Parasitological and serological studies on Amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in Recife and its suburban area, northeast Brazil

Okazaki, Mitsu; Okazaki, Masaichi; Miranda, Paulo; Neto, Joan; Diegues, Vilneide; Alves, Joan; Cauas, Machado; Tanabe, Masanobu; Kobayashi, Seiki; Kaneko, Nobuaki; Nagakura, Kouichi; Kobayashi, Masashi; Motta, Severa; Tateno, Seiki; Takeuchi, Tsutomu

doi:10.1590/S0036-46651988000400012

Abstracts

Parasitological examinations were carried out during April to August, 1987, with 187 out-patients of the IMIP hospital, located in the center of Recife City, and 464 inhabitants of several villages around Cabo City, 50 Km southeast of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Approximately 71% of the IMIP patients and 92% of the Cabo inhabitants were infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. There was minimum difference in the prevalence rate of Trichuris trichiura between two areas, whereas the prevalence rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Entamoeba histolytica were higher in the inhabitants of the Cabo City area. Only Giardia lamblia was more prevalent in the out-patients of IMIP hospital. Test tube cultivation revealed that the prevalence rate of Necator americanus in both areas was much higher than that of Ancylostoma duodenale , and also that the prevalence rate of S. stercoralis of the IMIP patients and Cabo inhabitants were 4.5% and 9.6%, respectively. Six hundred and fifteen sera were serologically examined for amoebiasis by the gel diffusion precipitation test (GDP) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the antigen prepared from axenically cultured trophozoite of E. histolytica (strain HM-ITMSS). No positive reaction was observed in all of the sera as examined by GDP, while 32 out of 615 sera were positive on ELISA.

Parasitic helminths; Parasitic protozoa; Amoebiasis; Northeast Brazil; Stool examination; Sero-epidemiology

Exames parasitológies foram realizados em 187 pacientes do Hospital do IMIP e 464 habitantes de vários vilarejos no município do Cabo, 50 Km à sudeste de Recife, durante os meses de abril a agosto. Aproximadamente 71% dos pacientes examinados do IMIP e 92% dos examinados do Cabo apresentavam-se infectados com, no mínimo, uma espécie de parasita intestinal. Houve uma diferença mínima na taxa de prevalência de Trichuris trichiura entre as duas áreas, entretanto a prevalência de Ascaris lumbricoides, família Ancylostomidae, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni e Entamoeba histolytica foi maior entre os habitantes do Cabo. Somente a Giardia lamblia apresentou uma taxa de prevalência maior nos pacientes do IMIP. O cultivo em tubo de ensaio revelou que a prevalência do Necator americanus em relação a do Ancylostoma duodenale era muito maior em ambas as áreas e que a do S. stercoralis entre os pacientes do IMIP e dos habitantes do Cabo era, respectivamente, 4.5% e 9.6%. A amebíase foi verificada através de exames sorológicos, imunodifusão em gel (GDP) e enzima imunoensaio (ELISA), usando como antígeno extrato bruto preparado a partir dos trofozoitos de E. histolytica (cepa HM-1: IMSS), realizados em 615 soros, onde nenhuma reação positiva aparente foi observada através da imunodifusão, contudo foram observados resultados positivos em 32 dos 615 casos através da enzima imunoensaio.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Parasitological and serological studies on Amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in Recife and its suburban area, northeast Brazil

Estudos sorológicos e parasitologies na Amebíase e em outras infecções parasitárias intestinais em Recife e áreas circunvizinhas, nordeste do Brasil

Mitsu Okazaki^I; Masaichi Okazaki^I; Paulo Miranda^II; Joan Neto^III; Vilneide Diegues^III; Joan Alves^III; Machado Cauas^III; Masanobu Tanabe^{II, IV}; Seiki Kobayashi^{II, IV}; Nobuaki Kaneko^{II, IV}; Kouichi Nagakura^{II, V}; Masashi Kobayashi^{II, VI}; Severa Motta^{II, IV, VII}; Seiki Tateno^{II, IV}; Tsutomu Takeuchi^IV

^ISecretaria de Saúde, Pernambuco, Brazil

^IILaboratório de Imunopatologia Prof. Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Pernambuco, Brazil

^IIIHospital of Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil

^IVDepartment of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan

^VDepartment of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Japan

^VIDepartment of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan

^VIIDepartment of Biophysics and Radiobiology, UFPE, Pernambuco, Brasil

^{Address for correspondence} Address for correspondence: Prof. Masanobu Tanabe Department of Parasitology School of Medicine Keio University Shinanomachi 35 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160, Japan

SUMMARY

Parasitological examinations were carried out during April to August, 1987, with 187 out-patients of the IMIP hospital, located in the center of Recife City, and 464 inhabitants of several villages around Cabo City, 50 Km southeast of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Approximately 71% of the IMIP patients and 92% of the Cabo inhabitants were infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. There was minimum difference in the prevalence rate of Trichuris trichiura between two areas, whereas the prevalence rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Entamoeba histolytica were higher in the inhabitants of the Cabo City area. Only Giardia lamblia was more prevalent in the out-patients of IMIP hospital. Test tube cultivation revealed that the prevalence rate of Necator americanus in both areas was much higher than that of Ancylostoma duodenale , and also that the prevalence rate of S. stercoralis of the IMIP patients and Cabo inhabitants were 4.5% and 9.6%, respectively.

Six hundred and fifteen sera were serologically examined for amoebiasis by the gel diffusion precipitation test (GDP) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the antigen prepared from axenically cultured trophozoite of E. histolytica (strain HM-ITMSS). No positive reaction was observed in all of the sera as examined by GDP, while 32 out of 615 sera were positive on ELISA.

Key words: Parasitic helminths; Parasitic protozoa; Amoebiasis; Northeast Brazil; Stool examination; Sero-epidemiology.

RESUMO

Exames parasitológies foram realizados em 187 pacientes do Hospital do IMIP e 464 habitantes de vários vilarejos no município do Cabo, 50 Km à sudeste de Recife, durante os meses de abril a agosto. Aproximadamente 71% dos pacientes examinados do IMIP e 92% dos examinados do Cabo apresentavam-se infectados com, no mínimo, uma espécie de parasita intestinal.

Houve uma diferença mínima na taxa de prevalência de Trichuris trichiura entre as duas áreas, entretanto a prevalência de Ascaris lumbricoides, família Ancylostomidae, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni e Entamoeba histolytica foi maior entre os habitantes do Cabo. Somente a Giardia lamblia apresentou uma taxa de prevalência maior nos pacientes do IMIP.

O cultivo em tubo de ensaio revelou que a prevalência do Necator americanus em relação a do Ancylostoma duodenale era muito maior em ambas as áreas e que a do S. stercoralis entre os pacientes do IMIP e dos habitantes do Cabo era, respectivamente, 4.5% e 9.6%.

A amebíase foi verificada através de exames sorológicos, imunodifusão em gel (GDP) e enzima imunoensaio (ELISA), usando como antígeno extrato bruto preparado a partir dos trofozoitos de E. histolytica (cepa HM-1: IMSS), realizados em 615 soros, onde nenhuma reação positiva aparente foi observada através da imunodifusão, contudo foram observados resultados positivos em 32 dos 615 casos através da enzima imunoensaio.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was supported by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan.

Recebido para publicação em 24/4/1988.

1. ASAMI, K.; ENOMOTO, Y. & MIURA, S. - Infestação por ancilostomideos e strongyloides em Pernambuco. Inquérito baseado na identificação das larvas. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 12: 31-35, 1970.
2. ASAMI, K.; MIURA, S.; YOKOGAWA, M.; OYA, H.; AOKl, T. & KOJIMA, S. - Prevalence of parasites in school children of São Lourenço Village, Pernambuco, Brazil in 1975 and 1979. In: REPORT OF OVERSEAS SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION. Clinico-pathological and immunological investigations on schistosomiasis mansoni in north-east Brazil. Tokyo, Keio University, 1980. p. 17-28.
3. BALAMUTH, W. - Improved egg yolk infusion for cultiva tion of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal protozoa. Amer. J. clin. Path., 16: 380-384, 1946.
4. BARBOSA, F. S. - Cross sectional studies on Schistosoma mansoni infection in northeastern Brazil. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 69: 207-216, 1975.
5. BLACK, R. E.; DYKES, A. C; SINCLAIR, S. P. & WELLS, J. G. - Giardiasis in day-care centers: Evidence of personto-person transmission. Pediatrics, 60: 486-491, 1977.
6 DIAMOND, L. S.; HARLOW, D. R. & CUNNICK, C. C. - A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 72: 431-432, 1978.
7 DIRECEU, P. P. C. - A esquistossomose em área Litorane a-Sul do Estado de Pernambuco. Recife. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, 1978.
8. HARADA, Y. & MORI, O. - A simole culture method of Ancylostoma duodenale Med. Biol, 20: 65-67, 1951.
9. JUNIPER JR, K; WORRELL, C. L.; MINSHEW, M. C; ROTH, L. S.; CYPERT, H. & LLOYD, R. E. - Serologic diagnosis of amoebiasis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 21: 157-168, 1972.
10. KRUPP, I. M. - Comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with other serologic tests in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 23: 27-30, 1974.
11. LENNETTE, E. H.; SPAULDING, E. H. & TRUANT, J. P. - Manual of clinical microbiology 2nd ed. Washington, American Society for Microbiology, 1974. p. 970.
12. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSEBROUGH, N. J.; FARR, A. L. & RANDALL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem., 193: 265-275, 1951.
13. MADDISON, S. E. - Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigen-antibody reaction by gel diffusion. Exp. Parasit., 16: 224-235, 1965.
14. MARZOCHI, M. C. A. & CHIEFFI, P. P. - Estudos dos fatores envolvidos na disseminação de dois enteroparasitas. IV. Distribuição do Necator americanus e do Ancylostoma duodenale na população periurbana e rural do município de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 20: 36-40, 1978.
15. MATSUDA, H.; TANAKA, H.; BLAS, B. L.; NOSENAS, J. S.; TOKAWA, T. & OHSAWA, S. - Evaluation of ELISA with ABTS, 2,2'azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid), as the substrate of peroxidase and its application to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Jap. J. exp. Med., 54: 131-138, 1984.
16. MILGRAM, E. A.; HEALY, G. K. & KAGAN, I. G. - Studies on the use of the indirect hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Gastroenterology, 50: 645-649, 1966.
17. OKUSAWA, E.; KOBAYASHI, S.; TAKEUCHI, T.; MATSUDA, H. & TANAKA, H. - Evaluation of diagnostic value of ELISA in various types of amoebiasis. Jap. J. Parasit., 36 (suppl.): 113, 1987.
18. OLIVEIRA, M. R.; BARBOSA, M. A.; SALATA, E.; SOGAYA, M. I. T. L.; SOGAYA, R. & CORRÊA, F. M. A. - Prevalência de enteroparasitas na população urbana do 2ş subdistrito de Botucatu. Rev. Saúde Publ. (S. Paulo), 8: 213-234, 1974.
19. PATTERSON, M.; HEALY, G. R. & SHABOT, J. M. - Serologic testing for amoebiasis. Gastroenterology, 78: 136-141, 1980.
20. REY, L. - Entamoeba histolytica e amebíase (I) & (II). In: REY, L. - Parasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 1972. p. 240-269.
21. RITCHIE, L. S. - An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. Bull. U. S. Army med. Dep., 8: 326-328, 1948.
22. SARGEAUNT, P. G. - The reliability of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in clinical diagnosis. Parasit. Today, 3: 40-43, 1987.
23. SARGEAUNT, P. G.; BAVEJA, U. K., NADDA, R. & ANAND, B. S. - Influence of geographical factors in the distribution of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica: identification of zymodeme XIV in India. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 78: 96-101. 1984.
24. SARGEAUNT, P. G.; WILLIAMS, J. E. & GRENE, J. D. - The differentiation of invasive and non invasive Entamoeba histolytica by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 72: 519-521, 1978.
25. TAKEUCHI, T. & KOBAYASHI, S. - Serological tests for amoebiasis with special reference to gel diffusion preci piting test. Igakuno-ayumi, 115: 53-58, 1980.
26. TAKEUCHI, T.; KOBAYASHI, S. & TATENO, S. - Eva luation of serologic testings of amoebiasis. Jap. J. Parasit., 34 (suppl.): 75, 1985.
27. VINHAS, C. - Incidência de ancilostomideos, ascaris e trichiuris no Brasil. Rev. bras. Malar., 21: 549-557, 1969.
28. VINHAS, C. - Incidência no Brasil de helmintos transmitidos pelo solo; rotina coproscópica do ex-departamento nacional de endemias rurais. Rev. bras. Malar., 23: 3-17, 1971.
29. VOLLER, A.; BIDWELL, D. E. & BARTLETT, A. - The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In: A guide with abstracts of microplate applications. Alexandria, Virginia, Dynateck Lab., 1979. p. 125.
30. YAMAGUCHI, S., KANO, K. & SHIROISHI, Y. - Community health problems in Latin America: a statistical analysis and an appraisal of health indices in northeast Brazil. Latin Amer. Studies, 4: 105-129, 1982.

Address for correspondence:

Prof. Masanobu Tanabe

Department of Parasitology

School of Medicine

Keio University

Shinanomachi 35

Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160, Japan

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
10 Mar 2011
Date of issue
Aug 1988

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. ASAMI, K.; ENOMOTO, Y. & MIURA, S. - Infestação por ancilostomideos e strongyloides em Pernambuco. Inquérito baseado na identificação das larvas. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 12: 31-35, 1970.

[2] 2. ASAMI, K.; MIURA, S.; YOKOGAWA, M.; OYA, H.; AOKl, T. & KOJIMA, S. - Prevalence of parasites in school children of São Lourenço Village, Pernambuco, Brazil in 1975 and 1979. In: REPORT OF OVERSEAS SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION. Clinico-pathological and immunological investigations on schistosomiasis mansoni in north-east Brazil. Tokyo, Keio University, 1980. p. 17-28.

[3] 3. BALAMUTH, W. - Improved egg yolk infusion for cultiva tion of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal protozoa. Amer. J. clin. Path., 16: 380-384, 1946.

[4] 4. BARBOSA, F. S. - Cross sectional studies on Schistosoma mansoni infection in northeastern Brazil. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 69: 207-216, 1975.

[5] 5. BLACK, R. E.; DYKES, A. C; SINCLAIR, S. P. & WELLS, J. G. - Giardiasis in day-care centers: Evidence of personto-person transmission. Pediatrics, 60: 486-491, 1977.

[6] 6 DIAMOND, L. S.; HARLOW, D. R. & CUNNICK, C. C. - A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 72: 431-432, 1978.

[7] 7 DIRECEU, P. P. C. - A esquistossomose em área Litorane a-Sul do Estado de Pernambuco. Recife. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, 1978.

[8] 8. HARADA, Y. & MORI, O. - A simole culture method of Ancylostoma duodenale Med. Biol, 20: 65-67, 1951.

[9] 9. JUNIPER JR, K; WORRELL, C. L.; MINSHEW, M. C; ROTH, L. S.; CYPERT, H. & LLOYD, R. E. - Serologic diagnosis of amoebiasis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 21: 157-168, 1972.

[10] 10. KRUPP, I. M. - Comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with other serologic tests in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 23: 27-30, 1974.

[11] 11. LENNETTE, E. H.; SPAULDING, E. H. & TRUANT, J. P. - Manual of clinical microbiology 2nd ed. Washington, American Society for Microbiology, 1974. p. 970.

[12] 12. LOWRY, O. H.; ROSEBROUGH, N. J.; FARR, A. L. & RANDALL, R. J. - Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem., 193: 265-275, 1951.

[13] 13. MADDISON, S. E. - Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigen-antibody reaction by gel diffusion. Exp. Parasit., 16: 224-235, 1965.

[14] 14. MARZOCHI, M. C. A. & CHIEFFI, P. P. - Estudos dos fatores envolvidos na disseminação de dois enteroparasitas. IV. Distribuição do Necator americanus e do Ancylostoma duodenale na população periurbana e rural do município de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 20: 36-40, 1978.

[15] 15. MATSUDA, H.; TANAKA, H.; BLAS, B. L.; NOSENAS, J. S.; TOKAWA, T. & OHSAWA, S. - Evaluation of ELISA with ABTS, 2,2'azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid), as the substrate of peroxidase and its application to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Jap. J. exp. Med., 54: 131-138, 1984.

[16] 16. MILGRAM, E. A.; HEALY, G. K. & KAGAN, I. G. - Studies on the use of the indirect hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of amoebiasis. Gastroenterology, 50: 645-649, 1966.

[17] 17. OKUSAWA, E.; KOBAYASHI, S.; TAKEUCHI, T.; MATSUDA, H. & TANAKA, H. - Evaluation of diagnostic value of ELISA in various types of amoebiasis. Jap. J. Parasit., 36 (suppl.): 113, 1987.

[18] 18. OLIVEIRA, M. R.; BARBOSA, M. A.; SALATA, E.; SOGAYA, M. I. T. L.; SOGAYA, R. & CORRÊA, F. M. A. - Prevalência de enteroparasitas na população urbana do 2ş subdistrito de Botucatu. Rev. Saúde Publ. (S. Paulo), 8: 213-234, 1974.

[19] 19. PATTERSON, M.; HEALY, G. R. & SHABOT, J. M. - Serologic testing for amoebiasis. Gastroenterology, 78: 136-141, 1980.

[20] 20. REY, L. - Entamoeba histolytica e amebíase (I) & (II). In: REY, L. - Parasitologia. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 1972. p. 240-269.

[21] 21. RITCHIE, L. S. - An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. Bull. U. S. Army med. Dep., 8: 326-328, 1948.

[22] 22. SARGEAUNT, P. G. - The reliability of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in clinical diagnosis. Parasit. Today, 3: 40-43, 1987.

[23] 23. SARGEAUNT, P. G.; BAVEJA, U. K., NADDA, R. & ANAND, B. S. - Influence of geographical factors in the distribution of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica: identification of zymodeme XIV in India. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 78: 96-101. 1984.

[24] 24. SARGEAUNT, P. G.; WILLIAMS, J. E. & GRENE, J. D. - The differentiation of invasive and non invasive Entamoeba histolytica by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 72: 519-521, 1978.

[25] 25. TAKEUCHI, T. & KOBAYASHI, S. - Serological tests for amoebiasis with special reference to gel diffusion preci piting test. Igakuno-ayumi, 115: 53-58, 1980.

[26] 26. TAKEUCHI, T.; KOBAYASHI, S. & TATENO, S. - Eva luation of serologic testings of amoebiasis. Jap. J. Parasit., 34 (suppl.): 75, 1985.

[27] 27. VINHAS, C. - Incidência de ancilostomideos, ascaris e trichiuris no Brasil. Rev. bras. Malar., 21: 549-557, 1969.

[28] 28. VINHAS, C. - Incidência no Brasil de helmintos transmitidos pelo solo; rotina coproscópica do ex-departamento nacional de endemias rurais. Rev. bras. Malar., 23: 3-17, 1971.

[29] 29. VOLLER, A.; BIDWELL, D. E. & BARTLETT, A. - The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In: A guide with abstracts of microplate applications. Alexandria, Virginia, Dynateck Lab., 1979. p. 125.

[30] 30. YAMAGUCHI, S., KANO, K. & SHIROISHI, Y. - Community health problems in Latin America: a statistical analysis and an appraisal of health indices in northeast Brazil. Latin Amer. Studies, 4: 105-129, 1982.