). The test-retest procedure was used to assess temporal stability after a one-week interval (n = 74).

RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis yielded two main factors: satisfaction with the practice of walking during leisure-time and satisfaction with the practice of moderate or vigorous physical activity. These factors explained 29.3% of the variance for walking and 53.5% of the variance for moderate and vigorous physical activity. Alpha values of 0.91 and 0.88, respectively, indicated high internal consistency and two subscales. The scale items presented high agreement in the test-retest for both walking (71.7% to 81.1%) and moderate and vigorous physical activity (80.5% to 92.6%). These factors presented a significant correlation with time spent walking (minutes/week) (rho = 0.23; p < 0.001) and time spent performing moderate and vigorous physical activity (rho = 0.21; p < 0.001), which indicated the validation of the construct.

CONCLUSIONS: The proposed satisfaction scale for the performance of physical activity has been appropriately validated and exhibits internal consistency and reliability for Brazilian adults.

Descriptors: Motor Activity. Personal Satisfaction. Evaluation. Reproducibility of Results. Validity of Tests.

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity (PA) is an important component of a healthy life and confers various physical and psychological benefits.^a Levels of physical activity in adults, however, have decreased in recent decades.¹² Physical inactivity is associated with various morbidities, including hypertension ¹⁷ and other cardiovascular diseases and diabetes ¹⁰. Therefore, interest in the promotion of PA has increased in an effort to reduce the negative impacts of physical inactivity.¹⁰

To date, low adherence to programs that promote PA has limited their results. Factors such as weather, poor support from family and friends, lack of time and motivation, low quality of public spaces and financial difficulties have been reported to be barriers of PA.^2,26 In contrast, personal satisfaction and the possibility of social interaction can have a positive influence on promoting PA.^20,26 The perception of satisfaction (i.e., enjoyment) seems to be an important mediator of motivation for PA, and substantially contributes to active physical behavior.^1,5,8

Studies conducted with adolescents ⁵ and adults ^8,22 have reported that individuals who are more satisfied with PA are more active. Our literature review did not reveal any studies of the psychosocial aspects of PA that made reference to satisfaction among Brazilian adults. This gap in the literature can be partially attributed to the lack of quality psychometric instruments that are appropriate for the Brazilian sociocultural context. To better understand the role of psychosocial aspects in promoting PA, we need to develop instruments that allow us to evaluate the relationship between personal satisfaction and PA.

The present study aimed to validate and test the reliability of the satisfaction scale for physical activity (SSPA) among Brazilian adults.

METHODS

The data analyzed in the present study were taken from a project designed to designed to evaluate various aspects of the health, lifestyle and leisure habits of the population residing close to parks and plazas in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil, from April 2009 to July 2009. Parks and plazas were selected according to the socioeconomic conditions of the neighborhood where they were located and the environmental quality.¹⁹

All street segments in a 500-m radius around the parks and plazas selected for the study (n = 1,899), and all domiciles in these segments were enrolled. Only the segments that contained at least one domicile (n = 1,538) were considered eligible. Using the EpiInfo software, a table of random numbers was generated for a lottery that selected one domicile per segment. In our visits to these domiciles, the interviewers used a similar lottery to randomly choose one eligible resident from each domicile to be interviewed, according to the methodology proposed by Kish.¹¹

Individuals aged 18 years or older who had resided in the domicile in question for at least one year were considered eligible. The individuals who did not reside in the domicile (e.g., maids and visitors) were excluded. In addition, we excluded individuals with physical limitations that prevented them from performing PA or who had any cognitive limitations that would make it difficult for them to understand the questionnaire.

During the data collection process, 25 interviewers (all at least 18 years) who had completed their high school education received 30 hours of theoretical and practical training on the distribution, completion and codification of the questionnaire. The interviewers were instructed to conduct the interviews in an appropriate location within the domicile to avoid the influence of other family members. Interviews were conducted in 95% (n = 1,461) of the eligible segments;the interviewers did not encounter any eligible residents in the remaining segments (5%). In addition, 7.9% (n = 121) of the residents refused to participate. Quality control was performed by field supervisors who redid the interviews for 12.5% of the same sample.

Reliability was tested through repeated interviews conducted for a subsample of individuals who were selected in a systematic and random manner from the participants used in the first stage of the data collection. For every five subjects interviewed, one was invited to participate in a second interview but only 74 people accepted to be interviewed twice. The second interviews, which were conducted after an interval of seven to ten days, were performed over the phone by the field supervisors.

To evaluate satisfaction regarding the performance of PA, we used a translated and adapted version of the original scale developed by San Diego State University (USA), which was used in the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study,^b The original tool consisted of six questions related to satisfaction with moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which were evaluated separately. The responses were communicated using a 5-point Likert scale.

In the present study, the SSPA was tested with reference to two items (divided by blocks) using questions about satisfaction resulting from walking and MVPA. We opted to analyze these psychometric characteristics separately for PA of different types and intensity levels because the perception of satisfaction is distinct for each case. Walking is a common human activity, whereas MVPAs involve more complex motor actions and greater intensity.

Each block was composed of three questions: The first block addressed satisfaction related to walking: 1) Do you enjoy walking in your free time? 2) Do you feel good while walking in your free time? 3) Do you feel well after walking in your free time? The second block addressed satisfaction related to MVPA: 4) do you like to practice moderate or vigorous activity in your free time? 5) Do you feel well while participating in moderate or vigorous activity in your free time? 6) Do you feel well after participating in moderate or vigorous activity in your free time?

The questions were applied in a sample of adults with low, medium and high levels of education (n = 20) to verify clarity and comprehension regarding the order and form of the scales. During the interviews, we observed that subjects with lower levels of education presented greater difficulty understanding the questions. Thus, we adapted the original 5-point scale into a 3-point scale (the choices were no, a little or a lot). The difficulty that some individuals experienced with the original scale was understandable given the differences between the sociocultural characteristics of Brazil and those of other countries with higher levels of education. In addition, domiciliary interviews using complex psychometric scales are more common in North American countries than in Brazil. The adapted SSPA used in the present study is presented in the ^Appendix.

A 3-point scale was used ("no", "a little" and "a lot"). The scores were computed using the sum of the responses for each block, and two scores varying from zero to six points were generated to indicate greater or lesser satisfaction with either walking or MVPA.

Physical activity was evaluated using the leisure module from the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire,⁴ which was appropriately adapted for the Brazilian population.¹⁵ The questions were designed to determine whether the participants spent at least ten minutes walking and engaging in MVPA per week, and the questionnaire required that the participants indicate the duration of activity. The information on MVPA was grouped and analyzed separately from the information on walking so that the SSPA questions could be compared in a specific manner.

Gender, age, socioeconomic level and self-perceptions regarding health were also considered in the questionnaire. Socioeconomic status was evaluated according to the criteria for economic classification in Brazil ^c. The classes were grouped into A (A1+A2, wealthier), B (B1+B2) and C (C+D+E, poorer). Health self-perception was evaluated using the following question: "How do you consider your health?" The response options were given using a 4-point Likert scale (bad, regular, good and very good). The "good" and "very good" responses were grouped together to create a variable called "positive health perception".^d

The structure of the scale was verified using exploratory factor analysis, and varimax rotation was used to verify the load of each item. Sampling adequacy was tested with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) method. Eigenvalues > 1.0 and items with a load > 0.4 were deemed acceptable.

To validate the SSPA construct, we compared the sum of the scores for walking and MVPA with the weekly time dedicated to those activities. For this purpose, we used Spearman (rho) rank-order correlation. In this analysis, we assumed that a positive and specific association existed between the scale scores and PA (e.g., minutes/week of walking and the satisfaction score associated with walking). This method was intended to indicate the meaning of the relationship rather than demonstrate a positive correlation between the variables.

Reliability was evaluated by determining internal consistency (Cronbach's a) and temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC), with the latter evaluated using the test-retest method. Values for a and ICC > 0.70 were considered acceptable reliability.²⁵ All analyses were performed using the SPSS 15.0 software, and the required significance level was 5%.

The individuals were informed about the research procedures and voluntarily agreed to participate. The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of Escola Superior de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (protocol nº 005/2008) on 12/17/2008.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the interviewees (n = 1,461) and the subsample used to determine temporal stability (n=74). A high proportion of the participants in the overall sample (49.6%) were at the intermediate socioeconomic level (B). In addition, 69% reported positive perceptions regarding their own health, and 61.7% and 76.2% did not practice walking or MVPA, respectively, in their free time. The subsample used to determine temporal stability presented characteristics similar to those of the overall sample for all variables examined in the present study.

The exploratory factor analysis identified two independent, significant factors with eigenvalues > 1.0. The combination of the two factors was able to explain 82.8% of the total variance. Factor 1 consisted of three items regarding satisfaction with walking (variance = 29.3%). Factor 2 (variance = 53.5%) also consisted of three items, but these were related to MVPA. All items presented load at >0.84 in the respective factor (Table 2). The present sample was adequately large enough for the procedures employed during the factor analysis (KMO = 0.74; p < 0.001).

The internal consistency (Cronbach's a) was significant for all items (Table 3), and the values were high for walking (a=0.91) and MVPA (a=0.88). All items were important in explaining the total variance of each factor; however, only the first MVPA item could positively alter the total a if the item was removed from the scale. Moreover, this alteration would not create a significant increase in the final value. Thus, the item was kept because the total a value was high (a=0.88).

We observed a significant positive correlation between the factors mentioned and the PA indicators for both walking (rho = 0.23; p < 0.001) and MVPA (rho = 0.21; p < 0.001). We also observed that the SSPA score for walking was not correlated with the number of minutes of MPVA or with the SSPA score for MVPA. The results indicate a relationship between higher levels of satisfaction with PA and greater time spent engaging in PA. This association was specific to the type of PA (walking versus MVPA).

The results of the temporal stability analysis are presented in table 4. The ICC values were 0.71 for walking (95%CI: 0.49;0.83) and 0.75 for MVPA (95%CI: 0.53;0.87). The concordance was high for all scale items for both walking (71.7% to 81.1%) and MVPA (80.5% to 92.6%).

DISCUSSION

The SSPA proposed in the present study showed psychometric characteristics adequate for its use in studies of Brazilian adults.

The results of the SSPA application suggest that the intensity and type of PA must be considered to analyze perceptions regarding PA satisfaction. Indeed, the issues of walking and MVPA satisfaction are distinct.²⁶ The exploratory factor analysis (Table 2) suggests that two independent factors explain the total variance. The first factor, which was related to walking satisfaction, presented a high load of factors (between 0.84 and 0.92). The same result was observed for MVPA (the second factor), which had a load between 0.89 and 0.93; however, the variance was greater for MVPA (53.5% versus 29.3% for walking satisfaction). The factor structure was different from that of the original scale, which was only used to analyze MVPA.²¹

In general, the individuals presented distinct perceptions regarding their "enjoyment" of PA at different levels of intensity. For example, many individuals enjoyed walking but did not indicate that they received satisfaction from vigorous physical activities, such as running and sport practices. Two recent surveys of PA in adults suggested that men are more active and spend more time engaged in MVPA.^7,14 In part, this may be explained by the greater demand for vigorous activity among men. In contrast, women tend to practice less intense PA.¹³ In addition to differences in biology, cultural considerations are also different for men and women. For example, women are raised to care about their families from an early age, whereas men are more oriented toward manual labor and other activities that require more vigorous physical activity.²⁴

The internal consistency of the scales for both walking (a = 0.91) and MVPA (a = 0.88) was adequate²⁵ and similar to that of other studies.^18,23,27 The a value was > 0.70 for all the scale items, which shows that all items make an important contribution, and each scale has a consistent structure (Table 3). Other studies that have investigated the psychometric characteristics of PA satisfaction in children³ and adolescents¹⁶ found high reliability values (a = 0.85)³ that were similar to those of the present study. Using a scale with 18 items, Heesch et al. tested the psychometric characteristics of PA satisfaction in a study of 378 adults between the ages of 25 and 75 years old and attained a value of a=0.95,⁹ The higher number of items on the scale of Heesch et al's study can explain the high a value,⁹ as the number of items of the tool directly influences that value.

In our analysis of the correlation between the SSPA factors and PA indicators, we expected that the individuals with the highest satisfaction scores would present positive PA indicators (even though satisfaction is not the only variable that explains PA).²⁶ We found that satisfaction related to walking and MVPA exhibited a positive moderate correlation with time spent on those activities.

The reliability results were positive (71.7% to 92.6%). Although the second interview was conducted by phone, this did not seem to significantly alter the reliability results. These values were similar or even greater than those reported by studies of psychosocial scales for PA.^3,6,16

Despite the effort made in the present study to validate and test the reliability of the SSPA in Brazilian adults, some limitations need to be considered. The scale was tested using a sample of adults who were residents of the city of Curitiba. Sixty-two percent of the study participants were from high socioeconomic levels, and 69% exhibited positive perceptions of their health. Research in other locations must also consider socioeconomic status and individual health perceptions when comparing and analyzing their results. Importantly, our reliability results were significant and satisfactory. We performed self-reported measurements, however, which present a less precise estimation of PA. Nonetheless, the patterns of PA (more or less time spent performing PA) were adequate for us to compare with the scale scores.

Based on the results shown in the present study, we can confirm the validity of the SSPA model, which exhibited internal consistency and reliability that is sufficient to evaluate satisfaction regarding the performance of walking and MVPA among Brazilian adults.

REFERENCES

Received: 3/10/2010

Approved: 8/25/2010

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

^{APPENDIX - Click to the enlarge}

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Appendix

a

United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington; 2008 [cited April 22 2009]. Available from

http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReport.pdf

b

Neighborhood Quality of Life Study - NQLS [Internet]. [cited January 9 2009]. Available from <

http://www.drjamessallis.sdsu.edu/measures.html>

c

ABEP. Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Critério de classificação econômica do Brasil, 2009. [Internet]. [cited January 10 2010]. Available from:

http://www.abep.org/novo/CMS/Utils/FileGenerate.ashx?id=46

d

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. Vigitel Brasil 2008: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças cônicas por inquérito telefônico. Brasília, DF; 2009. (Série G. Estatística e Informação em Saúde).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Feb 2011
• Date of issue
  Apr 2011

History

• Accepted
  25 Aug 2010
• Received
  10 Mar 2010