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Effects of eucalyptol on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Efeitos do eucaliptol sobre a mosca doméstica (Diptera: Muscidae) e mosca varejeira (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Abstracts

The effects of eucalyptol were evaluated against the house fly, Musca domestica L., and blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). The bioassay of adults, using topical application, indicated that M. domestica males were more susceptible than females, with the LD50 being 118 and 177 µg/fly, respectively. A higher LD50 of C. megacephala was obtained; 197 µg/fly for males and 221 µg/fly for females. Living flies of both species yielded a shorter life span after being treated with eucalyptol. The bioassay of larvae, using the dipping method on the third instar, showed that M. domestica was more susceptible than C. megacephala, with their LC50 being 101 and 642 µg/µl, respectively. The emergence of adults, which had been treated with eucalyptol in larvae, decreased only in M. domestica. Having the volatile property, fumigation or impregnated paper test of eucalyptol or the efficacy of repellence or attractiveness merits further investigations to enhance bio-insecticidal efficacy.

Musca domestica; Chrysomya megacephala; Eucalyptol; Bio-insecticide


Foram avaliados os efeitos do eucaliptol contra a mosca doméstica, Musca domestica L. e a mosca varejeira, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). O bioensaio de adultos, usando-se aplicação tópica, indicaram que os machos da M. domestica eram mais susceptíveis que fêmeas, com LD50 sendo 118 e 177 µg/mosca, respectivamente. Foi obtido mais alto LD50 da C. megacephala; 197 µg/mosca para machos e 221 µg/mosca para fêmeas. Moscas vivas de ambas espécies tiveram vida menor após tratamento com eucaliptol. O bioensaio de larvas, usando o "dipping method" no terceiro estágio, mostrou que M. domestica foi mais susceptível que C. megacephala com seu LD50 sendo 101 e 642 µg/µl, respectivamente. A emergência de adultos, que tinham sido tratados com eucaliptol na larva diminuiu somente na M. domestica. Tendo propriedade volátil, fumigação ou teste do papel impregnado por eucaliptol ou a eficácia de repelência ou de atração merecem investigações posteriores para aumentar a eficácia do bio-inseticida.


ENTOMOLOGY

Effects of eucalyptol on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Efeitos do eucaliptol sobre a mosca doméstica (Diptera: Muscidae) e mosca varejeira (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Kabkaew L. Sukontason; Noppawan Boonchu; Kom Sukontason; Wej Choochote

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

Correspondence Correspondence to Dr. Kabkaew L. Sukontason Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Phone +66-53-945342 Fax +66-53-217144 e-mail: klikitvo@mail.med.cmu.ac.th

SUMMARY

The effects of eucalyptol were evaluated against the house fly, Musca domestica L., and blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). The bioassay of adults, using topical application, indicated that M. domestica males were more susceptible than females, with the LD50 being 118 and 177 µg/fly, respectively. A higher LD50 of C. megacephala was obtained; 197 µg/fly for males and 221 µg/fly for females. Living flies of both species yielded a shorter life span after being treated with eucalyptol. The bioassay of larvae, using the dipping method on the third instar, showed that M. domestica was more susceptible than C. megacephala, with their LC50 being 101 and 642 µg/µl, respectively. The emergence of adults, which had been treated with eucalyptol in larvae, decreased only in M. domestica. Having the volatile property, fumigation or impregnated paper test of eucalyptol or the efficacy of repellence or attractiveness merits further investigations to enhance bio-insecticidal efficacy.

Keywords:Muscadomestica; Chrysomya megacephala; Eucalyptol; Bio-insecticide.

RESUMO

Foram avaliados os efeitos do eucaliptol contra a mosca doméstica, Musca domestica L. e a mosca varejeira, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). O bioensaio de adultos, usando-se aplicação tópica, indicaram que os machos da M. domestica eram mais susceptíveis que fêmeas, com LD50 sendo 118 e 177 µg/mosca, respectivamente. Foi obtido mais alto LD50 da C. megacephala; 197 µg/mosca para machos e 221 µg/mosca para fêmeas. Moscas vivas de ambas espécies tiveram vida menor após tratamento com eucaliptol. O bioensaio de larvas, usando o "dipping method" no terceiro estágio, mostrou que M. domestica foi mais susceptível que C. megacephala com seu LD50 sendo 101 e 642 µg/µl, respectivamente. A emergência de adultos, que tinham sido tratados com eucaliptol na larva diminuiu somente na M. domestica. Tendo propriedade volátil, fumigação ou teste do papel impregnado por eucaliptol ou a eficácia de repelência ou de atração merecem investigações posteriores para aumentar a eficácia do bio-inseticida.

INTRODUCTION

The common house fly, Musca domestica L., and blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.), are medically important insects; being mechanical carriers of several pathogens (e.g., virus, bacteria, protozoa, helminth eggs) that may cause illness and disease in humans4 or annoyance to humans and agronomic livestock. The economic loss in livestock business resulting from fly annoyance and/or myiasis caused by these species has been recorded23.

A conventional method for fly control in the short-term is the use of insecticides. Nevertheless, the widespread and massive applications of chemical insecticides frequently produce the risk of developing insect resistance and insecticidal residual for humans and the environment. Accordingly, bio-insecticides, a botanical type based on natural compounds from plants, are expected to be a possible application as selective, efficacious and toxicologically safe insecticides. Several reports have shown the efficacy of natural compounds on insects6,8. As for flies, the majority have been found to assess crude extracts from many botanical sources. Regarding this, assessment of the pure active compound extracted from plants against flies is of interest.

Eucalyptol or 1,8-cineole, the major component of eucalyptol oil and other plants, is a monoterpene substances. Eucalyptol is safe for humans, and has been used as medicine and aromatherapy for a long time20. According to the primarily lipophilic property, several monoterpenoids have been reported as having toxic capability to herbivore insects, and were therefore considered as a potential, alternative biopesticide. Toxicity of eucalyptol on several species of medical or economical insects (e.g., triatomine bug, red flour beetle, lessor grain borer, rice weevil, sawtoothed grain beetle, house fly, Hessian fly, German cockroach, and stored food mite) have been recorded8-10,14,20. We therefore examined the effect of eucalyptol on M. domestica and C. megacephala to provide the knowledge for natural products in fly control.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and maintenance of flies: The colonies of M. domestica and C. megacephala originated from adults collected from markets in Muang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand, using a sweeping net. They were transferred into a small cage (16×16×16 cm) and transported to the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, for identification and colonization. Before identification, the flies were anesthetized by placing the cages in a refrigerator set at 4 °C for 15 min. The anesthetized flies were identified following the taxonomic keys7,21. M. domestica and C. megacephala were segregated into separate cages (30×30×30 cm) screened with black cloth. Adults of both species were reared with two kinds of food; (I) mixture of 10% (w/v) sugar solution at 985 ml and multivitamin syrup at 15 ml; and (II) fresh pork liver as both a food source and oviposition site. Furthermore, M. domestica flies were provided with a combination of rice polish, chaff and water at a weight ratio of 2:1:1, and 40 g of this mixture was placed on a 9 cm glass plate, as a supplementary food and oviposition site. Small pieces of fresh pork liver were changed daily, while the mixture of 10% sugar solution, multivitamin syrup and the supplementary food, were changed every two days. Subsequently, the oviposition sites were observed daily for the presence of fly eggs; and if present, they were transferred into a 12×15×6 cm transparent plastic box, and 40 g of fresh pork liver was provided as larval food. To prevent over population, each box housed 30-40 larvae. The lids of the box were rectangular, cut to 3/4 of the total area and used together with the finest silk screen cloth for ventilation and the prevention of small insects entering to oviposit. The boxes were covered by the lids and both were sealed tightly with adhesive paper tape to prevent the larvae crawling out. These boxes were kept under room temperature (24-28 °C) in a cabinet at the rearing room of the Department of Parasitology. Liver was replaced daily until some third instars developed into prepupa, the non-feeding period. The box having pupae was still covered and tightly sealed until some pupae emerged as adults. Then, the box containing some adults was placed into a rearing cage and the adults released. The next generation of flies was reared in the same manner as previously described. Flies after the eighth generation were graded as the laboratory colony and used to assess the toxicity of eucalyptol.

Assessment of eucalyptol toxicity: The commercial eucalyptol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® (Switzerland). This eucalyptol was produced for R&D (Research and Development) use only, not for drug, household or other uses. Its properties were 98% purity and 0.92 g/ml of density. The bioassay was performed using the topical application method for adults22,27 and dipping method for larvae11. For topical application, 4-day-old adults were individually transferred from the rearing cage to a small cage (16×16×16 cm) using a transparent test-tube. This cage was then covered with a transparent plastic bag in order to anesthetize the flies by fumigation with 5 L of CO2 for 3 min. The flies were separated into males or females. Each sex was randomly divided into 7 groups of 20 flies per group and transferred into each small cage (16×16×16 cm) for recovery before being treated with eucalyptol. Eucalyptol solutions were immediately prepared in a small glass bottle by the serially 2-fold dilution method using absolute ethanol as the solvent. The concentration series started at 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% (v/v) of eucalyptol; denoting 0.902, 0.451, 0.226, 0.113 and 0.056 g/ml, respectively. All dilutions were mixed well by using an auto-pipette and then the bottles were tightly closed immediately with their caps. The flies in each group were re-anesthetized using CO2 fumigation prior to topical application. Anesthetized flies were gently placed onto a plastic ice cube, then 1.0 µl of each diluted eucalyptol concentration was individually and topically applied at the dorsal thorax of each fly using a Hamilton Digital MicrosyringeTM (USA).

Control flies were divided into 2 groups; treated with absolute ethanol and untreated. Both groups were anesthetized twice in a similar manner to that of the treated groups. After being tested, the flies in all groups were transferred into each rearing cage and provided with adult food. Mortality in each group was assessed at 24 h periods after exposure by softly stimulating each fly with the tip of a pen. Those flies that showed no response were considered dead. The experiments were carried out in three replications. The lethal dose (LD) of toxicity (LD50, LD95 and LD99) was determined based on mortality data at 24 h assessments, and Probit analysis (Harvard Programming; Hg1, 2) was used for analyzing the dosage-mortality response. Later, all living flies, both treated and controls, were studied further for their life span.

Life span of living flies after being topically tested with eucalyptol: After being tested with the same concentration of eucalyptol, all living flies were pooled together and maintained within the same cage. Food was provided, and the mortality of flies was investigated daily. All flies in the rearing cages were maintained under the same conditions including quality and quantity of food. Replacement of food was performed as previously described until all the flies were dead. The life span of the flies in each group was summarized and analyzed by comparing with controls using the Mann Whitney U test.

Dipping method for the bioassay test of the larvae: The third instar, M. domestica and C. megacephala, used in this experiment were 3-day-old after hatching from the same egg batch. Each species was randomized into 7 groups (20 larvae/group) and reared in separate rearing boxes. Eucalyptol solutions were immediately prepared in a ceramic bowl by the serially 2-fold dilution method using absolute ethanol as the solvent, and the concentration was the same as that in the adult experiments. A bowl containing each concentration of eucalyptol was tightly covered with the lid until they were used for the dipping method. For the experiment, the larvae of each group were wrapped in a voile cloth and gently dipped into eucalyptol solution, whereas those of the controls were dipped in absolute ethanol. After being dipped for exactly 30 sec, the larvae were transferred to the rearing box containing food. The mortality of each larva was assessed at 24 h by touching each one with a paint brush (no. 0), and those not responding were considered dead. The dipping experiments were carried out in three replications. The LD50, LD95 and LD99 of toxicity was determined based on mortality data at 24 h assessments, and Probit analysis (Harvard Programming; Hg1, 2) was used in analyzing the dosage-mortality response. Living larvae were studied further for their adult emergence after being tested with eucalyptol.

Emergence of adults after being dipped with eucalyptol: Living larvae were reared in each rearing box after being dipped in each concentration of eucalyptol or absolute ethanol, and the maintenance of the larvae was conducted in the same manner as previously described until emergence. Once emergence occurred, the adult flies were counted. The Chi Square test was used to compare the emergence of treated and control groups.

RESULTS

Assessment of eucalyptol toxicity: The eucalyptol toxicities against adult M. domestica and C. megacephala, evaluated by LD50, LD95 and LD99 values, are presented in Table 1. Regarding M. domestica, all were dead after they had been treated with eucalyptol 0.902 g/ml. Males were more susceptible than females in all concentrations used. The LD50 and LD95 of males were 118 and 460 µg/fly, respectively, whereas those of females were 177 and 500 µg/fly, respectively. No significant difference was found between males and females, based on the overlapping of 95% confidence interval at LD50. As for C. megacephala, toxicity of eucalyptol against males was slightly lower than females. The LD50 and LD95 of males were 197 and 380 µg/fly, respectively, while in females, they were 221 and 422 µg/fly, respectively. No significant difference in mortality between males and females was detected.

Life span of living flies after being topically tested with eucalyptol: The median life span of adults in each group is shown in Table 2. No living flies of M. domestica and C. megacephala were found after being topically tested with eucalyptol at 0.902 g/ml. In those treated with eucalyptol at 0.451 g/ml, only male M. domestica died. No significant difference in median life span was detected between males treated with eucalyptol at 0.056 g/ml and those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.791). However, the median life span of males treated with eucalyptol at 0.226 and 0.113 g/ml differed significantly from those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.003 and p = 0, respectively). There was no significant difference in median life span between females treated with eucalyptol at 0.056 g/ml and those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.987). However, the median life span of females treated with eucalyptol at 0.451, 0.226 and 0.113 g/ml differed significantly from those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.006, p = 0 and p = 0, respectively).

For C. megacephala, the life span of flies treated with the same concentration of eucalyptol was similar to those of M. domestica. No significant difference in median life span was detected between males treated with eucalyptol at 0.056 g/ml and those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.112). However, the median life span of males treated with eucalyptol at 0.451, 0.226 and 0.113 g/ml differed significantly from those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.015, p = 0 and p = 0, respectively). No significant difference in median life span was found between females treated with eucalyptol at 0.056 g/ml and those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.548), but those subjected to eucalyptol at 0.451, 0.226 and 0.113 g/ml differed significantly from those receiving absolute ethanol (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.032, p = 0.002 and p = 0, respectively).

Dipping method for the bioassay test of the larvae: The results of the dipping method on third instar are presented in Table 3. The LD50 and LD95 of M. domestica were 101 and 239 µg/µl, respectively, whereas, they were 642 and 1,539 µg/µl, respectively in C. megacephala. There was a significant difference between the LD50 of M. domestica and that of C. megacephala. The LD50 of M. domestica was lower.

Emergence of adult flies after being dipped with eucalyptol: After the larvae had been dipped, they were reared to determine the success of emergence. As shown in Table 4, all M. domestica larvae died when they had been dipped in eucalyptol at 0.902 g/ml, thus no emergence of flies was found. When the larvae had been subjected to eucalyptol at 0.451, 0.226, 0.113 and 0.056 g/ml, emergence was 50, 67, 35 and 60%, respectively. In contrast, the emergence of C. megacephala after the larvae had been dipped with eucalyptol at 0.902, 0.451, 0.226, 0.113 and 0.056 g/ml was 100, 93, 90, 93 and 73%, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Our study shows that both the adults and larvae of M. domestica were more significantly susceptible than C. megacephala to eucalyptol. The reason for such a difference between species was unknown. It might be due to morphological difference, as suggested by BROWN & PAL2. Adult C. megacephala is larger than M. domestica; 8-11 mm and 6-9 mm, respectively23. Similarly, toxicity of eucalyptol in male M. domestica was more than in females. This was in accordance with several insecticide bioassay tests of house flies2. The difference in susceptibility is partly due to the smaller size of males2. The LC50 of house flies in this result (118 µg/fly in males and 177 µg/fly in females) was higher than that applied with the volatile oils, Matricaria chamomilla L. and Clerodendron inerme G., on adult M. domestica, with the LC50 of the former and latter being 76 and 84 µg/fly, respectively18. In contrast, the LC50 eucalyptol was lower than that of several monoterpenoids against M. domestica using the topical application (LD50» 200 or >500 µg/fly15). Recently, the screening test of eucalyptol, performed using the fumigation method, indicated that a concentration of 50 µg/ml air caused 100% mortality in adult M. domestica10. It might be that the fumigation method was more appropriate for a bioassay test of eucalyptol against M. domestica or other flies, and this merits investigation. Moreover, other efficacy of repellent or attractiveness to flies is of interest. Some documents have been found on repellent to cockroaches12 or attractiveness toward the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)13, grasshopper, Hypochlora alba (Dodge)1 and Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew)16.

Adult flies that had been topically tested with eucalyptol yielded a shorter life span; both sexes of M. domestica and C. megacephala were resembled. An increased concentration of eucalyptol resulted in shorter longevity; adults subjected to eucalyptol at 115 µg/fly produced a »2-fold shorter life span. Although this was evident in the laboratory, shorter longevity would decrease the vectorial capacity of both sexes as far as the capacity of being a mechanical carrier was concerned19. Likewise, the shorter life span of flies in this experiment agreed with EL-SHAZLY et al.3, in that dipping a second instar of the false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallén), in an extract of Nerium oleander L. decreased the adult survival rate »2-fold. Moreover, this could prolong larval and pupal developmental rates, and decrease adult emergence. TRIPATHI et al.20 contributed the reduction of growth rate and food consumption in the adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castanaeum (Herbst), which was subjected to 1,8-cineole. Eucalyptol has been documented as suppressing the hatching of T. castanaeum and reducing the subsequent survival rate of larvae20. Regarding this, such potentially reproductive aspects are therefore needed for further investigation of flies.

Eucalyptol yielded a moderate larvicide effect (LD50 = 101 µg/µl) on the larvae, M. domestica, while it was low against C. megacephala (LD50 = 642 µg/µl). The low toxicity in this study was similar to that of LAURENT et al.9 in that the commercially pure compound of eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) had a weak larvicidal action on the fourth instar nymph of the triatomine bug, Triatoma infestans (Klug), when topical application was used.

Although the toxicity of eucalyptol against the adults or larvae of flies varied from low to moderate in this study, some modes might enhance insecticidal toxicity. The small addition of compounds, called synergist, enormously increased toxicity11. D-limonene, the component of citrus peel oil extract, was synergized by piperonyl butoxide. When combined, these compounds produced a synergistic ratio of 3.2 and more rapid mortality of the adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché)5. Regarding this, a combination of eucalyptol with synergist, either from plant extract or commercial products, is a subject of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank Somsak Piangjai and Tarinee Chaiwong for their assistance. We are indebted to the Faculty of Medicine Endowment Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, for financial support.

Received: 19 January 2004

Accepted: 19 February 2004

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  • Correspondence to
    Dr. Kabkaew L. Sukontason
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
    Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Phone +66-53-945342
    Fax +66-53-217144
    e-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      05 May 2004
    • Date of issue
      Apr 2004

    History

    • Accepted
      19 Feb 2004
    • Received
      19 Jan 2004
    Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, 05403-000 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil, Tel. +55 11 3061-7005 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: revimtsp@usp.br