Tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis: what happened with MST (Montenegro Skin Test) in Brazil?

São Paulo, December 28^th, 2018

Dear Editor

Tegumentary leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem, since it can cause psychological and social impact due to facial disfigurement and scars, which generate social stigma and self-deprecation. Therefore, new diagnostic methods and treatments are urgently needed ¹ . American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), which include cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), difuse CL and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ² , is a neglected disease caused by a protozoan named Leishmania. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis , L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. (V.) guyanensis , L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) shawi and L. (V.) lainsoni are the main species responsible for ATL in the New World ³ . Clinicians working in tropical areas should be aware of the main differential diagnosis of leishmaniasis-like lesions, since ATL can be confused with several infections ⁴ . Therefore, although diagnosis can sometimes rely on clinical- epidemiological criteria, laboratory tests are crucial ⁴ . Laboratorial diagnosis of ATL depends mainly on parasitological and immunological exams. The first is represented by direct microscopy and culture and the second by the leishmanin skin test, which in Brazil is named Montenegro Skin Test (MST), based on the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction ⁵ . MST is used in field studies and bedside ATL diagnosis. Unfortunately, this technique is no longer used in Brazil. This is the reason of this Letter to the Editor.

For the parasitological examination, scarification, biopsy with impression by apposition or aspiration punction of the lesion are required to obtain smears, which are stained by Giemsa or Panotico and examined by light microscopy. Therefore, direct microscopy is the first choice test, since it is easy to perform and is not expensive ⁶ , however, the main disadvantage is its subjectivity. Figures 1 and 2 show the images of two smears of samples containing amastigotes, examined by microscopy. Figure 1 shows that the identification of six amastigotes is easily accomplished, but in Figure 2 it is not easy to define whether the morphological aspect is of one amastigote. Usually, diagnostic difficulties may be related to the presence of few parasites in the sample, poor Giemsa or panotico staining quality or even to the subjectivity of the technician who examined the slide. Another problem is that the microscopic examination, although being cost-effective, is cumbersome in terms of the time expent to examine the whole smear by microscopy, which can take sometimes 1 h or more. Another drawback microscopy is the huge sensitivity variability, from 15 to 70% ^7-9 . Parasitological examination also include culture techniques in NNN medium (McNeal, Novy, Nicolle) enriched with Liver infusion triptose (LIT). After a period of five days, it is possible to find promastigotes by microscopy, leading to the etiological confirmation (gold standard). Conventional culture sensitivity may vary between 40 to 75% ^7,10 . However, the main disadvantage of cultures is contamination, which is very common ¹¹ .

Figure 1
Presence of six amastigotes of Leishmania on the smear stained by Panotico, from sample of patient with leishmaniasis.

Figure 2
Presence of one amastigote of Leishmania on the smear stained by Panotico, from sample of patient with leishmaniasis.

Molecular biology tecniques are promising tools, but they are expensive. Depending of the chosen target the reaction can present a high sensitivity and specificity and enabling species definition. Polymerase chain reaction has quickly emerged as the molecular diagnostic method of choice because it rapidly provides reliable speciation, with sensitivity around 97% to 100% ² . However, mainly due to the lack of standardization, they are not considered the gold standard for ATL diagnosis and their use is limited by the need of specialized centers ⁶ .

Serological tests like IFI (Indirect Immunofluorescence) and ELISA (Enzyme Immunoassay) are recommended for mucosal leishmaniasis, but in general, they are not sufficiently sensitive for cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis ¹² .

Considering all that has been commented,the main immunological test for CL should be the Montenegro Skin Test (MST). It is an allergic reaction translating a delayed cellular hypersensitivity response. MST was introduced in 1926 by Montenegro to diagnose ATL with favorable clinical applicability and low cost ¹³ . MST is performed according to established protocols: after an intradermal injection of 0,1 mL (the standard volume used) of the antigen (phenol-killed promastigotes) in the patient forearm indurations are measured after 48 or 72 h. Induration of 5 mm and greater are considered as positive results. MST presents high predictive value, being positive in more than 90% of ATL cases ³ with high sensitivity and specificity. According to Guedes et al.⁵ , it is important to bear in mind that MST is an easy method to perform, with low cost, does not require sophisticated equipment, and can be performed in loco . Provided by the CPPI - Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (Immunobiology Production and Research Center) , located in Parana State, Southern Brazil, the production of Montenegro antigen available in Brazil had been authorized and inspected by ANVISA - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (National Health Surveillance Agency) ⁵ . Anvisa is a regulatory agency, belonging to the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Regarding MST, Goto and Lindoso ¹² , showed that the positivity of MST in CL patients varies from 82 to 89%, while in mucosal leishmaniasis and difuse leishmaniasis, positivity is usually 100%. Pontello Jr. et al . ¹⁴ , studying an epidemiological profile of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Londrina, Parana State, from 1998 to 2009, showed a positivity of 84.4% using MST. According to Krolewiecki et al.¹⁵ , MST is a useful diagnostic complement for the diagnosis of ATL and Tirelli et al.⁴ , included it as one of the main complementary exams necessary to the final diagnosis of ATL. Granjeiro Jr. et al.¹⁶ compared ATL diagnostic methods and observed that 27.3% of the cases were diagnosed by histopathological methods, 37.7% by imprint , 46.3% by MST, 22% by culture and 33.1% by immunohistochemistry. Thus, MST was more sensitive in comparison with other methods. Sensitivity of MST presented in the study of Krolewiecki et al.¹⁵ is in accordance with previous studies, all of them reporting sensitivities ≥ 90% ^17,18 . Therefore, MST is indicated for ATL diagnosis since it demonstrates high sensitivity, according to the previously mentioned studies. In addition, it is affordable. For a neglected disease such as ATL, MST is important mainly to remote and poor cities of Brazil, with high ATL endemicity. Thus, why the production of MST antigen was discontinued? During the 53^rd Congress of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine / Meeting in Applied Research in Chagas and Leishmaniasis, held in August 27 to 30, 2017, in the city of Cuiaba, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, it was announced that ANVISA had required some changes in CCPPI infrastructure regarding the production of MST antigen. According to ANVISA, an infrastructure similar to the ones of vaccines production would be necessary in CCPPI. Faced with this demands, CPPI suspended the production of MST antigen. We all agree that a rigorous quality control is imperative during the production of MST. However, following the MST antigen suspension by CPPI, it was no longer possible to use MST for ATL diagnosis and an explanation should be given to the communities and the physicians, who need to diagnose and treat patients with ATL. Most of the time, they have no other options to get to ATL diagnosis, as some of them stated at the 53º Congress. As previously mentioned, parasitological examination presents non-negligible limitations. Therefore, it is necessary to give an answer to the general public and in particular to the patients, who are suffering without diagnosis and treatment, not forgetting their doctors. After all, how long will the suspension of the MST antigen by CPPI last? How will the Brazilian Ministry of Health solve this problem? What has been done? It took a long time before the Institute of Technology in Immunobiology, Rio de Janeiro State, and the Butantã Institute, Sao Paulo State, had the infrastructure for vaccines production. Therefore, why did they not take over the production of the MST antigen? Will American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis be a permanently neglected disease? Why? It is necessary to take the role of MST in the context of ATL, seriously. I believe that this is named responsibility and empathy with patients and their doctors.

REFERENCES

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Mar 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  28 Dec 2018
• Accepted
  12 Feb 2019