Trends in the epidemic of Aids cases in Southern Brazil from 1986 to 2008

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Descrever a tendência dos casos de aids por sexo e faixa etária de 1986 a 2008. MÉTODOS: Foi analisada a tendência da aids por faixa etária e por sexo, em Londrina, PR, em dois períodos: 1986-1995 e 1996-2008. Dentre os modelos polinomiais, o de primeiro grau explicou melhor a tendência da epidemia da aids nos dois períodos. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência para homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI), homens heterossexuais e mulheres. RESULTADOS: No primeiro período, de 1986 a 1995, houve incremento das taxas de incidência em quase todas as faixas etárias e crescimento da epidemia em ambos os sexos (p < 0,001), mais acentuado em homens de 14 a 39 anos. O segundo período (1996-2008) não apresentou incremento estatístico positivo ou negativo, indicando estabilização da epidemia. Verificou-se que ocorreu queda significativa na faixa de 14 a 29 anos no sexo masculino, com incremento de 0,88 no primeiro período e 0,87 no segundo. Mulheres de 50 anos e mais apresentaram aumento significativo (p = 0,019). Os grupos UDI e HSH predominaram como categorias de exposição e HSH ultrapassou UDI no último triênio do estudo. A partir de 2000, a taxa de incidência entre mulheres de 15 a 49 anos superou a de homens heterossexuais. CONCLUSÕES: Houve queda nas taxas de incidência nas faixas etárias mais jovens e estabilização nas demais idades. O aumento da proporção de mulheres e do predomínio de HSH entre as categorias de exposição aponta para necessidade de estratégias diferenciadas para atingir grupos com características diversas.

Infecções por HIV, epidemiologia; Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida, epidemiologia; Grupos de Risco; Soroprevalência de HIV, tendências

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Trends in the epidemic of Aids cases in Southern Brazil from 1986 to 2008

Tendencia de la epidemia de casos de sida en el Sur de Brasil en el período de 1986 a 2008

Flaviane Mello Lazarini^I; Regina Melchior^II; Alberto Durán González^II; Tiemi Matsuo^II

^IDepartamento de DSTs, Aids e Hepatites Virais. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil

^IIPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina, PR, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in the incidence of Aids cases according to age and gender from 1986 to 2008.

METHODS: Analyses of Aids trends according to age group and to gender was carried out Londrina, Southern Brazil. The timeframe was divided into two periods (1986-1995 and 1996-2008). Of the polynomial models, it was the first-degree polynomial model which best explained the Aids epidemic within the two periods. The incidence rate of Aids among men who have sex with other men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDU), heterosexual men and women was calculated.

RESULTS: During the first period, from 1986 to 1995, there was an increase in the incidence of Aids in almost all age groups and the epidemic spread across both sexes (p < 0.001), although this was more marked in men aged 14-39. The second period (1996-2008) did not show a positive or negative statistical increase, indicating that the epidemic had stabilized. A significant fall in the rate for the male 14 to 29 age group was found, with increases of 0.88 and 0.87 for the first and second period respectively. Cases in women aged 50 and over showed a marked increase (p = 0.019). The IDU and MSM groups predominated as the categories with the most exposure, with MSM taking over from IDU in the last three years of the study. From 2000 onwards, incidences in females aged 15 to 49 overtook that of heterosexual men.

CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a decrease in incidence in the younger age groups and stabilization in the other age groups. There is a need for different approaches in order to reach groups with several characteristics due to the increase in the proportion of women and MSM within the exposure categories.

Descriptors: HIV Infections, epidemiology. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, epidemiology. Risk Groups. HIV Seroprevalence, trends.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Describir la tendencia de los casos de sida por sexo y grupo etario de 1986 a 2008.

MÉTODOS: Se analizó la tendencia de sida por grupo etario y por sexo, en Londrina, PR, Brasil, en dos períodos: 1986-1995 y 1996-2008. Entre los modelos polinomiales, o de primer grado explicó mejor la tendencia de la epidemia de sida en los dos períodos. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia para hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), usuarios de drogas inyectables (UDI), hombres heterosexuales y mujeres.

RESULTADOS: En el primer período, de 1986 a 1995, hubo incremento de las tasas de incidencia en casi todas los grupos etarios y crecimiento de la epidemia en ambos sexos (p < 0,001), más acentuado en hombres de 14 a 39 años. El segundo período (1996-2008) no presentó incremento estadístico positivo o negativo, indicando estabilización de la epidemia. Se verificó que hubo disminución significativa en el grupo etario de 14 a 29 años en el sexo masculino, con incremento de 0,88 en el primer período y 0,87 en el segundo. Mujeres de 50 años y más presentaron aumento significativo (p = 0,019). Los grupos UDI y HSH predominaron como categorías de exposición y HSH sobrepasó UDI en el último trienio del estudio. A partir del 2000, la tasa de incidencia entre mujeres de 15 a 49 años superó la de los hombres heterosexuales.

CONCLUSIONES: Hubo disminución en las tasas de incidencia en los grupos etarios más jóvenes y estabilización en el resto de las edades. El aumento de la proporción de mujeres y del predominio de HSH entre las categorías de exposición resalta la necesidad de estrategias diferenciadas para abarcar grupos con características diversas.

Descriptores: Infecciones por VIH, epidemiology. Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, epidemiologia. Grupos Vulnerables. Seroprevalencia de VIH, tendências.

INTRODUCTION

In order to understand the behaviour of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil, it is necessary to study its trends of incidence in different population groups.²⁵ In addition to increasing incidence in heterosexuals and women,⁶ regional diversity in the effectiveness of national policies interfere in the development of services to treat AIDS. Research which describes local trends of the epidemic, in specific subgroups such as intravenous drug users (IDU) and men who have sex with other men (MSM) is necessary.¹²

This study aims to describe the trends of AIDS cases according to sex and age groups in the period from 1986 to 2008.

METHODS

This is a retrospective ecological descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, with 1,912 patients diagnosed with AIDS in Londrina, Paraná State, SouthernBrazil, between 1986 (year of the first case resident in the municipality) and 2008. Londrina is the second largest city in Paraná State, with 506,701 inhabitants and dominates the north of the state.

Data on diagnoses were obtained from the database of the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN), made available by the Division of Epidemiology of the Londrina's Municipal Health Secretariat as the data available from the Brazilian Unified Health System IT Department (DATASUS) website were not used, since they were often incomplete due to delays in being updated. The variables were divided into two types: those characterised as socio-demographic and those of exposure. The socio-demographic variables were: sex, age (in years - 14 to 29; 30 to 39; 40 to 49 and 50 +), level of education (in years at school - zero to three, four to seven, eight to 11 and 12 +) and occupation, according to the Brazilian Classification of Occupations (those who held a paying job were classed as "working" and those who were unemployed or did not hold a paying job were classed as "not working"). The categories of exposure were: exposure through sexual intercourse (homosexual and bisexual men) and intravenous drug users according to the exposure category hierarchy.^ª

Incidence rates were grouped by time of diagnosis to better understand the profile of the epidemic. The first period was of four years (1986-1990), as the number of cases was lower during this period. Subsequently, the periods were of three years up until 2008.

The following were excluded from the study as they presented inconsistencies in the database: CD4⁺ cell count at the time of diagnosis, history of an HIV positive partner, vertical transmission, blood transfusions and accidents with biological material.

The annual coefficients of AIDS incidence, according to sex, were adjusted for age as in the technique standardised by the direct method. The population adopted as the standard was that of Brazil according to the 2010 census carried out by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).^b

In order to calculate the coefficients of incidence among men who have sex with men and reported at least one incidence of intravenous drug use, we used estimates of the size of this population (3.2% and 0.9% respectively) in the 15 to 49 age group, obtained from the 2004 survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Brazilian population.^c Although there was another survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Brazilian population from 2008, we decided to use that of 2004 as the data were contemporaneous to those of the study.

Results of the research^c were also used to estimate incidence in heterosexual men in the same age group. Incidence rates among women (homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual) were added to the categories of exposure. The data were tabulated using Excel^®, 2010 version.

Analysis of the incidence rates of AIDS by age group and sex was separated into two periods to make it easier to observe the behaviour of the epidemic. The first period was from 1986 to 1995 and the second 1996 to 2008. The year of 1996 was chosen as the cut off between periods since a highly active antiretroviral therapy became available in Brazil then. SPSS^® version 19.0 software was used in the descriptive and regression analysis. Of the polynomial models (linear, quadratic and cubic), the linear model was that which best explained the trend of the epidemic in the two periods.

The standardized coefficients of AIDS incidence were deemed to be the dependent variable (Y) and the calendar years of the study the independent variables (X) in the linear model.

The variable year was centralized and converted into calendar years apart from the average year of the period, i.e., year-1991 in the first period and 2002 in the second period.

This research was approved by the Committee of Ethical Research of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (CAAE nº 4515.0.000.268-10).

RESULTS

In the first period, the trend was for an increase in AIDS cases, whereas in the second one, the incidence is stabilised (Table).

At the beginning of the epidemic, from 1986 to 1995, 66.7% of reported cases were in men (Figure 1). The ratio between sexes was three men to every woman, but in the final years of the study this fell to 1.7:1 (Figure 2).

The age group with the most number of cases was 14 to 29 and had a peak of 52.4% of cases between 1991 and 1993; of these, 77.3% were in men. The percentage for women aged 50+ went from 1.6% in 1990 to 7.1% in 2008.

There was an increase in AIDS incidence rate in almost all age groups between 1986 and 1995, especially in the 14 to 39 age range, for both sexes, but most notably for men. Only the coefficient among individuals aged 50+ showed a smaller increase (Table 1).

There was a significant drop in cases in men aged 14 to 29 in the second period: the increase went from 0.88 cases/100 thousand in the first period to 0.87 cases/ 100 thousand in the second. Significant declines in the number of cases only occurred in those aged 30 to 39.

In the last years of the study there was a transition towards more cases in older age groups. The percentage of AIDS cases over 50s was 8.1% at the start of the study and by the end, it had doubled (16.5%). In this age group, the increase in cases in women went from 0.45 cases/100 thousand in the first period to 0.63 in the second.

Sexual intercourse was the predominant means of transmission, almost always above 90%, in all of the periods. Throughout the study, the percentage of cases who were homosexual males remained an average 32.1%. At the beginning of the epidemic, 51% of infected males were homosexual or bisexual. From 2000 onwards, there was a decline in the epidemic in all categories (Figures 3 and 4).

The IDU group had its highest incidence of cases between 1991 and 1993, totalling 1,826.9 cases/100 thousand inhabitants in the estimated IDU population (Figure 3). From the subsequent three year period, incidence among IDU began a marked decline. From 2006, this group lost its position to that of MSM, which had been in second place during most of the study period.

Incidence among women (homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual) and heterosexual men was low compared to that among IDU and MSM groups and another scale was used in order to better visualise it (Figure 4). Incidence of AIDS in heterosexual men was predominant in the first years of the study. In spite of fluctuations, the rates of incidence in these men last peaked in 1997 to 1999, with 38.4 cases /100 thousand.

The epidemic among women increased until 2001. Even with declines in the last three periods, the coefficients for this group overtook those of heterosexual men and have remained higher since 2000.

At the beginning of the study, there was no record of illiteracy. The category of those with zero to three years of schooling never rose above 10% in any of the periods. There was no difference between sexes for those with low levels of education. In all periods of the study, and for both sexes, four to seven years and eight to 11 years of schooling were the predominant categories. Twelve or more years of schooling appeared in 2006 to 2008 (12.3% of cases).

As regards paid and unpaid work, there was no difference between men and women. More than 60% of those diagnosed were working throughout the entire period.

DISCUSSION

The results show large increases in the AIDS epidemic between 1986 and 1995. After this period, incidence started to decline, especially in the younger age groups, and then stabilised. Decline in incidence may have been influenced by the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy.²⁵ In addition to the increase in survival rates, this also accounts for reduced transmission, as they decrease viral load in individuals with HIV/AIDS.⁸ Deceleration in incidence after the introduction of the above mentioned treatment has been observed in almost all regions of Brazil²⁵ and in some other parts of the world.^d

The trend of stabilisation observed in the epidemic in Londrina is similar to that observed in Brazil.⁸ Although there have been decreased rates of incidence in both sexes, the trend was not statistically significant. The data corroborate the findings of a study^e carried out in 58 countries, which found the epidemic spread slowly at first, followed by a period of rapid spread and finally plateauing. According to the authors, almost all epidemic reached their plateau in the 1990s or early 2000s.

Londrina follows the trend of decline in Paraná,^f,^g in contrast to other southern states, which have had increasing incidence rates since 2000. Possible explanations for the spread of the epidemic in the south are the increased prevalence of HIV-1 Subtype C,⁴ the high amount of movement of people between the port area and the interior and the use of intravenous drugs.²⁰

The significant drop in AIDS cases in men in the 14 to 29 age group and in both sexes aged 30 to 39 in the second period, is analogous to what happened in Brazil from 1997 onwards, when incidence rates dropped among men and rose among women.⁸ The other age groups remained at relative growth, reinforcing transition of the epidemic to older age groups.²³

The significant increase in incidence rates of AIDS in women aged 50+ was also found in a study in Pernambuco State from 1990 to 2000.¹⁹ Being in stable monogamous relationships and entering the non-reproductive phase means they are less likely to use condoms¹⁴ and this increases the risk of contracting HIV.^13,16

For some women, it is difficult to talk about using condoms with their partners.² This behaviour may be related to establishing a relationship of trust, as well as lack of information.¹¹ Other situations which aggravate the social vulnerability of women, such as financial difficulties, drug use before or during sexual relations¹⁷ or working in the sex industry⁷ increase exposure to HIV through not using condoms.

Those aged 50 and over are 20% more likely to delay access to services for diagnosing HIV than younger individuals.^d Moreover, subjects in the more advanced age groups tend not to perceive that they are at risk.^18,21 This leads to late diagnosis and falls in survival rates,²¹ increasing the chance of spreading the infection due to not taking the necessary precautions to prevent this.²²

In the first period of the study, incidence was predominantly among young men in the MSM group, which was also the case in Brazil.²³ This group accounted for 71% of diagnoses in the country in 1984,⁶ although this proportion had fallen to 16% by 1999.⁶ Campaigns aimed at promoting safer sex among this group may have had an impact on this decline.

Cases in the IDU group peaked in 1990. Although rates are falling, they predominated among exposure categories until 2005. The predominance of this group was observed at the beginning of the 1990s in the European Union, where 42% of those infected with HIV were IDU.⁹

The entry of crack cocaine into the world market has led to a decline in pure cocaine use, especially intravenous use, in South America.^h The decrease in intravenous drug use was also apparent in Brazil and reduced transmission of HIV by this means.^13,25

Incidence rates of AIDS in the MSM group overtook IDU in 2006, in this study. Despite global rates of new HIV infections having slowed from three million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2008,ⁱ diverse studies in Brazil^3,24 and in the world^15,19 have shown a resurgence in new cases in the MSM subgroup. In 2007 Szwarcwald et al²⁴ carried out a study in 17 to 20 year old males which showed a decrease in regular condom use, both with stable and casual partners, in both heterosexual and MSM. The lower the level of education of these young men, the lower the reported condom use.

The perception that highly active antiretroviral therapy minimises the threat of HIV infection and risk of dying from AIDS may influence the underestimating of personal risk.¹⁰ As discussed above, this behaviour may occur in other vulnerable groups.

Until the end of the 1990s in Londrina, the incidence rate of AIDS in heterosexual men aged 15 to 49 was higher than that of women in the same age group. In 2000 the rates for women overtook those of men and remained higher until the end of the period.

This increase in the women's group makes them the exposure category with the third greatest incidence of AIDS cases. This research highlights the significant increase in incidence rates found in women aged 50 and over.

The results clash with the pattern of the epidemic in Brazil for levels of education, which provokes reflection on how well this data was completed. A possible explanation is that some information was not properly recorded when completing the notification of disease, especially at the beginning of the epidemic, which is a common problem faced by epidemiological monitoring in Brazil.^j

Another limit of this research is changes in definitions of AIDS cases which may have affected alterations in tendency over the 23 years of the epidemic studied in Londrina. These changes affect the registering of new cases and the implementation of public policies which assist in early detection and prevention of HIV transmission. The possibility of registering more cases does not nullify the stabilisation which has been observed. This limitation is common to other studies using the same methodological design.

The restriction of age groups on the analysis of AIDS in those subgroups most vulnerable to the epidemic in Londrina is also noteworthy. The estimates used in this study are limited to the age groups available in the survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices in the Brazilian population, the only survey which provided estimates of the prevalence of the most vulnerable sub groups in Brazil. In spite of this limitation, the use of estimates increases understanding of the determinants of the epidemic.

Analysis of trends showed the epidemic stabilised after increases in incidence rates in all age groups in the first years of the study. However, there was an increase in women aged 50 and over and in the MSM and IDU subgroups, which indicated that that infection was transmitted principally through unprotected sexual relations.

Rates among women overtook those among men in the final three periods of the study, characterising this as a vulnerable group which merits special attention in preventative planning.

There is a cultural and behavioural challenge to be understood. Policies which work on preventing HIV in each specific group in parallel may be able to reach them more effectively. In addition to the relevance of a resurgence in transmission among MSM, for which it is necessary to design specific campaigns, it is also necessary to plan campaigns targeting older women, especially with regards to access to diagnosis and treatment.

REFERENCES

Received: 12/13/2011

Approved: 5/26/2012

The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 Jan 2013
• Date of issue
  Dec 2012

History

• Received
  13 Dec 2011
• Accepted
  26 May 2012