Eliminação de Toxoplasma gondii pela urina de camundongos durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental

Rocha, R.J.; Tafuri, W.L.; Chiari, C.A.

doi:10.1590/S0036-46651993000400001

Resumos

Camundongos albinos heterogenéticos da linhagem Swiss, foram experimentalmente infectados, via subcutânea, com taquizoítos de uma cepa de Toxoplasma gondii de baixa virulência. Todos morreram durante a fase aguda da infecção, entre 7 e 9 dias após a infecção (DAI). Demonstrou-se, utilizando a bioprova, que 80% dos animais eliminou T. gondii pela urina. Nos rins, observou-se, entre outras alterações, hemorragia intersticial intertubular e presença de hemácias íntegras nos espaços subcapsulares de Bowmann de alguns glomérulos. Discutiu-se sobre os possíveis mecanismos de eliminação de T. gondii na urina dos animais infectados. Analisou-se alguns aspectos relacionados com a eliminação de formas infectantes de T. gondii na urina destes animais e a transmissão da toxoplasmose na natureza

Toxoplasma gondii; Urina; Camundongos; Rim

Toxoplasma gondii tachizoites from an avirulent strain, were used to subcutaneously infect mice (Swiss outbred strain). All died 7 to 9 days after infection (DAI) during acute phase infection. Eighty per cent eliminated T. gondii forms by urine. This was determined through infectivity test in normal mice (bioprove). Interstitial intertubular hemorrhage were the more frequently observed lesion in renal histology. Whole erythrocytes could also be seen in some glomerular Bowmann's sub-capsular space. T. gondii elimination mechanism is discussed, together with the relationship between these observations and natural toxoplasmosis transmission.

ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS

Eliminação de Toxoplasma gondii pela urina de camundongos durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental

Presence of Toxoplasma gondii in the urine of mice experimentally infected

R.J. Rocha^I; W.L. Tafuri^II,III; C.A. Chiari^II

^IDep. de Parasitologia, Inst. de Biologia, UNICAMP, CP 6109, 13081-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil

^IIDep. de Parasitologia, Inst. de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, CP 2436, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

^IIIDep. de Ciências Biológicas, FOP, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil

RESUMO

Camundongos albinos heterogenéticos da linhagem Swiss, foram experimentalmente infectados, via subcutânea, com taquizoítos de uma cepa de Toxoplasma gondii de baixa virulência. Todos morreram durante a fase aguda da infecção, entre 7 e 9 dias após a infecção (DAI). Demonstrou-se, utilizando a bioprova, que 80% dos animais eliminou T. gondii pela urina. Nos rins, observou-se, entre outras alterações, hemorragia intersticial intertubular e presença de hemácias íntegras nos espaços subcapsulares de Bowmann de alguns glomérulos. Discutiu-se sobre os possíveis mecanismos de eliminação de T. gondii na urina dos animais infectados. Analisou-se alguns aspectos relacionados com a eliminação de formas infectantes de T. gondii na urina destes animais e a transmissão da toxoplasmose na natureza.

Unitermos: Toxoplasma gondii; Urina; Camundongos; Rim.

SUMMARY

Toxoplasma gondii tachizoites from an avirulent strain, were used to subcutaneously infect mice (Swiss outbred strain). All died 7 to 9 days after infection (DAI) during acute phase infection. Eighty per cent eliminated T. gondii forms by urine. This was determined through infectivity test in normal mice (bioprove). Interstitial intertubular hemorrhage were the more frequently observed lesion in renal histology. Whole erythrocytes could also be seen in some glomerular Bowmann's sub-capsular space. T. gondii elimination mechanism is discussed, together with the relationship between these observations and natural toxoplasmosis transmission.

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AGRADECIMENTOS

Os autores agradecem a Paul Williams pela revisão do resumo em inglês e aos laboratoristas Rosálida Estevam Nazar e José Luis de Faria, pela ajuda técnica.

Recebido para publicação em 26/12/1991

Aceito para publicação em 3/5/1993

1. AMENDOEIRA, M.R.R. & COUTINHO, S.G. - Isolation of Toxoplama gondii from the saliva and tonsils of a three-year-old child. J. infect. Dis., 145: 587, 1982.
2. ARMITAGE, P. - Comparison of several groups. In: ARMITAGE, P. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2 ed. London, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1973. cap. 7, p. 189-216.
3. CAMARGO, M. - Estudo comparativo das reaçőes de Sabin-Feldman e de imunofluorescęncia indireta para toxoplasmose em 1000 soros humanos, comportamento anômalo de alguns soros. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz, 24: 1-26, 1964.
4. CATHIE, J.A.B. - Toxoplasma adenopathy in a child with isolation of the parasite. Lancet, 2: 115-116, 1954.
5. CHIARI, C.A. & NEVES, D.P. - Toxoplasmose humana adquirida através de ingestăo de leite de cabra. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 79: 337-340, 1984.
6. CONLEY, F.K. & JENKINS, K.A. - Immunohistological study of the anatomic relationship of Toxoplasma antigens to the inflammatory response in the brains of mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Infect. Immun., 31: 1184-1192, 1981.
7. CONLEY, F.K.; JENKINS, K.A. & REMINGTON, J.S. - Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate Toxoplama in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Human Path., 12: 690-698, 1981.
8. DEANE, M.P. & NUSSENZWEIG, R.S. - Observations on the diagnosis of chronic Toxoplasma infection in mice. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 1: 119-128, 1959.
9. DUBEY, J.P. - Toxoplama, Hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals. In: KREIR, J.P., ed. Parasitic Protozoa. New York, Academic Press, 1977. v. 3, p. 101-237.
10. DUBEY, J.P. & SHARMA, S.P. - Prolonged excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in semen of goats. Amer. J. vet. Res., 41: 794-795, 1980.
11. DUBEY, J.P.; SHARMA, S.P.; LOPES, C.W.G.; WILLIAMS, J.F.; WILLIAORS, C.S.F. & WEISBRODE, S.E. - Caprine toxoplasmosis: abortion, clinical signs, and distribution of Toxplasma in tissues of goats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Amer. J. vet. Res., 41: 1072-1076, 1980.
12. EYLES, D.E. - Toxoplama in the norway rat. J. Parasit., 38: 226-229, 1952.
13. FACHADO, A.; LONTE, L.; ROJAS, L.; ALBERTI, E. & MACHIN, R. - Technique for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens in mouse urine. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 85: 65-68, 1990.
14. FRENKEL, J.K. - Pathology and pathogenic mechanisms in tissue infections. In: METRRICK, D.F. & DESSER, S.S. Parasites. Their world and ours. Amsterdan, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982. p. 258-266.
15. GALUZO, I.G. - Diagnosing toxoplasmosis of animals. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970a. p. 314-345.
16. GALUZO, I.G. - The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970b. p. 395-413.
17. GIBSON, C.L. & EYLES, D.E. - Toxoplasma infections in animals associated with a case of human congenital toxoplasmosis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 6: 990-1000, 1957.
18. GUIMARĂES, F.N. - Toxoplasmose humana. Meningoencefalomielite toxoplásmica: ocorręncia em adulto e recém nascido. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 38: 257-321, 1943.
19. GUINARD, J.P. & TORRADO, A. - Intersticial nephritis and toxoplasmosis in a 10-year-old child. J. Pediat., 85: 381-382, 1974.
20. HANDMAN, E. & REMINGTON, J. - Antibody responses to Toxoplasma antigens in mice infected with strains of different virulence. Infect. Immun., 29: 215-220, 1980.
21. HULDT, G. - Studies on experimental toxoplasmosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 177: 146-155, 1971.
22. HUSKINSON, J.; STEPICK-BIEK, P. & REMINGTON, J.S. - Detection of antigens in urine during acute toxoplasmosis. J. clin. Microbiol., 27: 1099-1101, 1989.
23. JACOBS, L.; MELTON, M.L. & COOK, M.K. - Observations on Toxoplasmosis in dogs. J. Parasit., 41: 353-361, 1966.
24. LAVEN, H. & WESTPHAL, A. - Die Übertragung von Toxoplasma gondii unter besonderer berucksichtingung des blutes als infektions quelle. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit., 2: 221-235, 1950 apud GALUZZO, I.G. The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970. p. 395-413.
25. MAS BAKAL, P. & VELD, N. - Demonstration of circulating antigen, antibody and parasitaemia after experimental Toxoplasma infection in mice. Acta leidensia, 47: 37-44, 1979.
26. MILLER, M.J.; SEAMAN, E. & REMINGTON, J.S. -The clinical spectrum of congenital toxoplasmosis: problems in recognition. J. Pediat., 70: 714-723, 1967.
27. OMATA, Y.; NISHIMOTO, N.; RAMOS, M.I.; YANO, K. & NAKABAYASHI, T. - Virulence of Toxoplasma gondii (RH - cyst III strain) cultured in mouse embryo cells. Jap. J. Parasit., 36: 179-182, 1987.
28. PIEKARSKI, G. & WITTE, H.M. - Die toxoplasmose, Reine zoonose. Landarzt, 44: 1052-1058, 1968 apud APT, W.; NIEDMANN, G.; PASMANIK, S. & THIERMANN, E. Epidemiologia. In: APT, W.; NIEDMANN, G.; PASMANIK, S. & THIERMANN, E. Toxoplasmosis. Chile, Santiago, Universidad de Chile, 1973. Cap. 3, p. 49-61.
29. RUIZ, A. & FRENKEL, J.K. - Intermediate and transport hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rica. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 29: 1161-1166, 1980.
30. SHAHIN, B.; PAPADOPOULOU, Z.L. & JENIS, E.H. Congenital nephrotic syndrome associated with congenital toxoplasmosis. J. Pediat., 85: 366-370, 1974.
31. SHEVKUNOVA, YE.A. & GENERALOVA, Z.N. - Towards the question as to the excretion of toxoplasmae from the organism of a sick animal. Med. Parazit. (Mosk.), 32: 451-454, 1963 apud GALUZZO, I.G. The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970. p. 395-413.
32. SLOWAKIEWICZ, E. & STARZYK, J. - Investigations on the survival of protozoans Toxoplasma gondii under conditions of slow drying. Acta biol. Cracoviensia, 13: 251-256, 1970.
33. STAHL, W.; TUREK, G. & GAAFAR, H. - Effects of heterologous antithymocyte serum on Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice. I. Potentiation of primary, nonlethal infection. Jap. J. Parasit., 27: 231-278, 1978.
34. TERRAGNA, A.; QUAGLIA, A.C.; MORANDI, N.; CANESSA, A.; PELLEGRINO, C.; BORASI, F. & BARBIERI, A. - Isolamento del Toxoplasma gondii dalla saliva. Ricerca sperimentale. Ann. Sclavo, 23: 477-485, 1981.
35. WEINMAN, D. & CHANDLER, A. - Toxoplasmosis on swine and rodents. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 87: 211-216, 1954.
36. WICKBOM, B. & WINBERG, J. - Coincidence of congenital toxoplasmosis and acute nephritis with nefhrotic syndrome. Acta paediat. scand., 61: 470-472, 1972.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
21 Jul 2006
Data do Fascículo
Ago 1993

Histórico

Aceito
03 Maio 1993
Recebido
26 Dez 1991

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. AMENDOEIRA, M.R.R. & COUTINHO, S.G. - Isolation of Toxoplama gondii from the saliva and tonsils of a three-year-old child. J. infect. Dis., 145: 587, 1982.

[2] 2. ARMITAGE, P. - Comparison of several groups. In: ARMITAGE, P. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2 ed. London, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1973. cap. 7, p. 189-216.

[3] 3. CAMARGO, M. - Estudo comparativo das reaçőes de Sabin-Feldman e de imunofluorescęncia indireta para toxoplasmose em 1000 soros humanos, comportamento anômalo de alguns soros. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz, 24: 1-26, 1964.

[4] 4. CATHIE, J.A.B. - Toxoplasma adenopathy in a child with isolation of the parasite. Lancet, 2: 115-116, 1954.

[5] 5. CHIARI, C.A. & NEVES, D.P. - Toxoplasmose humana adquirida através de ingestăo de leite de cabra. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 79: 337-340, 1984.

[6] 6. CONLEY, F.K. & JENKINS, K.A. - Immunohistological study of the anatomic relationship of Toxoplasma antigens to the inflammatory response in the brains of mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Infect. Immun., 31: 1184-1192, 1981.

[7] 7. CONLEY, F.K.; JENKINS, K.A. & REMINGTON, J.S. - Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate Toxoplama in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Human Path., 12: 690-698, 1981.

[8] 8. DEANE, M.P. & NUSSENZWEIG, R.S. - Observations on the diagnosis of chronic Toxoplasma infection in mice. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 1: 119-128, 1959.

[9] 9. DUBEY, J.P. - Toxoplama, Hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals. In: KREIR, J.P., ed. Parasitic Protozoa. New York, Academic Press, 1977. v. 3, p. 101-237.

[10] 10. DUBEY, J.P. & SHARMA, S.P. - Prolonged excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in semen of goats. Amer. J. vet. Res., 41: 794-795, 1980.

[11] 11. DUBEY, J.P.; SHARMA, S.P.; LOPES, C.W.G.; WILLIAMS, J.F.; WILLIAORS, C.S.F. & WEISBRODE, S.E. - Caprine toxoplasmosis: abortion, clinical signs, and distribution of Toxplasma in tissues of goats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Amer. J. vet. Res., 41: 1072-1076, 1980.

[12] 12. EYLES, D.E. - Toxoplama in the norway rat. J. Parasit., 38: 226-229, 1952.

[13] 13. FACHADO, A.; LONTE, L.; ROJAS, L.; ALBERTI, E. & MACHIN, R. - Technique for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens in mouse urine. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 85: 65-68, 1990.

[14] 14. FRENKEL, J.K. - Pathology and pathogenic mechanisms in tissue infections. In: METRRICK, D.F. & DESSER, S.S. Parasites. Their world and ours. Amsterdan, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982. p. 258-266.

[15] 15. GALUZO, I.G. - Diagnosing toxoplasmosis of animals. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970a. p. 314-345.

[16] 16. GALUZO, I.G. - The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970b. p. 395-413.

[17] 17. GIBSON, C.L. & EYLES, D.E. - Toxoplasma infections in animals associated with a case of human congenital toxoplasmosis. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 6: 990-1000, 1957.

[18] 18. GUIMARĂES, F.N. - Toxoplasmose humana. Meningoencefalomielite toxoplásmica: ocorręncia em adulto e recém nascido. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 38: 257-321, 1943.

[19] 19. GUINARD, J.P. & TORRADO, A. - Intersticial nephritis and toxoplasmosis in a 10-year-old child. J. Pediat., 85: 381-382, 1974.

[20] 20. HANDMAN, E. & REMINGTON, J. - Antibody responses to Toxoplasma antigens in mice infected with strains of different virulence. Infect. Immun., 29: 215-220, 1980.

[21] 21. HULDT, G. - Studies on experimental toxoplasmosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 177: 146-155, 1971.

[22] 22. HUSKINSON, J.; STEPICK-BIEK, P. & REMINGTON, J.S. - Detection of antigens in urine during acute toxoplasmosis. J. clin. Microbiol., 27: 1099-1101, 1989.

[23] 23. JACOBS, L.; MELTON, M.L. & COOK, M.K. - Observations on Toxoplasmosis in dogs. J. Parasit., 41: 353-361, 1966.

[24] 24. LAVEN, H. & WESTPHAL, A. - Die Übertragung von Toxoplasma gondii unter besonderer berucksichtingung des blutes als infektions quelle. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit., 2: 221-235, 1950 apud GALUZZO, I.G. The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970. p. 395-413.

[25] 25. MAS BAKAL, P. & VELD, N. - Demonstration of circulating antigen, antibody and parasitaemia after experimental Toxoplasma infection in mice. Acta leidensia, 47: 37-44, 1979.

[26] 26. MILLER, M.J.; SEAMAN, E. & REMINGTON, J.S. -The clinical spectrum of congenital toxoplasmosis: problems in recognition. J. Pediat., 70: 714-723, 1967.

[27] 27. OMATA, Y.; NISHIMOTO, N.; RAMOS, M.I.; YANO, K. & NAKABAYASHI, T. - Virulence of Toxoplasma gondii (RH - cyst III strain) cultured in mouse embryo cells. Jap. J. Parasit., 36: 179-182, 1987.

[28] 28. PIEKARSKI, G. & WITTE, H.M. - Die toxoplasmose, Reine zoonose. Landarzt, 44: 1052-1058, 1968 apud APT, W.; NIEDMANN, G.; PASMANIK, S. & THIERMANN, E. Epidemiologia. In: APT, W.; NIEDMANN, G.; PASMANIK, S. & THIERMANN, E. Toxoplasmosis. Chile, Santiago, Universidad de Chile, 1973. Cap. 3, p. 49-61.

[29] 29. RUIZ, A. & FRENKEL, J.K. - Intermediate and transport hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rica. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 29: 1161-1166, 1980.

[30] 30. SHAHIN, B.; PAPADOPOULOU, Z.L. & JENIS, E.H. Congenital nephrotic syndrome associated with congenital toxoplasmosis. J. Pediat., 85: 366-370, 1974.

[31] 31. SHEVKUNOVA, YE.A. & GENERALOVA, Z.N. - Towards the question as to the excretion of toxoplasmae from the organism of a sick animal. Med. Parazit. (Mosk.), 32: 451-454, 1963 apud GALUZZO, I.G. The epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. In: FITZGERALD, P.R. Toxoplasmosis of animals. Urbana, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1970. p. 395-413.

[32] 32. SLOWAKIEWICZ, E. & STARZYK, J. - Investigations on the survival of protozoans Toxoplasma gondii under conditions of slow drying. Acta biol. Cracoviensia, 13: 251-256, 1970.

[33] 33. STAHL, W.; TUREK, G. & GAAFAR, H. - Effects of heterologous antithymocyte serum on Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice. I. Potentiation of primary, nonlethal infection. Jap. J. Parasit., 27: 231-278, 1978.

[34] 34. TERRAGNA, A.; QUAGLIA, A.C.; MORANDI, N.; CANESSA, A.; PELLEGRINO, C.; BORASI, F. & BARBIERI, A. - Isolamento del Toxoplasma gondii dalla saliva. Ricerca sperimentale. Ann. Sclavo, 23: 477-485, 1981.

[35] 35. WEINMAN, D. & CHANDLER, A. - Toxoplasmosis on swine and rodents. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 87: 211-216, 1954.

[36] 36. WICKBOM, B. & WINBERG, J. - Coincidence of congenital toxoplasmosis and acute nephritis with nefhrotic syndrome. Acta paediat. scand., 61: 470-472, 1972.

Brasil

Brasil

Eliminação de Toxoplasma gondii pela urina de camundongos durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental

Presence of Toxoplasma gondii in the urine of mice experimentally infected

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico