Effects of ivermectin on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Freitas, Ricardo Miguel Costa de; Faria, Mágda de Abreu; Alves, Stênio Nunes; Melo, Alan Lane de

doi:10.1590/S0036-46651996000400010

Abstracts

The effects of ivermectin, a semi-synthetic drug widely used for treatment of livestock parasitic diseases, were observed on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Toxic effects and mortality evaluation were carried out after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes of exposure to 1, 5 or 10 ppm of ivermectin solutions. Observations were made 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the experiment, and loss of mobility, progressive paralysis and high mortality of larvae were recorded. The observed effects of ivermectin on the mosquito larvae is probably correlated with chloride channel activation on cell membranes.

Culex quinquefasciatus; Ivermectin; Control; Larvae mortality

Os efeitos da ivermectina, uma droga semi-sintética amplamente utilizada para o tratamento de doenças parasitárias do gado, foram observados em larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus. Os efeitos tóxicos e a avaliação da mortalidade foram investigados após 5, 15, 30 e 60 minutos de exposição a 1, 5 ou 10 ppm de solução de ivermectina. As observações foram realizadas 24 e 48 horas após o início do experimento, e perda de mobilidade, paralisia progressiva e alta mortalidade de larvas foram registradas. Os efeitos da ivermectina observados nas larvas de mosquito estão provavelmente correlacionados com a ativação de canais de Cloro em membranas celulares.

THERAPEUTIC TRIAL

Effects of ivermectin on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Efeitos da ivermectina em larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus

Ricardo Miguel Costa de Freitas; Mágda de Abreu Faria; Stênio Nunes Alves; Alan Lane de Melo

Grupo Interdepartamental de Estudos sobre Esquistossomose (GIDE)/Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

^{Correspondence to} Correspondence to: A.L.M. E-mail: aldemelo@icb.ufmg.br

SUMMARY

The effects of ivermectin, a semi-synthetic drug widely used for treatment of livestock parasitic diseases, were observed on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Toxic effects and mortality evaluation were carried out after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes of exposure to 1, 5 or 10 ppm of ivermectin solutions. Observations were made 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the experiment, and loss of mobility, progressive paralysis and high mortality of larvae were recorded. The observed effects of ivermectin on the mosquito larvae is probably correlated with chloride channel activation on cell membranes.

Keywords:Culex quinquefasciatus; Ivermectin; Control; Larvae mortality.

RESUMO

Os efeitos da ivermectina, uma droga semi-sintética amplamente utilizada para o tratamento de doenças parasitárias do gado, foram observados em larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus. Os efeitos tóxicos e a avaliação da mortalidade foram investigados após 5, 15, 30 e 60 minutos de exposição a 1, 5 ou 10 ppm de solução de ivermectina. As observações foram realizadas 24 e 48 horas após o início do experimento, e perda de mobilidade, paralisia progressiva e alta mortalidade de larvas foram registradas. Os efeitos da ivermectina observados nas larvas de mosquito estão provavelmente correlacionados com a ativação de canais de Cloro em membranas celulares.

Full text available only in PDF format.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Dr. Paul Williams for critical comments and suggestions.

Recebido para publicação em 19/06/1996

Aceito para publicação em 26/07/1996

Supported in part by CNPq, FINEP and FAPEMIG.

1. BENZ, G.W. & COX, J.L. - Use of abamectin in cattle. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 230-233.
2. BENZ, G.W.; RONCALLI, R.A. & GROSS, S.J. - Use of ivermectin in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 215-229.
3. BISSAN, Y.; HOUGARD, J.M.; DOUCOURÉ, K. et al. - Drastic reduction of populations of Simulium sirbanun (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Central Sierra Leone after 5 years of larviciding operations by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Ann trop. Med. Parasit., 89: 63-72, 1995.
4. BLOOMQUIST, J.R. - Ion channels as targets for insecticides. Ann. Rev. Ent., 41: 163-190, 1996.
5. CAMPBELL, W.C. - Ivermectin: an update. Parasit today, 1: 10-16, 1985.
6. CAMPBELL, W.C; FISHER, M.H.; STAPLEY, E.O.; ALBERS-SCHÖNBERG, G. & JACOB, T.A. - Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. Science, 221: 823-828, 1983.
7. CAMPBELL, W.C.; LEANING, W.H.D. & SEWARD, R.L. - Use of ivermectin in horses. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 234-244.
8. CHAHAD, S. & BOOF, M.I.C. - Efeitos de extrato de pimenta-preta sobre larvas de Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). An. Soc. Ent., 23: 13-18, 1994.
9. CLARK, J.M.; SCOTT, J.G.; CAMPOS, F. & BLOOMQUIST. J.R. - Resistance to avermectins: extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Ann. Rev. Ent. 40: 1-30, 1994.
10. CONSOLI, R.A. G.B. & OLIVEIRA, R.L. - Principais mosquitos de Importância sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Fiocruz, 1994.
11. CONSOLI, R.A.G.B.; PEREIRA, J.P.; SILVEIRA, J.N. & CASTRO, M.M.T. - Suscetibilidade de adultos de Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) e Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) (Diptera: Culicidae) a diversos inseticidas em laboratório. Rev. bras. Ent., 30: 79-85, 1986.
12. DIALLO, S.; AZIZ, M.A.; NDIR, O. et al. - Dose-ranging study of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti. Lancet, i: 1030, 1987.
13. DYBAS, R.A. - Abamectin use in crop protection. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 287-310.
14. FOCKS, D.A.; McLAUGHLIN, R.E. & LINDA, S.B. - Effects of ivermectin (MK-933) on the reproductive rate of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. med. Ent., 28: 501 -505, 1991.
15. FORATTINI, O.P.; KAKITANI, I.; MASSAD, E. & MARUCCI, D. - Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment. 4-Survey of resting adults and synanthropic behaviour in South-Eastern, Brazil. Rev. Saúde públ. (S. Paulo), 27: 398-411, 1993.
16. GARDNER, K.; MEISH, M.V.; MEEK, C.L. & BIVIN, W.S. - Effects of ivermectin in canine blood on Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aeries albopictus and Culex salinarius. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Ass., 9: 400-402, 1993.
17. GEORGHIEU, G. & PASTEUR, N. - Electrophoretic esterase patterns in insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. J. Econ. Ent., 71: 201-205, 1978.
18. GREENE, B.M.; BROWN, K.R. & TAYLOR, H.R. - Use of ivermectin in humans. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 311-323.
19. GUNN, A. & SADD, J.W. - The effect of ivermectin on the survival, behaviour and cocoon production of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Pedobiologia, 38: 327-333, 1994.
20. HALLEY, B.A.; VANDENHEUVEL, W.J.A. & WISLOCKI, P.G. - Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock. Vet. Parasit., 48: 109-125, 1993.
21. JONES, J.W.; MEISH, M.V.; MEEK, C.L. & BIVIN, W.S. - Lethal effects of ivermectin on Anopheles quadrimaculatus. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Ass., 8: 278-280, 1992.
22. KAO, L.R.; MOTOYAMA, N. & DAUTERMAN, W.C. - Study on hydrolases in various housefly strains and their role in malathion resistance. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 22: 86-92, 1984.
23. KUMARASWAMI, V.; OTTESEN, F.A.; VIJAYASEKARAN, M.D. et al. - Ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. J. Amer. med. Ass., 259: 3150-3153, 1988.
24. MADSEN, M.; NIELSEN, B.O.; HOLTER, P. et al. - Treating cattle with ivermectin: effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pats. J. appl. Ecol., 27: 1-15, 1990.
25. MARICONI, F.A.M. - Inseticidas e seu emprego no combate ŕs pragas. 4 ed., Săo Paulo, Nobel, 1980. v. 1.
26. MILLER, J.A.; OEHLER, D.D.; SIEBENALER, A.J. & KUNZ, S.E. - Effect of ivermectin on survival and fecundity of horn flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Ent., 79: 1564-1569, 1986.
27. MOORE, J.C. & DERUITER, P.C. - Assessment of disturbance on soil ecosystems. Vet. Parasit., 48: 75-85, 1993.
28. RIDSDILL-SMITH, T.J. - Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on dung beetle (Colcoptera: Scarabaeidae) reproduction and survival. Vet. Parasit., 48: 127-137, 1993.
29. RONCALLI, R. A. - Environmental aspects of use of ivermectin and abamectin in livestock: effects on cattle dung fauna. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 173-181.
30. SHAMAAN, N.A.; HAMIDAH, R.; JEFFRIES, J.; HASHIM, A.J. & WAN NGAH, W.Z. - Insecticide toxicity, glulathione transferases and carboxylesterase activities in the larva of the Aedes mosquito. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 104C: 107-110, 1993.
31. STEEL, J.W. - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. Vet. Parasit., 48: 45-57, 1993.
32. STRONG, L. - Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung. Bull. Ent. Res., 82: 265-274, 1992.
33. STRONG, L. - Overview: the impact of avermectin on pastureland ecology. Vet. Parasit., 48: 3-17, 1993.
34. STRONG, L. & WALL, R. - Ivermectin in cattle treatment: non-specific effects on pastureland ecology. Aspects appl. Biol., 17: 231-238, 1988.
35. TESH, R.B. & GUZMAN, H. - Mortality and infertility in adult mosquitoes after the ingestion of blood containing ivermectin. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 43: 229-233, 1990.
36. TURNER, M.J. & SCHAEFFER, J.M. - Mode of action of ivermectin. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 73-88.
³⁷
WHO- Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of diseases to pesticides. Wld. Hlth. Org. techn. Rep. Ser., (585), 1970.
38. WISLOCKI, P.G.; GROSSO, L.S. & DYBAS, R.A. - Environmental aspects of abamectin use in crop protection. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 182-200.
39. WRIGHT, J.W. - The WHO programme for the evaluation and testing of new insecticides. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 44: 11-22, 1971.

Correspondence to:

A.L.M.

E-mail:

aldemelo@icb.ufmg.br

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
22 Sept 2006
Date of issue
Aug 1996

History

Received
19 June 1996
Accepted
26 July 1996

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. BENZ, G.W. & COX, J.L. - Use of abamectin in cattle. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 230-233.

[2] 2. BENZ, G.W.; RONCALLI, R.A. & GROSS, S.J. - Use of ivermectin in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 215-229.

[3] 3. BISSAN, Y.; HOUGARD, J.M.; DOUCOURÉ, K. et al. - Drastic reduction of populations of Simulium sirbanun (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Central Sierra Leone after 5 years of larviciding operations by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Ann trop. Med. Parasit., 89: 63-72, 1995.

[4] 4. BLOOMQUIST, J.R. - Ion channels as targets for insecticides. Ann. Rev. Ent., 41: 163-190, 1996.

[5] 5. CAMPBELL, W.C. - Ivermectin: an update. Parasit today, 1: 10-16, 1985.

[6] 6. CAMPBELL, W.C; FISHER, M.H.; STAPLEY, E.O.; ALBERS-SCHÖNBERG, G. & JACOB, T.A. - Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. Science, 221: 823-828, 1983.

[7] 7. CAMPBELL, W.C.; LEANING, W.H.D. & SEWARD, R.L. - Use of ivermectin in horses. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 234-244.

[8] 8. CHAHAD, S. & BOOF, M.I.C. - Efeitos de extrato de pimenta-preta sobre larvas de Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). An. Soc. Ent., 23: 13-18, 1994.

[9] 9. CLARK, J.M.; SCOTT, J.G.; CAMPOS, F. & BLOOMQUIST. J.R. - Resistance to avermectins: extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Ann. Rev. Ent. 40: 1-30, 1994.

[10] 10. CONSOLI, R.A. G.B. & OLIVEIRA, R.L. - Principais mosquitos de Importância sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Fiocruz, 1994.

[11] 11. CONSOLI, R.A.G.B.; PEREIRA, J.P.; SILVEIRA, J.N. & CASTRO, M.M.T. - Suscetibilidade de adultos de Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) e Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) (Diptera: Culicidae) a diversos inseticidas em laboratório. Rev. bras. Ent., 30: 79-85, 1986.

[12] 12. DIALLO, S.; AZIZ, M.A.; NDIR, O. et al. - Dose-ranging study of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti. Lancet, i: 1030, 1987.

[13] 13. DYBAS, R.A. - Abamectin use in crop protection. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 287-310.

[14] 14. FOCKS, D.A.; McLAUGHLIN, R.E. & LINDA, S.B. - Effects of ivermectin (MK-933) on the reproductive rate of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. med. Ent., 28: 501 -505, 1991.

[15] 15. FORATTINI, O.P.; KAKITANI, I.; MASSAD, E. & MARUCCI, D. - Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment. 4-Survey of resting adults and synanthropic behaviour in South-Eastern, Brazil. Rev. Saúde públ. (S. Paulo), 27: 398-411, 1993.

[16] 16. GARDNER, K.; MEISH, M.V.; MEEK, C.L. & BIVIN, W.S. - Effects of ivermectin in canine blood on Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aeries albopictus and Culex salinarius. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Ass., 9: 400-402, 1993.

[17] 17. GEORGHIEU, G. & PASTEUR, N. - Electrophoretic esterase patterns in insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. J. Econ. Ent., 71: 201-205, 1978.

[18] 18. GREENE, B.M.; BROWN, K.R. & TAYLOR, H.R. - Use of ivermectin in humans. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 311-323.

[19] 19. GUNN, A. & SADD, J.W. - The effect of ivermectin on the survival, behaviour and cocoon production of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Pedobiologia, 38: 327-333, 1994.

[20] 20. HALLEY, B.A.; VANDENHEUVEL, W.J.A. & WISLOCKI, P.G. - Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock. Vet. Parasit., 48: 109-125, 1993.

[21] 21. JONES, J.W.; MEISH, M.V.; MEEK, C.L. & BIVIN, W.S. - Lethal effects of ivermectin on Anopheles quadrimaculatus. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Ass., 8: 278-280, 1992.

[22] 22. KAO, L.R.; MOTOYAMA, N. & DAUTERMAN, W.C. - Study on hydrolases in various housefly strains and their role in malathion resistance. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 22: 86-92, 1984.

[23] 23. KUMARASWAMI, V.; OTTESEN, F.A.; VIJAYASEKARAN, M.D. et al. - Ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. J. Amer. med. Ass., 259: 3150-3153, 1988.

[24] 24. MADSEN, M.; NIELSEN, B.O.; HOLTER, P. et al. - Treating cattle with ivermectin: effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pats. J. appl. Ecol., 27: 1-15, 1990.

[25] 25. MARICONI, F.A.M. - Inseticidas e seu emprego no combate ŕs pragas. 4 ed., Săo Paulo, Nobel, 1980. v. 1.

[26] 26. MILLER, J.A.; OEHLER, D.D.; SIEBENALER, A.J. & KUNZ, S.E. - Effect of ivermectin on survival and fecundity of horn flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Ent., 79: 1564-1569, 1986.

[27] 27. MOORE, J.C. & DERUITER, P.C. - Assessment of disturbance on soil ecosystems. Vet. Parasit., 48: 75-85, 1993.

[28] 28. RIDSDILL-SMITH, T.J. - Effects of avermectin residues in cattle dung on dung beetle (Colcoptera: Scarabaeidae) reproduction and survival. Vet. Parasit., 48: 127-137, 1993.

[29] 29. RONCALLI, R. A. - Environmental aspects of use of ivermectin and abamectin in livestock: effects on cattle dung fauna. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 173-181.

[30] 30. SHAMAAN, N.A.; HAMIDAH, R.; JEFFRIES, J.; HASHIM, A.J. & WAN NGAH, W.Z. - Insecticide toxicity, glulathione transferases and carboxylesterase activities in the larva of the Aedes mosquito. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 104C: 107-110, 1993.

[31] 31. STEEL, J.W. - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of avermectins in livestock. Vet. Parasit., 48: 45-57, 1993.

[32] 32. STRONG, L. - Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung. Bull. Ent. Res., 82: 265-274, 1992.

[33] 33. STRONG, L. - Overview: the impact of avermectin on pastureland ecology. Vet. Parasit., 48: 3-17, 1993.

[34] 34. STRONG, L. & WALL, R. - Ivermectin in cattle treatment: non-specific effects on pastureland ecology. Aspects appl. Biol., 17: 231-238, 1988.

[35] 35. TESH, R.B. & GUZMAN, H. - Mortality and infertility in adult mosquitoes after the ingestion of blood containing ivermectin. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 43: 229-233, 1990.

[36] 36. TURNER, M.J. & SCHAEFFER, J.M. - Mode of action of ivermectin. In: CAMPBELL. W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 73-88.

[37] ³⁷
WHO- Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of diseases to pesticides. Wld. Hlth. Org. techn. Rep. Ser., (585), 1970.

[38] 38. WISLOCKI, P.G.; GROSSO, L.S. & DYBAS, R.A. - Environmental aspects of abamectin use in crop protection. In: CAMPBELL, W.C., ed. Ivermectin and abamectin. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989. p. 182-200.

[39] 39. WRIGHT, J.W. - The WHO programme for the evaluation and testing of new insecticides. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 44: 11-22, 1971.

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