Cohort profile update: the main and new findings from the SaMi-Trop Chagas cohort

ABSTRACT

The SaMi-Trop project is a cohort study conducted in 21 municipalities of endemic areas of Chagas disease, including 1,959 patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. In this article we updated the results of the project, adding information from the second cohort visit. Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive patients were enrolled from the primary care Telehealth service in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The eligibility criterium for the second visit was the participation in the baseline evaluation. Of 1,959 participants at the baseline assessment, 1,585 (79.9%) returned after two years for the second evaluation. The mortality rate was 6.7%, but varied from 0.9% to 18.2% when it was stratified by certain clinical characteristics. A lower age-adjusted NT-Pro-BNP level (less than 300) and a prior benznidazole treatment were associated with lower mortality. There was an improvement in most quality of life domain scores. Participants have also reported fewer signs and symptoms and greater use of medication. The second follow-up visit will be complete in Oct 2021.

Chagas disease; Neglected diseases; Chagas cardiomyopathy; Cohort studies

INTRODUCTION

Chagas disease (ChD) is recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease, primarily affecting low-income populations in endemic areas. Millions of people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the causative agent, with most infected people living in Brazil and Argentina¹. In addition, migration has resulted in large numbers of infected individuals in non-endemic countries such as Spain, the United States, Canada, Australia and Japan²,³. The control strategies of T .cruzi transmission implemented in the last 30 years have led to a reduction of approximately 10 million in the number of people living with ChD⁴. Nevertheless, around 13% of the population in Latin America is at risk of infection, where ChD accounts for more than 600,000 disability-adjusted life-years annually².

ChD is related to poverty, poor socioeconomic conditions, and to a lower quality of life⁵. In rural endemic areas, access to diagnosis and treatment is limited, resulting in a greater mortality⁶. Thus, the identification of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is important to guide public policies⁷ and special attention is required in this scenario. Many studies have pointed to the need of a permanent health care, as the morbidity and mortality are higher in patients with ChD. These patients have worse prognosis and higher mortality⁸-¹⁰. A cohort study found that the mortality rate was 7.4 times higher in the group of patients with CCC compared with patients without cardiomyopathy¹¹.

The SaMi-Trop (Sao Paulo-Minas Gerais Tropical Medicine Research Center) project aims to build understanding on the mechanisms of the cardiomiopathy development, to find biomarkers of the disease evolution, and to better understand the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of ChD¹²-¹⁵.

Clinical and laboratory markers predictive of severe and progressive ChD have been identified in the SaMi-Trop cohort, such as high age-adjusted brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-Pro-BNP) levels, as well as symptoms of advanced heart failure¹². The SaMi-Trop cohort is one of the largest multicenter studies of ChD conducted in endemic areas in the world. It represents a major opportunity for research focused on ChD, generating knowledge that can be applied in the primary health care. To date, two visits were completed and the objective of this manuscript is to present the main results after six years of follow-up.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The SaMi-Trop project is a prospective cohort study including ChD patients. It is organized and has been carried out by a network of collaborating scientists in Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo States, since 2013.The first study visit was in 2013-2014 (baseline) and the first follow-up (FU1) visit was performed in 2015-2016. The cohort was established to develop a prognostic algorithm, based on simple electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements in conjunction with clinical information and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels to predict the risk of disease progression and death in CCC patients, and also to be useful in the clinical management of such patients. In the second visit, some additional aims were included, namely: to test the clinical prediction rule developed during the first phase of the study, to expand the knowledge on the genetic basis of disease progression using a GWAS approach, to better understand how patients are being cared for by the health service, and to evaluate the level of health literacy and associated factors. This cohort study is conducted in 21 municipalities from Minas Gerais State, an endemic region for ChD. It is integrated with the Telehealth Network in Minas Gerais. This State-wide Telehealth program has the technological infrastructure to facilitate the acquisition, cloud storage, and automatic recognition of ECG patterns and echocardiogram (ECHO) images¹⁶. The ECG reading center analyzes ECG using the Minnesota Code¹⁷-¹⁹.

Potential participants were identified from the list of patients managed by the Telehealth Network, a program designed to support the primary care in Minas Gerais State¹¹. The inclusion criteria in the baseline were patients aged 18 years or more, who self-reported ChD and abnormal alterations from the previous ECG recorded in a text report. All surviving baseline participants were invited to participate in the FU1 visit. Eligible patients were selected based on the ECG results performed in 2011–2012 by the Telehealth Network. The exclusion criteria included pregnancy or breastfeeding, and any life-threatening disease with an ominous prognosis that suggested a life expectancy of less than two years. More details regarding the eligible population, sample size, and other procedures can be found in the previously published paper¹².

All participants evaluated in the baseline were contacted by telephone or letter and were invited to participate in the FU1. The FU1 protocol included a questionnaire, a blood collection to repeat the NT-proBNP measurement, an ECG and an ECHO. The ECHO was not performed in the baseline. Two new groups of questions were included in the questionnaire: a set of questions regarding the use of health services, and the SALPHA instrument to evaluate the health literacy²⁰. The death certificates of participants who died before FU1 were obtained from the local health system. We repeated the serology test for participants with inconclusive or missing baseline T. cruzi serology results and 25 additional participants were included for serology testing in FU1. These participants were not included in the baseline because their blood samples were not available. The categorical variables were presented as percentages, and a test for equality matched pairs was performed to compare participants in both visits.

RESULTS

The SaMi-Trop cohort has been conducted in 21 municipalities in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Figure 1). In the baseline visit 1,959 T. cruzi-seropositive participants were enrolled, but we subsequently included 25 additional participants because their serological results became available. In this way, the final number of participants in the first follow-up was 1,585 (Figure 2). Table 1 shows the distribution of sociodemographic and clinical variables according to the final status on FU1. The overall mortality was 6.7%, but the mortality rate varied from 0.9% to 18.2% when it was stratified according to clinical characteristics. The mortality was higher in older people (more than 50 years old), those with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification of II or more, presence of Chagas cardiomyopathy and individuals with major ECG alterations. Regarding other clinical characteristics, those who died were associated with more coagulation problems in the baseline evaluation compared to those who survived (3.83% vs 6.9%), more renal disease (7.6% vs 10.3%), infarction (4.23% vs 15.2%), hypertension (64.4% vs 73.8%), more use of amiodarone (21.6% vs 47.2%), and more pacemakers (5.3% vs 14.6%). Conversely, a lower NT-Pro-BNP level (less than 300) and prior benznidazole treatment were associated with lower mortality¹³,¹⁵. These results corroborate other studies²¹.

Figure 1
Geographical location of the 21 municipalities included in the Sao Paulo-Minas Gerais Tropical Medicine Research Center (SaMi-Trop) project. Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Figure 2
Flowchart of the study participants. SaMi-Trop project.

Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical variables according to the status of the patients in the second follow-up visit (FU1): participated, died, or lost to follow-up.

Variables	Valid N*	Participated in FU1 N (%)	Lost to follow-up N (%)	Died N/ (%)
Gender	1,984	1,585 (79.9)	265 (13.4)	134 (6.7)
Female	1,334	1,076/(80.7)	183/(13.7)	75/(5.6)
Male	650	509/(78.3)	82/(12.6)	59/(9.1)
Age	1,984	1,585 (79.9)	265 (13.4)	134 (6.7)
< 50 years	489	408/(83.4)	67/(13.7)	14/(2.9)
50 - 74 years	1,227	1 005/(81.9)	142/(11.6)	80/(6.5)
> 74 years	268	172/(64.2)	56/(20.9)	40/(14.9)
Household members	1,984	1,585(79.9)	265(13.4)	134(6.7)
1-3	1,128	885/(78.5)	161/(14.3)	82/(7.3)
4-6	717	588/(82.0)	84/(11.7)	45/(6.3)
7-17	139	112/(80.6)	20/(14.4)	7/(5.0)
Family monthly income**	1,950	1,553(79.6)	264(13.6)	130(6.7)
> US$327	1,036	835/(80.6)	139/(13.4)	62/(6.0)
≤ US$327	914	718/(78.6)	126/(13.8)	70/(7.6)
Skin color	1,974	1,578(79.9)	265 (13.4)	131 (6.6)
Mixed	1,155	928/(80.3)	141/(12.2)	86/(7.4)
White	433	339/(78.3)	65/(15.0)	29/(6.7)
Black	352	282/(80.1)	55/(15.6)	15/(4.3)
Others	34	29/(85.3)	4/(11.8)	1/(2.9)
Self-reported years of schooling	1,950	1,555 (79.7)	264 (13.5)	131 (6.7)
Illiterate	670	508/(75.8)	92/(13.7)	70/(10.4)
1 to 4 year	862	721/(83.6)	94/(10.9)	47/(5.4)
5 to 8 years	320	242/(75.6)	66/(20.6)	12/(3.8)
Other	98	84/(85.7)	12/(12.2)	2(2.1)
Marital status	1,977	1,580 (79.9)	265 (13.4)	132 (6.7)
Married or living with partner	1,251	1,022/(81.7)	154/(12.3)	75/(6.0)
Widower	458	342/(74.7)	71/(15.5)	45/(9.8)
Single	177	143/(80.8)	28/(15.8)	6/(3.4)
Divorced	91	73/(80.2)	12/(13.2)	6/(6.6)
Previous use of benznidazole	1,979	1,581 79.9)	264 (13.3)	134 (6.8)
No	1,335	1,055/(79.0)	180/(13.5)	100/(7.5)
Yes	498	420/(84.3)	64/(12.8)	14/(2.8)
Do not know	146	106/(72.6)	20/(13.7)	20/(13.7)
NYHA functional classification	1,966	1,570 (79.9)	264 (13.4)	132 (6.7)
I	1,065	895/(84.0)	126/(11.8)	44/(4.1)
II or more	901	675/(74.9)	138/(15.3)	88/(9.8)
Chagas cardiomyopathy	1,910	1,523 (79.7)	259 (13.6)	128 (6.7)
Absent	799	668/(83.6)	114/(14.3)	17/(2.3)
Present	1,111	855/(77.0)	145/(13.0)	111/(10.0)
NT-proBNP level	1,950	1,553 (79.6)	263 (13.5)	134 (6.7)
< 300 pg/mL	1,369	1,167/(85.2)	174/(12.7)	28/(2.1)
≥ 300 pg/mL	581	386/(66.4)	89/(15.3)	106
ECG result	1,934	1,547 (80.0)	259 (13.4)	128 (6.6)
Minor	476	392/(82.3)	70/(14.7)	14/(3.0)
Normal	332	285/(85.8)	44/(13.2)	3/(0.9)
Major	1,126	870/(77.3)	145/(12.9)	111/(9.9)

• *25 participants were included because their serology at the baseline was lost, but they tested positive in the FU1 visit; **Dollar conversion is from July 2013 (US$ 1.00 = R$ 2.23).

Table 2 presents a comparison of sociodemographic variables at baseline and on FU1. Most variables remained stable between visits, except for the self-perception of health. Most of the participants were women (67.9%), aged 50 years or more (78.4%), that self-declared mixed skin color (58.8%), and low education level (79.4%). Clinical variables in both visits are shown in Table 3. According to the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA), a health literacy tool²², 74% were classified as illiterate and 21.8% as having inadequate health literacy. There was an improvement in most quality of life domains. Better quality of life and clinical characteristics were associated with better medical care and treatment of ChD²⁰.Thirteen percent of participants presented LV systolic dysfunction according to the ECHO findings.

Table 2
Sociodemographics, health satisfaction, and use of health service variables in the SAMI-TROP cohort at baseline and at the 2-years follow-up visit.

Variables	Baseline		Follow-up 1
	Valid N	N (%)	Valid N	N (%)
Gender	1,959		1,584
Female		1,323 (67.5)		1,076 (67.9)
Male		636/(32.5)		508 (32.1)
Age (years)	1,959		1,584
< 50		499 (25.6)		342 (21.6)
50 - 74		1,223 (62.6)		1,016 (64.1)
> 74		231 (11.8)		226 (14.3)
Household members	1,953		1584
1-3		1,106 (56.6)		884 (55.8)
4-6		709 (36.3)		588 (37.1)
7-17		138 (7.1)		112 (7.1)
Family monthly income	1,940		1,577
> US$327		1,037 (53.1)		849 (53.8)
< US$327		916 (46.9)		728 (46.1)
Skin color	1,950		1578
Mixed		1,144 (58.6)		928 (58.8)
White		426 (21.8)		339 (21.5)
Black		348 (17.8)		282 (17.9)
Others		32 (1.8)		29 (0.2)
Years of schooling	1,950		1,579
Illiterate		670 (34.4)		521 (33.0)
1 to 4		862 (44.2)		732 (46.4)
5 to 8		320 (16.4)		242 (15.3)
Other		98 (5.0)		84 (5.3)
Marital status	1,953		1,580
Married or living with partner		1,238 (63.4)		1,022 (64.7)
Widower		449 (23.0)		342 (21.6)
Single		176 (9.0)		143 (9.0)
Divorced		90 (4.6)		73 (4.7)
Health satisfaction	1,076		480
Not at all satisfied		231 (21.4)		126 (20.7)
Partially satisfied		232 (21.6)		181 (29.6)
Very satisfied		613 (57.0)		302 (49.7)
Health service used	Not collected	-	1,558	-
Public		-		1,043 (66.9)
Private		-		354 (22.7)
Health Insurance		-		18 (1.2)
None		-		143 (9.2)

• Others in skin colors include Asian (n=27) and Native Americans (n=5); others in the educational level included: elementary school (n=81) and graduate school (n=17); Dollar conversion is from July 2013 (US$ 1.00 = R$ 2.23).

Table 3
Clinical variables, health literacy and quality of life in the SAMI-TROP cohort at baseline and at the 2-years follow-up visit.

Variables	Baseline		Follow-up 1
	Valid N	N (%)	Valid N	N (%)
Previous use of benznidazole	1,955		1,581
No		1,320 (67.5)		1,055 (66.7)
Yes		492 (25.2)		420 (26.6)
Do not know		143 (7.3)		106 (6.7)
NYHA functional classification	1,931		1,560
I		1,059 (54.8)		895 (56.5)
II or more		872 (45,2)		689 (47.5)
ProBNP level	1,955		1,518
< 300 pg/mL		1,368 (70.2)		1,068 (69.2)
≥ 300		581 (29.8)		474 (30.8)
ECG result	1,910		1,487
Minor		326 (17.1)		291 (19.0)
Normal		473 (24.8)		315 (21.1)
Major		1,111 (58.2)		905 (59.9)
Echocardiographic findings (median/IQ)	Not collected		1,564
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)				48 (45-52)
LV end-systolic diameter (mm)				31 (29-36)
LV ejection fraction (%)				63 (57-66)
LV systolic dysfunction
No				1,357 (87)
Yes				203 (13)
Health literacy- SAHLPA	Not collected	-	1,557
Illiterate		-		1,159 (74)
Inadequate health literacy		-		339 (21.8)
Adequate health literacy		-		59 (3.84)
Quality of life domains	625	Mean (SD)	609	Mean (SD)
Physical		57.84 (15.32)		60.7 (17.6)
Psychological		65.98 (12.85)		65.4 (15.5)
Social relationships		73.17 (13.99)		72.9 (16.1)
Environment		57.66 (12.26)		59.8 (14.6)

Table 4 shows the prevalence of some comorbidities, behavioral characteristics, medication use as well as signs and symptoms at baseline and FU1 visits. The proportion of participants reporting high serum cholesterol levels fell by 11.4% (40.1% vs 28.7%), but there was an increase of 29.2% in those reporting hypertension. Five new cases of leishmaniasis were registered among the participants. The proportion of subjects reporting current tobacco smoking decreased from 7.3% to 5.8%. The proportion of participants with no regular medications reduced from 30.1% to 23.5%, and those taking at least one medicine increased from 36.4% to 38.6%. The proportion of participants classified as making use of polypharmacy (more than 5 medications) increased by 2.9% (6.0% vs 8.9%). The main medications accounting for this increase were angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (28.4% vs 33.3%) and aspirin (26.2% vs 29.5%). Medications that were prescribed less frequently at FU1 were angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (28.6%vs 23.3%), amiodarone (22% vs 13.4%), digoxin (7.2%vs 5.1%) and hydralazine (4.3% vs 3.8%).

Table 4
Comorbidities, selected behavioral characteristics, use of medication, signs and symptoms in the SaMi-Trop cohort at baseline and at the 2-years follow-up visit.

Variables	Baseline		Follow-up 1
	Valid N	N (%)	Valid N	N (%)
Comorbidities	1,959		1,558
High serum cholesterol		785 (40.1)		447 (28.7)
Hypertension		706 (36.0)		1,016 (65.2)
Diabetes mellitus		198 (10.1)		180 (11.5)
Thyroid disorder		159 (8.1)		160 (10.3)
Kidney disease		143 (7.3)		161 (10.4)
Leishmaniosis		22 (1.2)		5 (0.3)
Behavioral characteristics	1,945		1,558
Physical activity last week (30 min)		434 (22.3)		365 (23.4)
Alcohol last month		318 (16.2)		191 (12.2)
Current smoking		143 (7.3)		91 (5.8)
Number of medications in use	1,959		1,528
0		589 (30.1)		367 (23.5)
1-2		714 (36.4)		601 (38.6)
3-4		538 27.5)		420 (26.9)
> 5		118 6.0)		140 (8.9)
Use of medication (Yes)	1,940		1,528
Diuretics		951 (49.1)		715 (45.9)
Angiotensin converting enzyme- ACE		553 (28.6)		363 (23.3)
Angiotensin receptor blockers-ARBs		550 (28.4)		519 (33.3)
Aspirin		507 (26.2)		460 (29.5)
Amiodarone		429 (22.0)		209 (13.4)
Carvedilol		380 (19.6)		297 (19.0)
Digoxin		140 (7.2)		80 (5.1)
β-blockers		140 (7.2)		112 (7.2)
Vasodilators (hydralazine)		84 (4.3)		60 (3.8)
Warfarin		11 (0.6)		8 (0.5)
Self-reported signs and symptoms (Yes)	1,950		1,558
Heartbeat racing or beating abnormally		1,222 (63.5)		854 (54.8)
Prolonged faintness or dizziness		429 (21.9)		178 (11.4)
Problems on electrocardiogram		1,180 (61.3)		829 (53.2)
Heart palpitations		1,174 (61.0)		903 (57.9)
Shortness of breathe during physical exercises		1,143 (59.4)		952 (61.1)
Heartbeat racing at rest		1,015 (52.8)		615 (39.5)
Irregular heartbeat		902 (46.9)		597 (38.3)
Difficulty breathing when lying down		752 (39.1)		662 (42.5)
Unable to climb two flights of stairs		749 (38.9)		983 (63.1)
Awake during the night unable to breathe		683 (35.5)		600 (38.5)
Trouble swallowing		599 (31.1)		480 (30.8)
Swelling or puffiness of the feet (morning)		502 (26.1)		457 (29.3)
No bowel movement for three or more days		478 (24.8)		401 (25.7)
Visible neck veins (standing up or sitting)		409 21.3)		346 (22.2)
Pain when swallowing food		342 (17.8)		480 (30.8)
Pacemaker		110 (6.2)		112 (7.2)
Megaesophagus		117 (6.1)		177 (11.4)

Participants reported less frequently “prolonged faintness or dizziness” (21.9%vs 11.4%), but had more “difficulty breathing when lying down” (39.1%vs 42.5%), “inability to climb two flights of stairs” (38.9%vs 63.1%), “pain when swallowing food” (17.8% vs 30.8%) and megaesophagus (6.1% vs 11.4%).

In order to compare the variation between visits, we only selected patients who participated in both visits (Table 5). Use of ACE inhibitors and amiodarone reduced significantly (22.2%vs 14.3%), and the use of ARBs (26.8% vs 33.4%) and aspirin (25.1% vs 29.5%) increased. Most signs and symptoms reduced significantly except for night-time dyspnea, pedal edema in the morning and those related to megaesophagus. Twenty-seven (1.2%) participants received a new pacemaker.

Table 5
Statistical comparison of medications, signs and symptoms in the SaMi-Trop cohort for paired patients that participated in both visits. N=1,560.

Variables	Baseline	Follow-up 1	P-value*
	N (%)	N (%)
Medication in use (Yes)
ACEa (n=1,512)
No	1,081 (71.5)	1,155 (76.4)
Yes	431 (28.5)	357 (23.6)	0.000
ARBsb (n=1,513)
No	1,107 (73.2)	1,008 (66.6)
Yes	406 (26.8)	505 (33.4)	0.000
Aspirin (n=1,513)
No	1,104 (74.9)	1,067 (70.5)
Yes	379 (25.1)	446 (29.5)	0.003
Amiodarone (n=1,368)
No	1,064 (77.8)	1,172 (85.7)
Yes	304 (22.2)	196 (14.3)	0.000
Self-reported signs and symptoms (Yes)
Heartbeat racing or beating abnormally (n=1,501)
No	546 (36.4)	680 (45.3)
Yes	955 (63.6)	821 (54.7)	0.000
Prolonged faintness or dizziness (n=1,513)
No	1,182 (78.1)	1,339 (88.5)
Yes	331 (21.9)	174 (11.5)	0.000
Problems on electrocardiogram (n=1,527)
No	602 (39)	730 (47.8)
Yes	925 (61)	797 (52.2)	0.000
Heartbeat racing at rest (n=1,501)
No	711 (47.4)	908 (60.5)
Yes	790 (52.6)	593 (39.5)	0.000
Irregular heartbeat (n=1,501)
No	808 (53.8)	929 (61.9)
Yes	693 (46.2)	572 (38.1)	0.000
Awake during the night unable to breathe (n=1,501)
No	982 (65.4)	923 (61.5)
Yes	519 (34.6)	578 (38.5)	0.008
Swelling or puffiness of the feet (morning) (n=1,501)
No	1,116 (74.3)	1,059 (70.5)
Yes	385 (25.7)	442 (29.5)	0.005
Pacemaker (n=1,501)
No	1,420 (94.7)	1,393 (92.8)
Yes	81 (5.3)	108 (7.2)	0.000
Megaoesophagus (n=1,501)
No	1,414 (94.2)	1,328 (88.5)
Yes	87 (5.8)	173 (11.5)	0.000

• *Test the equality of matched pairs (Wilcoxon matched-pairs test); ^aACE = Angiotensin converting enzyme; ^bARBs = Angiotensin receptor blockers.

DISCUSSION

SaMi-Trop is one of the largest multi-center cohort studies of ChD disease in the world, and has led to a number of important scientific contributions to the understanding of ChD in endemic and remote areas¹³,¹⁵,²⁰,²³-²⁸. Our results suggest that participation in SaMi-Trop improved the medical care of the participants. Specifically, the access to laboratory tests was improved and participants were re-evaluated by a cardiologist and underwent an ECHO assessment. This allowed for the diagnosis of both, ChD and the general health status. Furthermore, the SaMi-Trop project team conducted many meetings in the municipalities that participated in the study, with health professionals and government officials. The project has also raised the profile of the Telehealth system and provided training for physicians. One of the aspects of the project is the ethical commitment to patients: patients with more severe disease were scheduled for consultation with a physician or specialist for evaluation at a primary health care unit and received further care. All patients received information regarding ChD and self-care strategies. According to our results, the demographic profile is similar to the one of participants from other studies conducted in other regions²⁹-³¹. Around 50% of our participants were classified as class 1 according to the NYHA functional classification, which means they have no significant symptoms. In the general population, the left ventricular function was preserved with a median for the ejection fraction of 63%. Only 13% presented LV systolic dysfunction characterized by an ejection fraction of less than 50%.

The study brings new information regarding how patients use health services and how they are able to understand health information and advice. The proportion of patients who reported the use of a private health service was high (22.7%), compared to the general population in Brazil³². Considering the lower level of family income, around 53% receive less than US$400 per month, but this information requires further attention and will be discussed with the local health planners to better understand the underlying reasons. Another important observation was that almost 100% of the participants were considered not able to understand simple information regarding their health. Using a standardized questionnaire to evaluate the health literacy helped to correct the underestimation of the education level self-reported by the patients. It is well known that inadequate health literacy can be a barrier to self-reported and treatment of diseases, therefore health professionals must adopt strategies to minimize these effects that can be harmful to the health due to inadequate literacy³³,³⁴.

In our cohort, those patients who died presented a higher proportion of comorbidities, more use of amiodarone, functional class II or higher classification, and more pacemakers. This was expected because these patients were likely to have more severe disease. Among those patients who participated in both visits (baseline and follow-up 1), we found that many of them had reduced the use of amiodarone. One possible explanation is that they were examined by a cardiologist and the prescribed medication was probably reviewed. Another possible explanation is that the side effects of the medicine have motivated the patients to discontinue the medication. Stein et al.³⁵ found that patients taking amiodarone presented side effects which vary from 10.6% to 61.1%, and 7.68% discontinued the drug. We observed that 27.2% of the patients reported a previous use of benznidazole, but the use was more frequent among individuals with better demographic conditions and a longer time since the CD diagnosis²³. The use of benznidazole was beneficial to reduce the parasitemia and the mortality rate according to our results¹⁵. In another cohort study, treatment with benznidazole was associated with a decrease in ChD progression from the indeterminate form to the cardiac one and also a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular events³⁶.

A limitation out of our study was the number of participants lost to follow-up; 13% of subjects did not participate in the FU1 visit. We believe this was due to the high degree of disease severity of the participants and the challenges of working in a remote region of Minas Gerais State. Another limitation is that the ECHO results are available only for the first follow-up visit so that some comparisons were not possible. However, the ECHOs will be repeated for all the participants in the second follow-up visit.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our results confirmed that abnormal NT-proBNP level adjusted by age as a strong predictor of death¹³, which reinforces that benznidazole should be strongly considered in the treatment of chronic ChD, and the quality of life is worse in these patients. Additionally, we detected, as expected, a greater use of some medicines such as ARBs and aspirin and a higher mortality rate among those who have more severe disease. The SaMi-Trop project has also started its second visit (follow-up 2), before its interruption due the COVID-19 pandemic, and its contribution to fill some gaps in the knowledge regarding ChD progression is very important.

Some positive findings in our study need to be highlighted, such as the fact that the project enabled the training of human resources, gave technical support for the local primary health care in order to improve the medical care provided to the patients, and should improve medical assistance as well as the management of treatment which will probably contribute to improve the quality of life of the patients. These findings reinforce the importance of adequate financial support from governments to help Chagas patients to have access to healthcare.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The SaMi-Trop project has many collaborations with others research institutes. We would like to acknowledge the collaboration with the Institut MeArieux (France) and the Vitalant Research Institute (US).

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• FUNDING: The SaMi-Trop cohort study is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), (P50 AI098461-02), Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq (467043/2014-0) and the State Funding Agency of Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG (REDE 018-14). ALPR is supported in part by CNPq (310679/2016-8 and 465518/2014-1), by FAPEMIG (PPM-00428-17 and RED-00081-16).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Sept 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  28 June 2021
• Accepted
  23 Aug 2021