Rotavirus e adenovirus em crianças de 0-5 anos hospitalizadas com ou sem gastrenterite em Goiânia - GO., Brasil

Cardoso, Divina das Dores de Paula; Martins, Regina Maria Bringel; Kitajima, Eliott W.; Barbosa, Aristides José; Camarota, Sandra Cristina Teles; Azevedo, Maril Silva Pereira

doi:10.1590/S0036-46651992000500010

Resumos

De junho/1987 a julho/1990 foram estudadas 557 amostras fecais de crianças hospitalizadas de 0-5 anos de idade, na cidade de Goiânia-GO., para detecção de rotavírus e adenovírus. Destas, 291 provinham de crianças diarréicas e 266 de não diarréicas. Das amostras não diarréicas, 64 eram provenientes de crianças de berçário. Das 557 amostras, 261 foram analisadas pela imunomicroscopia eletrônica (IME), eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA-SDS) e ensaio imunoenzimático para rotavírus e adenovírus (EIARA) e as demais apenas pela EGPA e EIARA. Rotavírus e adenovírus mostraram positividade de 17,2% e 2,1% respectivamente, e na condição de diarréia ou não, observou-se percentuais de 29,2% e 4,1% respectivamente para rotavírus (p<0,05) e 2,4% e 1,5% para adenovírus. Rotavírus foram mais prevalentes entre as crianças de 1-11 meses de idade e não foram vistos em nenhum recém-nato de berçário. Os adenovírus ocorreram na faixa de 1-3 anos. Rotavírus apresentaram maior circulação entre os meses de maio a agosto (p<0,05), não sendo encontrados de dezembro a fevereiro.

Rotavírus; Adenovírus; Gastrenterite; Eletroferotipo

In order to detect rotavirus and adenovirus 557 feces samples from hospitalized children (0-5 years of age) were analysed from June 1987 to July 1990 in Goiânia-city.Two hundred and ninety one samples were from children with diarrhoea and 266 were from children without diarrhoea. Amongst this later group, 64 samples were from children from the nursery. Two hundred and sixty one out of 557 samples were analysed by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzymatic immunoassay for rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA) whereas the rest (296 samples) were analysed by SDS-PAGE and EIARA. Positivity of rotavirus and adenovirus was 17.2% and 2.1% respectively. Concerning rotavirus and adenovirus there was 29.2% and 2.4% positivity within the group with diarrhoea and 4.1% and 1.5% positivity amongst children without diarrhoea (p<0.05). Rotavirus were more prevalent amongst children which age ranged from 1 to 11 months of age. No newborn child from the nursery was positive for rotavirus. Adenovirus were detected amongst children from 1 to 3 years of age. Rotavirus circulation peak occurred between May and August (p<0.05) and no positive case was detected from December to February. Two hundred out of 291 diarrheic samples were also studied concerning bacteria and pathogenic parasites and equal percentages (17.0%) were found for both rotavirus and pathogenic bacteria. Eighty nine samples of rotavirus were detected by SDS-PAGE and 86 of these (96.6%) belonged to the subgroup II with 13 different electrophoretic patterns. Predominance of a given eletropherotic profile was observed in each year of the study.

EPIDEMIOLOGIA

Rotavirus e adenovirus em crianças de 0-5 anos hospitalizadas com ou sem gastrenterite em Goiânia - GO., Brasil

Rotavirus and adenovirus in children 0-5 years of age with or without gastrenteritis in hospitals from Goiânia - GO, Brazil

Divina das Dores de Paula Cardoso^I; Regina Maria Bringel Martins^I; Eliott W. Kitajima^II; Aristides José Barbosa^I; Sandra Cristina Teles Camarota^I; Maril Silva Pereira Azevedo^I

^ILaboratório de Virologia/Departamento de Microbiologia/IPTESP. Universidade Federal de Goiás. Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Biologia Celular/Fundação Universidade de Brasília. Brasília-DF, Brasil

^{Endereço para correspondência} Endereço para correspondência: Rua Delenda Rezende de Melo esquina c/ 1ª Avenida, S/Nº Setor Universitário CEP 74.000 Goiânia, GO, Brasil

RESUMO

De junho/1987 a julho/1990 foram estudadas 557 amostras fecais de crianças hospitalizadas de 0-5 anos de idade, na cidade de Goiânia-GO., para detecção de rotavírus e adenovírus. Destas, 291 provinham de crianças diarréicas e 266 de não diarréicas. Das amostras não diarréicas, 64 eram provenientes de crianças de berçário.

Das 557 amostras, 261 foram analisadas pela imunomicroscopia eletrônica (IME), eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA-SDS) e ensaio imunoenzimático para rotavírus e adenovírus (EIARA) e as demais apenas pela EGPA e EIARA. Rotavírus e adenovírus mostraram positividade de 17,2% e 2,1% respectivamente, e na condição de diarréia ou não, observou-se percentuais de 29,2% e 4,1% respectivamente para rotavírus (p<0,05) e 2,4% e 1,5% para adenovírus. Rotavírus foram mais prevalentes entre as crianças de 1-11 meses de idade e não foram vistos em nenhum recém-nato de berçário. Os adenovírus ocorreram na faixa de 1-3 anos. Rotavírus apresentaram maior circulação entre os meses de maio a agosto (p<0,05), não sendo encontrados de dezembro a fevereiro.

Unitermos: Rotavírus; Adenovírus; Gastrenterite; Eletroferotipo.

SUMMARY

In order to detect rotavirus and adenovirus 557 feces samples from hospitalized children (0-5 years of age) were analysed from June 1987 to July 1990 in Goiânia-city.Two hundred and ninety one samples were from children with diarrhoea and 266 were from children without diarrhoea. Amongst this later group, 64 samples were from children from the nursery. Two hundred and sixty one out of 557 samples were analysed by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzymatic immunoassay for rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA) whereas the rest (296 samples) were analysed by SDS-PAGE and EIARA. Positivity of rotavirus and adenovirus was 17.2% and 2.1% respectively. Concerning rotavirus and adenovirus there was 29.2% and 2.4% positivity within the group with diarrhoea and 4.1% and 1.5% positivity amongst children without diarrhoea (p<0.05). Rotavirus were more prevalent amongst children which age ranged from 1 to 11 months of age. No newborn child from the nursery was positive for rotavirus. Adenovirus were detected amongst children from 1 to 3 years of age. Rotavirus circulation peak occurred between May and August (p<0.05) and no positive case was detected from December to February. Two hundred out of 291 diarrheic samples were also studied concerning bacteria and pathogenic parasites and equal percentages (17.0%) were found for both rotavirus and pathogenic bacteria. Eighty nine samples of rotavirus were detected by SDS-PAGE and 86 of these (96.6%) belonged to the subgroup II with 13 different electrophoretic patterns. Predominance of a given eletropherotic profile was observed in each year of the study.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido para publicação em 8/11/1991

Aceito para publicação em 5/8/1992

Suporte Financeiro - CNPq - Processo nº 400262/89.

1. ALBERT, M.J.; SOENARTO, Y. & BISHOP, R.F. - Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as revealed by eletrophoresis of genome RNA. J. clin. Microbiol., 16: 731-733, 1982.
2. ALBERT, M.J.; UNICOMB, L.E.; BARNES, G.L. & BISHOP, R.F. - Cultivation and characterization of rotavirus strains infecting newborn babies in Melbourne, Australia, from 1975 to 1979. J. clin. Microbiol., 25: 1635-1640, 1987.
3. AL-FRAYH, A.R.; RAMIA, S.; BAKIR, T.M.F. & ZAIDI, M.A. - Rotavirus shedding by neonates and possible modes of transmission. J. trop. Pediat., 33: 246-248, 1987.
4. BARTH, O.M. - Estudo sobre a contrastaçăo negativa de suspensőes virais. Rev. bras. Biol., 14: 71-80, 1984.
5. BARTLETT, A.V. III.; BERNARZ-PRASHAD, A.J.; DUPONT, H.L. & PICKERING, L.K. - Rotavirus gastroenterites. Ann. Rev. Med., 38: 399-415, 1987.
6. BISHOP, R.F.; DAVIDSON, G.P.; HOLMES, I.H. & RUCK, B.J. - Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet, 8: 1281-1283, 1973.
7. BLACK, R.E.; BROWN, K.H.; BECKER, S.; ABDUL ALIM, A.R.M. & HUG, I. - Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Amer. J. Epidem., 115: 315-324, 1982.
8. BRANDT, C.D.; KIM, H.W.; YOLKEN, R.H.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z.; ARROBIO, J.O.; RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; WYATT, R.G.; CHANOCK, R.M. & PARROTT, R.H. - Comparative epidemiology of two rotavirus serotypes and other viral agents associated with pediatric gastroenteritis. Amer. J. Epidem., 110: 243-254, 1979.
9. BRANDT, C.D.; KIM, H.W.; RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; ARROBIO, J.O.; JEFFRIES, B.C.; STALLINGS, E.T.; LEWIS, C.; MILES, A.J.; CHANOCK, R.M.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z. & PARROTT, R.H. - Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study. J. clin. Microbiol., 18: 71-78, 1983.
10. CARDOSO, D.D.P.; BRITO, W.M.E.D.; MARTINS, R.M.B.; KITAJIMA, E.W.; SOUZA, M.P.M.; BARBOSA, A.J.; OLIVEIRA, S.A. & RASCOPI, S.B. - Ocorręncia de rotavírus e adenovírus em amostras fecais de crianças com gastroenterite, na cidade de Goiânia. Rev. Soc. bras. Med. trop., 22: 67-71, 1989.
11. CAUL, W.O.; ASHLEY, C.R.; DARVILLE, J.M. & BRIDGER, J.C. - Group C rotavirus associated with fatal enteritis in a family outbreak. J. med. Virol., 30: 201-205, 1990.
12. CHAMPSAUR, H.; QUESTIAUX, E.; PREVOT, J; HENRY-AMAR, M.; GOLDSZMIDT, D.; BOURJOUANE, M. & BACH, C. - Rotavirus carriage, asymptomatic infection and disease in the first two years of life. I. Virus shedding. J. infect. Dis., 149: 667-674, 1984.
13. CHEN, G-M.; HUNG, T.; BRIDGER, J.C. & McCRAE, M.A. - Chinese adult rotavirus is a group B rotavirus. Lancet, 16: 1123-1124, 1985.
14. CRYSTIE, I.L.; TOTTERDELL, B.M. & BANATAVLA, J.E. - Asymptomatic rotavirus infections in the newborn. Lancet, 3: 1176-1178, 1978.
15. COIRO, J.R.R.; ALMEIDA NETO, A.J.; HEUSER, M.C.F.; BENDATI, M.M.A. & VASCONCELLOS, V.L. - Acute enteritis associated with rotavirus presence in Brazilian children: Evaluations on prevalence therapy and age group. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res., 3: 78-83, 1985.
16. CRAVIOTO, A.; REYES, R.E.; ORTEGA, R.; FENANDEZ, G.; HERNANDES, R. & LOPES, D. - Prospective study of diarrhoeal disease in a cohort of rural Mexican children: Incidence and isolated pathogens during the first two years of life. Epidem. Inf., 101: 123-134, 1988.
17. DIMITROV, D.H.; GRAHAM, D.Y.; LOPES, J.; MUCHINIK, G.; VELASCO, G.; STENBACK, W.A. & ESTES, M.K. - RNA electropherotypes of human rotaviruses from North and South America. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 62: 321-329, 1984.
18. EDWARD, P.R. & EWING, W.H. - Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. 3Ş ed. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company, 1972.
19. EVANS Jr, D.J. & EVANS, D.G. - Direct serological assay for the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, using passive immune hemolysis. Infect. Immun., 16: 604-609, 1977.
20. FAUST, E.C.; D'ANTONI, J.S.; ODAN, W.; MILLER, M.J.; PERES, C.; SAWITZ, W.; THOMEN, L.F.; TOBIE, J. & WALKER, J.M. - Critical study of clinical laboratory techniques for diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Amer. J. trop. Med., 18: 169-183, 1938.
21. GEORGES-COURBOT, M.C.; BERAUD, A.M.; BEARDS, G.M.; CAMPBELL, A.O.; GONZALEZ, J.P.; GEORGES, A.J. & FLEWETT, T.H. - Subgroups, serotypes and electrophoretypes of rotavirus isolated from children in Bangui, Central African Republic. J. clin. Microbiol., 26: 668-671, 1988.
22. GERNA, G.; FORSTER, J.; PAREA, M.; SARASINI, A.; MATTEO, A.D.; BALDANTI, F.; LANGOSCH, B.; SCHMIDT, S. & BATTAGLIA, M. - Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal gastrenteritis caused by a new serotype 4, subtype 4B human rotavirus. J. med. Virol., 31: 175-182, 1990.
23. GOTHEFORDS, L.; WADELL, G.; JUTO, P.; TANIGUCHI, K.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z. & GLASS, R.I. - Prolonged efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Swedish children. J. infect. Dis., 159: 753-757, 1989.
24. GURWITH, M.; WENMAN, W.; HIND, D.; SELTHEMAN, S. & GREENBERG, H. - A prospective study of rotavirus infection in infants and young children. J. infect. Dis., 144: 218-224, 1981.
25. HO, M-S.; GLASS, R.I.; PINSKI, P.F. & ANDERSON, L.J. - Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J. infect. Dis., 158: 1112-1116, 1988.
26. HOFFMAN, W.A.; PONS., J.A. & JANER, J.L. - Sedimentation - concentration method in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Puerto Rico J. Publ. Hlth. trop. Med., 9: 283-291, 1934.
27. JAYASHREE, S.; BHAN, M.K.; KUMAR, R.; RAJ, P.; GLASS, R. & BHANDARI, N. - Serum and salivary antibodies as indicators of rotavirus infection in neonates. J. infect. Dis., 158: 1117-1119, 1988.
28. KAPIKIAN, A.Z.; FLORES, J.; HOSHINO, Y.; MIDTHUM, K.; GORZIGLIA, M.; GREEN, K.Y.; CHANOCK, R.M.; POTASH, L.; SEARS, S.D.; CLEMENTS, M.L.; HALSEY, N.A.; BLACK, R.E. & PEREZ-SHAEL, I. - Prospects for development of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. Rev. infect. Dis., 11: 5539-5546, 1989.
29. LAEMMLI, V.K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature, 224: 680-685, 1970.
30. LEITE, J.P.G.; PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S. & SCHATZMAYR, H.G. - Adenoviruses in faeces of children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. med. Virol., 15: 203-207, 1985.
31. LOURENÇO, M.H.; NICOLAS , L.C.; COHEN, J.; SCHERRER, R. & BRICOUT, F. - Study of human rotavirus genome by electrophoresis: Attempt of classification among strains isolated in France. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Virol. (Paris), 132: 161-173, 1981.
32. MATSUMOTO, K.; HATANO, M.; KOBAYASHI, K.; HASEGAWA, A.; YAMAZAKI, S.; NAKATA, S.; CLUBA, S. & KIMURA, Y. - An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with acute rotaviral infection in school children. J. infect. Dis., 160: 611-615, 1989.
33. NAKAGOMI, T.; KATSUSHUMA, N. & NAKAGONI, O. - Relative frequency of human rotavirus subgroups I and II in relation to "short" and "long" electrophorctypes of viral RNA. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 139: 295-300, 1988.
34. NAKAGOMI, O.; OYAMADA, H.; KUROKI, S.; KOBAYASHI, Y.; OHSHIMA, A. & NAKAGOMI, T. - Molecular identification of a novel human rotavirus in relation to subgroup and electropherotype of genomic RNA. J. med. Virol., 28: 163-168, 1989.
35. NAKATA, S.; ESTES, M.K.; GRAHAM, D.Y.; LOOSLE, R.; TAO, H.; SHUSHENG, W.; SAIF, L.J. & MELNICK, J.L. - Antigenic characterization and ELISA detection of adult diarrhea rotaviruses. J. infect. Dis., 154: 448-455, 1986.
36. PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S.; LEITE, J.P.G.; BARTH, O.M.; SUTMOLLER, F.; FARIAS, V. & VIDAL, M.N.P. - Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the rapid diagnoses of rotavirus infection in children. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 78: 483-490, 1983.
37. PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S.; LEITE, J.P.G.; ANDRADE, Z.P. & CASTRO, L. - A combined enzyme immunoassay for rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA). J. virol. Meth., 10: 21-28, 1985.
38. RACZ, M.L.; CANDEIAS, J.A.N.; TRABULSI, J.R. & MURAHOWSKI, J. - Diarrheal diseases in Brazil: Clinical feature of rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in children. Europ. J. Epidem., 4: 382-385, 1988.
39. RAJ, P.; BHAN, M.K.; PRASAD, A.K.; KUMAR, R.; BHANDARI, N. & JAYASHREE, S. - Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotavirus in rural Indian community. Indian J. med. Res., 89: 65-68, 1989.
40. RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; KIM, H.W.; BRANDT, C.D.; GARDNER, M.K. & PARROTT, R.H. - Use of eletrophoresis of RNA from human rotavirus to establish the identity of strains involved in outbreaks in a tertiary care nursery. J. infect. Dis., 148: 34-40, 1983.
41. BUGGERI, F.M.; MARZIANO, M.L.; TINARI, A.; SALVATORI, E. & DONELLI, G. - Four-year study of rotavirus electropherotypes from cases of infantile diarrhea in Rome. J. clin. Microbiol., 27: 1522-1526, 1989.
42. SANDERS, R.C. - Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections. Europ. J. Epidem., 1: 19-31, 1985.
43. SATTAR, S.A.; IJAZ, M.K.; JOHNSON-LUSSENBURG, C.M. & SPRINGTHORPE, V.S. - Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rotavirus SA11. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 47: 879-881, 1984.
44. SHINDAROV, L.M.; DIMITROW, D.H.; RANGELOVA, S.; POPOV, G.; TCAKOV, B. & TSILKA, E. - Five years study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Bulgaria. Acta. virol., 32: 309-316, 1988.
45. SPENCER, E.; ARAYA, M.; SANDINO, A.M.; PACHECO, I. & BRUNSER, O. - Faecal excretion of rotavirus and other enteropathogens in newborns of the high and low socio-economic statum in Santiago Chile. Epidem. Inf., 101: 425-436, 1988.
46. TEEMESSEN, C.T.; WEGERHOFF, F.O.; ERASMUS, M.J. & KIDD, A.H. - Infection by enteric adenoviruses, rotaviruses and other agents in a rural African environment. J. med. Virol., 28: 176-182, 1989.

Endereço para correspondência:

Rua Delenda Rezende de Melo esquina c/ 1ª Avenida, S/Nº

Setor Universitário

CEP 74.000 Goiânia, GO, Brasil

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
13 Set 2006
Data do Fascículo
Out 1992

Histórico

Aceito
05 Ago 1992
Recebido
08 Nov 1991

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. ALBERT, M.J.; SOENARTO, Y. & BISHOP, R.F. - Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as revealed by eletrophoresis of genome RNA. J. clin. Microbiol., 16: 731-733, 1982.

[2] 2. ALBERT, M.J.; UNICOMB, L.E.; BARNES, G.L. & BISHOP, R.F. - Cultivation and characterization of rotavirus strains infecting newborn babies in Melbourne, Australia, from 1975 to 1979. J. clin. Microbiol., 25: 1635-1640, 1987.

[3] 3. AL-FRAYH, A.R.; RAMIA, S.; BAKIR, T.M.F. & ZAIDI, M.A. - Rotavirus shedding by neonates and possible modes of transmission. J. trop. Pediat., 33: 246-248, 1987.

[4] 4. BARTH, O.M. - Estudo sobre a contrastaçăo negativa de suspensőes virais. Rev. bras. Biol., 14: 71-80, 1984.

[5] 5. BARTLETT, A.V. III.; BERNARZ-PRASHAD, A.J.; DUPONT, H.L. & PICKERING, L.K. - Rotavirus gastroenterites. Ann. Rev. Med., 38: 399-415, 1987.

[6] 6. BISHOP, R.F.; DAVIDSON, G.P.; HOLMES, I.H. & RUCK, B.J. - Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet, 8: 1281-1283, 1973.

[7] 7. BLACK, R.E.; BROWN, K.H.; BECKER, S.; ABDUL ALIM, A.R.M. & HUG, I. - Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Amer. J. Epidem., 115: 315-324, 1982.

[8] 8. BRANDT, C.D.; KIM, H.W.; YOLKEN, R.H.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z.; ARROBIO, J.O.; RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; WYATT, R.G.; CHANOCK, R.M. & PARROTT, R.H. - Comparative epidemiology of two rotavirus serotypes and other viral agents associated with pediatric gastroenteritis. Amer. J. Epidem., 110: 243-254, 1979.

[9] 9. BRANDT, C.D.; KIM, H.W.; RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; ARROBIO, J.O.; JEFFRIES, B.C.; STALLINGS, E.T.; LEWIS, C.; MILES, A.J.; CHANOCK, R.M.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z. & PARROTT, R.H. - Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study. J. clin. Microbiol., 18: 71-78, 1983.

[10] 10. CARDOSO, D.D.P.; BRITO, W.M.E.D.; MARTINS, R.M.B.; KITAJIMA, E.W.; SOUZA, M.P.M.; BARBOSA, A.J.; OLIVEIRA, S.A. & RASCOPI, S.B. - Ocorręncia de rotavírus e adenovírus em amostras fecais de crianças com gastroenterite, na cidade de Goiânia. Rev. Soc. bras. Med. trop., 22: 67-71, 1989.

[11] 11. CAUL, W.O.; ASHLEY, C.R.; DARVILLE, J.M. & BRIDGER, J.C. - Group C rotavirus associated with fatal enteritis in a family outbreak. J. med. Virol., 30: 201-205, 1990.

[12] 12. CHAMPSAUR, H.; QUESTIAUX, E.; PREVOT, J; HENRY-AMAR, M.; GOLDSZMIDT, D.; BOURJOUANE, M. & BACH, C. - Rotavirus carriage, asymptomatic infection and disease in the first two years of life. I. Virus shedding. J. infect. Dis., 149: 667-674, 1984.

[13] 13. CHEN, G-M.; HUNG, T.; BRIDGER, J.C. & McCRAE, M.A. - Chinese adult rotavirus is a group B rotavirus. Lancet, 16: 1123-1124, 1985.

[14] 14. CRYSTIE, I.L.; TOTTERDELL, B.M. & BANATAVLA, J.E. - Asymptomatic rotavirus infections in the newborn. Lancet, 3: 1176-1178, 1978.

[15] 15. COIRO, J.R.R.; ALMEIDA NETO, A.J.; HEUSER, M.C.F.; BENDATI, M.M.A. & VASCONCELLOS, V.L. - Acute enteritis associated with rotavirus presence in Brazilian children: Evaluations on prevalence therapy and age group. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res., 3: 78-83, 1985.

[16] 16. CRAVIOTO, A.; REYES, R.E.; ORTEGA, R.; FENANDEZ, G.; HERNANDES, R. & LOPES, D. - Prospective study of diarrhoeal disease in a cohort of rural Mexican children: Incidence and isolated pathogens during the first two years of life. Epidem. Inf., 101: 123-134, 1988.

[17] 17. DIMITROV, D.H.; GRAHAM, D.Y.; LOPES, J.; MUCHINIK, G.; VELASCO, G.; STENBACK, W.A. & ESTES, M.K. - RNA electropherotypes of human rotaviruses from North and South America. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 62: 321-329, 1984.

[18] 18. EDWARD, P.R. & EWING, W.H. - Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. 3Ş ed. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company, 1972.

[19] 19. EVANS Jr, D.J. & EVANS, D.G. - Direct serological assay for the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, using passive immune hemolysis. Infect. Immun., 16: 604-609, 1977.

[20] 20. FAUST, E.C.; D'ANTONI, J.S.; ODAN, W.; MILLER, M.J.; PERES, C.; SAWITZ, W.; THOMEN, L.F.; TOBIE, J. & WALKER, J.M. - Critical study of clinical laboratory techniques for diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Amer. J. trop. Med., 18: 169-183, 1938.

[21] 21. GEORGES-COURBOT, M.C.; BERAUD, A.M.; BEARDS, G.M.; CAMPBELL, A.O.; GONZALEZ, J.P.; GEORGES, A.J. & FLEWETT, T.H. - Subgroups, serotypes and electrophoretypes of rotavirus isolated from children in Bangui, Central African Republic. J. clin. Microbiol., 26: 668-671, 1988.

[22] 22. GERNA, G.; FORSTER, J.; PAREA, M.; SARASINI, A.; MATTEO, A.D.; BALDANTI, F.; LANGOSCH, B.; SCHMIDT, S. & BATTAGLIA, M. - Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal gastrenteritis caused by a new serotype 4, subtype 4B human rotavirus. J. med. Virol., 31: 175-182, 1990.

[23] 23. GOTHEFORDS, L.; WADELL, G.; JUTO, P.; TANIGUCHI, K.; KAPIKIAN, A.Z. & GLASS, R.I. - Prolonged efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Swedish children. J. infect. Dis., 159: 753-757, 1989.

[24] 24. GURWITH, M.; WENMAN, W.; HIND, D.; SELTHEMAN, S. & GREENBERG, H. - A prospective study of rotavirus infection in infants and young children. J. infect. Dis., 144: 218-224, 1981.

[25] 25. HO, M-S.; GLASS, R.I.; PINSKI, P.F. & ANDERSON, L.J. - Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J. infect. Dis., 158: 1112-1116, 1988.

[26] 26. HOFFMAN, W.A.; PONS., J.A. & JANER, J.L. - Sedimentation - concentration method in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Puerto Rico J. Publ. Hlth. trop. Med., 9: 283-291, 1934.

[27] 27. JAYASHREE, S.; BHAN, M.K.; KUMAR, R.; RAJ, P.; GLASS, R. & BHANDARI, N. - Serum and salivary antibodies as indicators of rotavirus infection in neonates. J. infect. Dis., 158: 1117-1119, 1988.

[28] 28. KAPIKIAN, A.Z.; FLORES, J.; HOSHINO, Y.; MIDTHUM, K.; GORZIGLIA, M.; GREEN, K.Y.; CHANOCK, R.M.; POTASH, L.; SEARS, S.D.; CLEMENTS, M.L.; HALSEY, N.A.; BLACK, R.E. & PEREZ-SHAEL, I. - Prospects for development of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. Rev. infect. Dis., 11: 5539-5546, 1989.

[29] 29. LAEMMLI, V.K. - Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature, 224: 680-685, 1970.

[30] 30. LEITE, J.P.G.; PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S. & SCHATZMAYR, H.G. - Adenoviruses in faeces of children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. med. Virol., 15: 203-207, 1985.

[31] 31. LOURENÇO, M.H.; NICOLAS , L.C.; COHEN, J.; SCHERRER, R. & BRICOUT, F. - Study of human rotavirus genome by electrophoresis: Attempt of classification among strains isolated in France. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Virol. (Paris), 132: 161-173, 1981.

[32] 32. MATSUMOTO, K.; HATANO, M.; KOBAYASHI, K.; HASEGAWA, A.; YAMAZAKI, S.; NAKATA, S.; CLUBA, S. & KIMURA, Y. - An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with acute rotaviral infection in school children. J. infect. Dis., 160: 611-615, 1989.

[33] 33. NAKAGOMI, T.; KATSUSHUMA, N. & NAKAGONI, O. - Relative frequency of human rotavirus subgroups I and II in relation to "short" and "long" electrophorctypes of viral RNA. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 139: 295-300, 1988.

[34] 34. NAKAGOMI, O.; OYAMADA, H.; KUROKI, S.; KOBAYASHI, Y.; OHSHIMA, A. & NAKAGOMI, T. - Molecular identification of a novel human rotavirus in relation to subgroup and electropherotype of genomic RNA. J. med. Virol., 28: 163-168, 1989.

[35] 35. NAKATA, S.; ESTES, M.K.; GRAHAM, D.Y.; LOOSLE, R.; TAO, H.; SHUSHENG, W.; SAIF, L.J. & MELNICK, J.L. - Antigenic characterization and ELISA detection of adult diarrhea rotaviruses. J. infect. Dis., 154: 448-455, 1986.

[36] 36. PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S.; LEITE, J.P.G.; BARTH, O.M.; SUTMOLLER, F.; FARIAS, V. & VIDAL, M.N.P. - Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the rapid diagnoses of rotavirus infection in children. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 78: 483-490, 1983.

[37] 37. PEREIRA, H.G.; AZEREDO, R.S.; LEITE, J.P.G.; ANDRADE, Z.P. & CASTRO, L. - A combined enzyme immunoassay for rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA). J. virol. Meth., 10: 21-28, 1985.

[38] 38. RACZ, M.L.; CANDEIAS, J.A.N.; TRABULSI, J.R. & MURAHOWSKI, J. - Diarrheal diseases in Brazil: Clinical feature of rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in children. Europ. J. Epidem., 4: 382-385, 1988.

[39] 39. RAJ, P.; BHAN, M.K.; PRASAD, A.K.; KUMAR, R.; BHANDARI, N. & JAYASHREE, S. - Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotavirus in rural Indian community. Indian J. med. Res., 89: 65-68, 1989.

[40] 40. RODRIGUEZ, W.J.; KIM, H.W.; BRANDT, C.D.; GARDNER, M.K. & PARROTT, R.H. - Use of eletrophoresis of RNA from human rotavirus to establish the identity of strains involved in outbreaks in a tertiary care nursery. J. infect. Dis., 148: 34-40, 1983.

[41] 41. BUGGERI, F.M.; MARZIANO, M.L.; TINARI, A.; SALVATORI, E. & DONELLI, G. - Four-year study of rotavirus electropherotypes from cases of infantile diarrhea in Rome. J. clin. Microbiol., 27: 1522-1526, 1989.

[42] 42. SANDERS, R.C. - Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections. Europ. J. Epidem., 1: 19-31, 1985.

[43] 43. SATTAR, S.A.; IJAZ, M.K.; JOHNSON-LUSSENBURG, C.M. & SPRINGTHORPE, V.S. - Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rotavirus SA11. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 47: 879-881, 1984.

[44] 44. SHINDAROV, L.M.; DIMITROW, D.H.; RANGELOVA, S.; POPOV, G.; TCAKOV, B. & TSILKA, E. - Five years study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Bulgaria. Acta. virol., 32: 309-316, 1988.

[45] 45. SPENCER, E.; ARAYA, M.; SANDINO, A.M.; PACHECO, I. & BRUNSER, O. - Faecal excretion of rotavirus and other enteropathogens in newborns of the high and low socio-economic statum in Santiago Chile. Epidem. Inf., 101: 425-436, 1988.

[46] 46. TEEMESSEN, C.T.; WEGERHOFF, F.O.; ERASMUS, M.J. & KIDD, A.H. - Infection by enteric adenoviruses, rotaviruses and other agents in a rural African environment. J. med. Virol., 28: 176-182, 1989.