Listeria monocytogenes in renal transplant recipients

Listeria monocytogenes em pacientes pós-transplante renal

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Listeria monocytogenes in renal transplant recipients

Cristina Barroso HOFER(¹), Carmo Elias Andrade MELLES(²) & Ernesto HOFER(³)

SUMMARY

Five cases of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriemia were observed from April to December 1985, among renal transplant recipients from the same hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The patients were adults (mean age: 40.6 years), and the basic complain was fever, with no report of meningeal syndrome. Laboratory tests revealed the presence of two serovars, 1/2a and 4b, which were classified into three lysotypes. The four strains of serovar 4b showed the same antibiotype, with resistance to cefoxitin, clindamycin, oxacillin and penicillin.

KEYWORDS: Listeria monocytogenes; Serovar; Lysovar; Renal transplant.

INTRODUCTION

The clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes human infection were fully defined since the first reports, and the predominant characteristics are bacteriemia or acute involvement of central nervous system^2,4,16. L. monocytogenes affects pregnant women and neonates, elderly, and persons with immunesystem dysfunction due drugs or illness, as the organ transplant recipient^6,8,10.

In some countries, like Brazil, the number of immunocompromised is raising, and there is no guidance to industries and regulatory agencies to prevent listeriosis. Consequently the number of L. monocytogenes infection in this population, is not well studied in this country^3,7,18.

In view of this gap, we studied the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in renal transplant recipients from a strictly bacteriological viewpoint.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We analyzed hemocultures of five patients, recipients of live donor renal transplants from the same hospital. The samples were biochemical identified by the Central Laboratory of the University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo and sent by the Bacteriology Section of Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, to the Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, for conclusive identification. The cultures were accompanied by demographic and limited clinical informations, in tubes containing nutrient agar. They were first analyzed for purity by passage on plates with Tryptose Agar and the colonies were selected by the oblique illumination technique by the method of Henry. Direct examination (Gram staining) was performed on the typical colonies. They were also tested for the catalase presence and transferred to semisolid agar kept at room temperature (26 ^oC) for 72 to 96 h for the typical mobility determination. After this screening, conclusive biochemical analysis was performed according to the method of ROCOURT et al.¹⁴.

The antigenic serogroups and serovars characterization was defined using somatic and flagellar antisera according to SEELIGER & HÖHNE¹⁷.

Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by the technique of soaked disks and deposition on Mueller-Hinton agar according to the specifications of BAUER et al.¹. The following disks (CECON) were used: ampicillin, cefalotin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracyclin. The disks were submitted to regular quality control using standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

The pathogenic action of the strains was determined by the Anton test according to HOFER et al.⁴. Lysotypes were determined at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, with conventional typing system, decribed by ROCOURT et al.¹⁵.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In Table 1 are cited some demographic and clinical characteristics which we had access, and the bacteriological aspects of the Listeria strains isolated. Analysis of in vivo pathogenicity by the experimental keratoconjunctivitis test (Anton’s eye test) showed that all strains were positive. The mean age of the group was 40.6 years, it was quite similar to that reported by STAMM et al.²⁰ . All patients were renal transplant recipients, but the interval between the transplantation and begin of symptoms were not described by their primary care physicians. It was noticed that fever was the basic complain of all the patients, without signs of symptoms of central nervous system involvement, thus indicating the primary bacteremia condition^2,19,20. The five recipients of renal transplants reported the use of immunosuppressive drugs and any patient was taking antibiotics during the previous 48h of the diagnose. Four patients were admitted to the hospital, while one was treated in outpatient clinic. All patients were cured with the appropriated antibiotic regimen.

The Table showed a prevalence of serovar 4b, in agreement with data observed by MACGOWAN et al.⁸, McLAUCHLIN et al.⁹ and STAMM et al.²⁰ in transplant recipients and by HOFER et al.⁴ in Brazil, in general. It is interesting to note that all strains of this serovar presented a uniform antibiotype profile and that listeria were found to be sensitive to the remaining antimicrobial agents analyzed, in agreement with previous report⁵.

Considering the similarity of the antibiotyping and phagetyping characteristics of the strains serovar 4b from patients n. 2, 3 and 4, we may raise the hypothesis of the same source, and it is also supported by temporal (monthly) occurrence. However, we should emphasize that the lysotypes characterized here, also including serovar 1/2a, have been classified by NUNES¹¹ as prevalent in strains from clinical human materials in the municipality of São Paulo, from 1975 to 1982. The epidemiological difficulties are also compounded by the fact that the molecular analyses performed on strains number 2, 3 and 4 by PEREIRA et al.¹² and REZENDE¹³ revealed a marked genetic diversity among them.

In summary, Listeria monocytogenes is the etiologic agent of severe opportunistic infection in renal transplant recipients, mainly resulting from alterations in cellular immunity caused by immunosuppressive treatment^6,8,20 added other possible risk factor as being L. monocytogenes enteric carrier, due to the ingestion of certain foods and age^8,16, or yet again due partial eradication of the agent and reinfection⁹. From a bacteriological viewpoint, we emphasize the importance of applying various methods in order to determine whether the isolates are similar or not and thus provide information for epidemiological investigations.

RESUMO

Listeria monocytogenes em pacientes pós-transplante renal

No período de abril a dezembro de 1985, foram observados cinco casos de listeriose em transplantados renais num mesmo hospital de São Paulo, SP. Os pacientes eram adultos (média de 40,6 anos) tendo como queixa básica a febre. Laboratorialmente, em todos foram reconhecidos Listeria monocytogenes, caracterizada por dois sorovares 1/2a e 4b e três lisotipos distintos. As amostras do sorovar 4b apresentaram o mesmo antibiotipo: resistentes à cefoxitina, clindamicina, oxacilina e penicilina.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. Jocelyne Rocourt, National Reference Centre for Listeria, Institute Pasteur, Paris, for the phagetyping work, and to the Central Laboratory of the University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, for sending the strains, and Deise Paranhos Feitosa and Daniel Monti for technical assistance.

Received: 19 July 1999

Accepted: 18 October 1999

• 1. BAUER, A.W.; KIRBY, W.M.M.; SHERRIS, J.C. & TURCK, M. - Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Amer J. clin. Path., 45: 493-496, 1966.
• 2. BUCHNER, L.H. & SCHNEIERSON, S.S. - Clinical and laboratory aspects of Listeria monocytogenes infections. Amer J. clin. Path., 45: 904-921, 1968.
• 3. GALVĂO, N.; CHOCAIR, P.R.; GOES, G.M. & SABBAGA, E. - Meningite por Listeria monocytogenes após transplante renal. Relato de um caso. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 20: 177-181, 1978.
• 4. HOFER, E.; PESSÔA, G.V.A. & MELLES, C.E.A. - Listeriose humana. Prevalęncia dos sorotipos de Listeria monocytogenes isolados no Brasil. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz, 44: 125-131, 1984.
• 5. HOFER, E. & OLIVEIRA, L.M.A. - Sensibilidade antimicrobiana em amostras de Listeria isoladas de diferentes fontes e regiőes do Brasil. Rev. Microbiol. (S. Paulo), 19: 109-112, 1988.
• 6. LOURIA, D.B.; HENSLE, T.; ARMSTRONG, D. et al. - Listeriosis complicating malignant disease: a new association. Ann. intern. Med., 67: 261-281, 1967.
• 7. LUCONI, P.S.; PIGNATARI, A.C.C.; MELARAGNO, C.S. et al - Meningite em transplantados renais. Rev. Soc. bras. Med. trop., 20 (supl.): 98, 1987.
• 8. MACGOWAN, A.P.; MARSHALL, R.J.; MACKAY, I.M. & REEVES, D.S. - Listeria faecal carriage by renal transplant recipients, haemodialysis patients and patients in general practice: its relation to season, drug therapy, foreign travel, animal exposure and diet. Epidem. Infect., 106: 157-166, 1991.
• 9. McLAUCHLIN, J.; AUDURIER, A. & TAYLOR, A.G. - Aspects of the epidemiology of human Listeria monocytogenes infection in Britain 1967-1984: the use of serotyping and phage-typing. J. med. Microbiol., 22: 367-377, 1986.
• 10. NIEMAN, R.E. & LORBER, B. - Listeriosis in adults: a changing pattern. Report of eight cases and review of the literature, 1968-1978. Rev. infect. Dis., 2: 207-227, 1980.
• 11. NUNES, Z.G. - Avaliaçăo de marcadores fenotípicos associados a patogenicidade e a epidemiologia no gęnero Listeria Rio de Janeiro, 1990. (Dissertaçăo de Mestrado - Curso de Pós-Graduaçăo em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz).
• 12. PEREIRA, M.L.; BUCHRIESER, C.; BROSCH, R. et al - Characterization of Brazilian Listeria monocytogenes strains using DNA macrorestriction patterns. Rev. Microbiol. (S. Paulo), 25: 144-148, 1994.
• 13. REZENDE, P.R. - Caracterizaçăo de Listeria monocytogenes por análise de DNA polimórfico amplificado ao acaso Viçosa, MG, 1996. (Dissertaçăo de Mestrado - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais).
• 14. ROCOURT, J.; SCHRETTENBRUNNER, A. & SEELIGER, H.P.R. - Differenciation biochimique des groupes genomiques des Listeria monocytogenes (sensu lato). Ann. Microbiol. Inst. Pasteur, 134A: 65-71, 1983.
• 15. ROCOURT, J.; AUDURIER, A.; COURTIEU, A.L. et al - A multi-centre study on the phage typing of Listeria monocytogenes Zbl. Bakt. A, 259: 489-497, 1985.
• 16. SCHUCHAT, A.; SWAMINATHAN, B. & BROOME, C.V. - Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 4: 169-183, 1991.
• 17. SEELIGER, H.P.R. & HÖHNE, K. - Serotyping of L. monocytogenes and related species. In: BERGAN, T. & NORRIS, J.R., ed. Methods in microbiology New York, Academic Press, 1979. v.13. p. 31-49.
• 18. SILVA JR., J.C.T.; TAVELIN, W.; IANHEZ, L.E.; MENDES, C.F.M. & SABBAGA, E. - Infecçăo por Listeria monocytogenes pós-transplante renal. Relato de seis casos. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 29: 230-236, 1987.
• 19. SHOGBERG, K.; SYRJÄNEN, J.; JAHKOLA, M. et al. - Clinical presentation and outcome of listeriosis in patients with and without immunosupressive therapy. Clin. infect. Dis., 14: 815-821, 1992.
• 20. STAMM, A.M.; DISMUKES, W.E.; SIMMONS, B.P. et al. - Listeriosis in renal transplant recipients: report of an outbreak and review of 102 cases. Rev. infect. Dis., 4: 665-682, 1982.

(1) The Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

(2) Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Seção de Bacteriologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

(3) Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Correspondence to: Ernesto Hofer, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Depto. Bacteriologia, IOC/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, FAX / TEL [phone].

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Feb 2000
• Date of issue
  Nov 1999

History

• Accepted
  18 Oct 1999
• Received
  19 July 1999