Imunologia da Leishmaniose tegumentar

Barral-Netto, Manoel; Badaró, Roberto; Barrai, Aldina; Carvalho, Edgar M.

doi:10.1590/S0037-86821986000300010

REVISÃO

Imunologia da Leishmaniose tegumentar

Manoel Barral-Netto; Roberto Badaró; Aldina Barrai; Edgar M. Carvalho

^{Endereço para correspondência} Endereço para correspondência: Hosp. Prof. Edgard Santos Rua João das Botas s/n Canela 40.000 Salvador Bahia.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido para publicação em 4/9/1986.

Laboratório de Imunologia e Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Trabalho financiado pelo CNPq e pelo National Institutes of Health (AI-16282).

1. Adler S. Immunology of leishmaniasis. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 1: 9-13, 1965.
2. Afchain, D, Desjeux P, la Fuente C, Le Ray D, Cesbron, JY, Neyrinck JL, Capron A. Specific IgE antibodies to Leishmania braziliensis in patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Annales d'lmmunologie (Institut Pasteur) 134c: 311-319, 1983.
3. Alexander J. Effect of the antiphagocytic agent cytochalasin B on macrophage invasion by Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi promastigotes. Journal of Protozoology 22: 237-240, 1975.
4. Allain O, Kagan IG. A direct agglutination test for leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24: 232-236, 1975.
5. Almeida JWR, Camargo ME, Amato-Neto V. Comportamento evolutivo da reação de fixação do complemento quantitativo na fase crônica da doença de Chagas, sem influência do tratamento específico. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 22: 78-81 1980.
6. Andrade ZA, Reed SG, Roters SB, Sadigursky M. Patogenia da leishmaniose cutânea experimental. A importância da necrose na eliminação dos parasitas das lesões. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 187-197, 1984.
7. Anthony RL, Christensen HA, Johnson CM. Micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of New World leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 190- 194, 1980.
8. Armstrong JA, Hart PD. Response of cultured macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis with observations on fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 134: 713-740,1971.
9. Avila JL, Biondo F, Monzón H, Convit J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis on mice: Resistance to glucan immunotherapy, either alone or combined with chemotherapy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31:53-59, 1982.
10. Badaró R, Reed SG, Barrai A, Orge G, Jones TC. Evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) for antibodies to Ataerican visceral leishmaniasis: Standardization of parasite antigen to detect infection specific responses. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35: 72-78, 1986.
11. Badaró R, Reed SG, Carvalho EM. Immunofluorescent antibody test in American visceral leishmaniasis: sensitivity and specificity of different morphological forms of two leishmania species. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 430-484, 1983.
12. Barbosa W, Souza MCL, Rassi DM, Oliveira RL, Mota L. Investigação sobre imunologia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. I. Intradermo-reação de Montenegro com antígeno de Leptomonas pessoai e L. braziliensis Revista de Patologia Tropical 3: 377-383, 1972.
13. Barrai À, Petersen EA, Sacks DL, Neva FA. Late metastatic leishmaniasis in the mouse. A model for mucocutaneous disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 277-285, 1983.
14. Barrai A, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM Barral-Netto M, Costa JML, Badaró R, Rocha H, Johnson WD. Evaluation of T cell subsets in the lesion infiltrates of human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. (Enviado para publicação).
15. Barral-Netto M, Roters SB, Barrai AP. Interleukin-2 production during murine infection by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81: 43-47, 1986.
16. Behforuz N, Rezai HR, Gettner S. Application of immunofluorescence for detection of antibody in Leishmania infections Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 70: 293-301, 1976.
17. Behin R, Mauel J, Biroum-Noerjasin, Rowe, DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-ping. II Selective destruction of different Leishmania species in activated guinea-ping and mouse macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 20: 351-358, 1975.
18. Behin R, Mauel J, Rowe DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in the guinea ping. III. Inhibition of leishmanial lesion in the guinea-pig of delayed hypersensitivity reaction tc related antigens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 29:320-325, 1977.
19. Behin R, Mauel J, Sordat B. Leishmania tropica: pathogenicity and in vitro macrophage function in strains of inbred mice. Experimental Parasitoiogy 48: 81-91, 1979.
20. Berman JP. In vitro susceptibility of antimony-resistant Leishmania to altemative drugs. Journal of Infectious Disease 145: 279, 1982.
21. Berman JD, Dwyer DM. Expression of Leishmania antigen on the surface membrane of infected human macrophages in vitro Clinical and Experimental Immunology 44: 342-348, 1981.
22. Bittencourt AL, Andrade ZA. Aspectos imunopatológicos na leishmaniose cutàneo-mucosa. O Hospital 71:89-98, 1967.
23. Bittencourt A, Sodré A, Andrade Z. Pesquisa de anticorpos circulantes pelo método de imunofluorescência na leishmaniose tegumentar. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 10: 247- 252, 1968.
24. Bradley DJ. Genetic control of natural resistance to Leishmania donovani Nature (London) 250: 353- 354, 1974.
25. Bray RS. Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. In: Cohen S, Sadun E (eds). Immunology of parasitic infections. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, p. 65-76, 1976.
26. Bray RS. Leishmaniasis. In: Houba V. (ed). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic diseases. Churchill Livingstone, London, 65-74, 1980.
27. Bray RS. Leishmania mexicana mexicana: Attachment and uptake of promastigotes to and by macrophages in vitro Journal of Protozoology 30: 314-322, 1983.
28. Bray RS. Leishmania: chemotaxic responses of promastigotes and macrophages in vitro. Journal of Protozoology 30: 322-329, 1983.
29. Bray RS, Heikal B, Kaye PM, Bray MA. The effect of paras itization by Leishmania mexicana mexicana on macrophage function in vitro. Acta Tropica 40: 29- 38, 1983.
30. Bray RS, Lainson R. The immunology and serology of leishmaniasis. I. The fluorescent antibody staining technique. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59: 535-544, 1965.
31. Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63: 708-737, 1969.
32. Bryceson ADM. Immunological aspects of clinical leishmaniasis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 63: 40-44, 1970.
33. Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. III. Immunological studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64: 380-387, 1970.
34. Bryceson ADM, Bray RS, Wolstencroft RA, Dumonde DC. Immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guineapig. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 7: 301-341, 1970.
35. Bryceson ADM, Preston PM, Bray RS, Dumonde DC. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Effects of immunosuppression and antigenic competition on the course of infection with Leishmania enrietti in the guinea-pig. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 10: 305-335, 1972.
36. Carvalho EM, Barreto AC, Badaró R, Marsden P, Barrai A, Cuba Cuba C, Rocha H. Avaliação imunológica em pacientes com leishmania tegumentar. In: Resumos da X Reunião Anual de Pesquisa Básica em Doença de Chagas, p. 8, 1983.
37. Carvalho EM, Johnson WD, Barreto E, Marsden PD, Costa JLM, Reed S, Rocha H. Cell-mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology 135: 4144- 4149, 1985.
38. Carvalho EM, Teixeira RS, Johnson WD. Cell- mediated immunity in American visceral leishmaniasis. Reversible immunosuppression during acute infection. Infection and Immunity 22: 649-656, 1981.
39. Castes M, Agnelli A, Rondon AJ. Mechanisms associated with immunoregulation in human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 57: 279-286, 1984.
40. Castes M, Agnelli A, Verde O, Rondon AJ. Characterization of the cellular immune response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 27: 176-186, 1983.
41. Chang KP. Leishmania infection of human skin fibroblasts in vitro: absence of phagolysosomal fusion after induced phagocytosis of promastigotes and their intracellular transformation. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 27: 1084-1096, 1978.
42. Chang KP. Leishmania donovani: promastigote- macrophage surface interaction in vitro. Experimental Parasitoiogy 48: 175-189, 1979.
43. Chang KP. Antibody-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis in Leishmania donovani-human phagocyte interaction in vitro. American Journal of Tropical Medicine ana Hygiene 30: 334-339, 1981.
44. Chang, KP, Dwyer DM. Leishmania donovani- hamster macrophage interactions in vitro: cell entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication of amastigotes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 147: 515- 530, 1978.
45. Colle JH, Truffa-Bachi P, Chedid L, Modabber F. Lack of general immunosuppression during visceral Leishmania tropica infection in Balb/c mice: augmented antibody response to thymus-independent antigens and polyclonal activation. Journal of Immunology 131: 1492-1495, 1983.
46. Corrêa MOA, Amato-Neto V. Intradermorreações com antígeno de culturas de Leishmania braziliensis submetidas à ação do ultrasom. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz 17:39-42, 1957.
47. Coutinho SG, Louis J, Mauel J, Engers HD. Induction by specific T lymphocytes of intracellular destruction of Leishmania tropica major in infected immune macrophages. Parasite Immunology 6: 157- 169, 1984.
48. Cuba CC, L Lanos-Cuentas EA, Barreto AC, Magalhães AV, Lago EL, Reed SG, Marsden PD. Leishmaniose mucocutânea humana em Três Braços, Bahia, Brasil, Uma área de transmissão de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis I. Diagnóstico laboratorial. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 161-167, 1984.
49. Cuba Cuba CA, Marsden PD, Barreto AC, Jones TC, Richards F. The use of different concentrations of leishmanial antigen in skin testing to evaluate delayed hypersensitivity in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 18: 231-236, 1985.
50. Cuba Cuba AC, Marsden PD, Barreto AC, Rocha R, Sampaio RR, Patzlaff L. Diagnóstico parasitológico e imunológico de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 89: 195-208, 1980.
51. Dedet JP, Ryter A, Vogt E, Hosli P, Silva LP. Uptake and killing of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by human skin fibroblasts. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 77: 35-44,1983.
52. Desjeux P, Santoro F, Afchain D, Lovens M, Capron A. Circulating immune complexes and anti-IgG antibodies in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 195-198, 1980.
53. Dwyer DM. Antibody-induced modul ation of Leishmania donovani surface membrane antígens. Journal of Immunology 117: 2081-2091, 1976.
54. Dwyer DH. Leishmania donovani: Surface membrane carbohydrates of promastigotes. Experimental Parasitoiogy 41: 341-358, 1977.
55. Dwyer DM, Langreth SG,Dwyer NK. Evidence for a polysaccharide surface coat in the development stages of Leishmania donovani: a fine structure-cytochemical study. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunden 43: 227- 249, 1974.
56. Engvall E, Perlmann P. Initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). III. Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme labelled anti-globulin in antigen coated tubes. Journal of Immunology 109:129-135, 1972.
57. Faulk WP, Humans W. Recent developments in immunofluorescence. Progress in Allergy 16: 9-39, 1972.
58. Furtado TA, Pellegrino J. Intradermal test in American leishmaniasis with a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Leishmania braziliensis Journal of Investigative Dermatology 27: 53-59, 1956.
59. Gorczynski RM, MacRae S. Analysis of subpopulations of glass-adherent mouse skin cells controlling resistance/susceptibility to infection with Leishmania tropica, and correlation with the development of independent proliferative signals to Lyt-1⁺/Lyt-2⁺ T lymphocytes. Cellular Immunology 67: 74-89, 1982.
60. Gottlieb M, Dwyer DM. Protozoan parasites of humans: surface membrane with extemally disposed acid phosphatase. Science 212: 939-941, 1981.
61. Grimaldi Jr G. Leishmanioses tegumentares: Aspectos clinicos e imunopatológicos. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 77: 195-215, 1982.
62. Grimaldi GF, Moriearty PL, Hoff R. Leishmania mexicana in C3H mice: BCG and levamisole treatment of established infections. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 41: 237-242, 1980.
63. Grimaldi Jr G, Soares MJ, Moriearty PL. Tissue eosinophilia and Leishmania mexicana mexicana eosinophil interactions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunology 6: 397-408, 1984.
64. Guimarães MCS, Giovannini VL, Camargo ME. Antigenic standardization for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis immunofluorescence test. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 16: 145-148, 1974.
65. Hale C, Howard JG. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Studies with Biozzi high and low responder mice. Parasite Immunology 3: 45-55, 1981.
66. Handman E, Burgess AW. Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages. Journal of Immunology 122: 1134-1137, 1979.
67. Handman E, Ceredig R, Mitchelle GF. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: disease pattems in intact and nude mice of various genotypes and examination of some differences between normal and infected macrophages. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Sciences 57: 9-29, 1979.
68. Herman R. Cytophilic and opsonic antibodies in visceral leishmaniasis in mice. Infection and Immunity 28: 585-593, 1980.
69. Hill JO. Resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis: Acquired ability of the host to kill parasites at the site of infection. Infection and Immunity 45: 127-132,1984.
70. Houba V. Introduction in Houba V (ed.). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic disease. Churchill Livingstone, London, 1980.
71. Howard JG, Hale C, Chan-Liew WL. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Immunogenetic aspects of susceptibility to Leishmania tropica in mice. Parasite Immunology 2: 303- 314, 1980.
72. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. III. The nature and significance of specific supression of cell-mediated immunity. Journal of Experimental Medicine 152: 594-607, 1980.
73. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. IV. Prophylactic effect of sub-lethal iradiation as a result of abrogation of suppressor T-cell generation in mice genetically susceptible to Leishmania tropica Journal of Experimental Medicine 153: 557-568, 1981.
74. Howard JG, Liew FY, Hale C, Nicklin S. Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. II. Further characterization of the protective immunity against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes. Journal of Immunology 132: 450-455, 1984.
75. Jones TC, Hirsch JG. The interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cells. II. The absence of lysosomal fusion with phagocytic vacuoles containing living parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 136: 1173-1194, 1972.
76. Jones TC, Johnson WDJr, Barreto A, Badaró R, Cerf B, Reed SG, Neto EM, Tada MS, França F, Weise K, Golightly L, Fikrik E, Costa JMM,Cuba CubaC, Marsden PD. Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis (Enviado para publicação).
77. Kagan IG. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) In: Houba V. (ed.). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic diseases. Churchill Livingstone, London, 49-64, 1980.
78. Kirkpatrick CE, Farrel JP. Splenik natural killer cell mice. Infection and Immunity 38: 1208-1216, 1982.
79. Kirkpatrick CE, Farrel JP. Splenic natural killer cell activity in mice infected with L. donovani. Cellular Immunology 85: 201-214, 1984.
80. Klempner MS, Cendron M, WylerDJ. Attachmentof plasma membrane vesicles of human macrophages to Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 148: 377-384, 1983.
81. Kress Y, Tanowitz H, Bloom B, Wittner M. Trypanosoma cruzi: Infection of normal and activated mouse macrophages. Experimental Parasitoiogy 41: 385-396, 1977.
82. Landi S, Held HR, Tseng MD. Disparity of potency between stabilized and nonstabilized dilute tuberculin solution. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 104: 385-393, 1971.
83. Leclerc C, Modabber F, Deriaud E, Djoko-Tamnou J, Chedid L. Visceral Leishmania tropica infection of Balb/c mice: cellular analysis of in vitro unresponsiveness to sheep erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 37: 895-902, 1982.
84. Lewis DH. Infection of tissue culture cells of low phagocytic ability by Leishmania mexicana mexicana Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 68: 327-336, 1974.
85. lewis DH, Peters W. The resistance of intracellular Leishmania parasites to digestion by lysosomal enzymes. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 71: 295-312, 1977.
86. Liew FY. Specific suppression of responses to Leishmania tropica by a cloned T-cell line. Nature 305: 630-632, 1983.
87. Lima GMCA. Leishmania-specific murine T-cell lines and clones: Functional analysis in vitro and in vivo Ph. D Thesis. (Docteur ès Sciences). Faculte des Sciences de l'Université de Lausanne, 1983.
88. Lima GC, Engers HD, Louis JA. Adoptive transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions specific for Leishmania major antigens to normal mice using murine T-cell populations and clones generated in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 57:130-138, 1984.
89. Llanos-Cuentas EA. Estudo clínico evolutivo da leishmaniose em área endêmica de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis, Três Braços, Bahia. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília, 1984.
90. Llanos-Cuentas EA, Marsden PD, Cuba CC, Barreto AC, Campos M. Possible risk factors in development of mucosal lesions in leishmaniasis. Lancet 2: 195, 1984.
91. Louis JA, Moedder E, Behin R, Engers H. Recognition of protozoan parasite antigens by murine T- lymphocytes. I. Induction of specific T-lymphocyte- dependent proliferative response to Leishmania tropica European Journal of Immunology 9: 841- 847, 1979.
92. Louis JA, Zubler RH, Coutinho SG, Lima G, Behin R, Mauel J, Engers HD. The in vitro generation and functional analysis of murine T-cell populations and clones specific for the protozoan parasite, Leishmania tropica Immunological Reviews 61:215-243, 1982.
93. Lynch NR, Yarzabal L, Verde O, Avila JL, Monzon H, Convit J. Delayed type hypersensitivity and immunoglobulin E in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infection and Immunity 38: 877-881, 1982.
94. Magalhães AV. Histopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar de Três Braços, Bahia. Tese de Doutoramento. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 1984.
95. Magalhães AV, Chiarini LH, Raick AN. Histopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 24: 268- 276, 1982.
96. Marsden PD. Clinical presentations of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis Parasitoiogy Today 1: 129- 133, 1985.
97. Marsden PD, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Lago EL, Cuba CC, Barreto AC, Costa JM, Jones TC. Leishmaniose mucocutánea humana em Três Braços, Bahia-Brasil. Uma área de transmissão de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis III. Comprometimento mucoso e evolução inicial. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 179-186, 1984.
98. Mauel J. The biology of the macrophage-Leishmania interaction. The Host Invader Interplay. H. Van den Bossche (ed.) Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1980.
99. Mauel J. Recent advances in the immunology of leishmanial infections (with particular reference to the problem of vaccination). Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia 47: 91-112, 1982.
100. Mauel J, Behin R. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to protozoan infections with special reference to leishmaniasis. Transplantation Review 19: 121-146, 1974.
101. Mauel J, Behin R, Biroum-Noerjasin N, Rowe DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in the guinea-pig. I. Lack of effects of immune lymphocytes and of activated macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 20: 339-350, 1975.
102. Mauel J, Buchmuller Y, Behin R. Studies on the mechanisms of macrophage activation. I. Destruction of intra cellular Leishmania enrietti in macrophages activated by coculfivation with stimulated lymphocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 148: 393- 407, 1978.
103. Mayrink W, Melo MN, Costa CA, Magalhães PA, Dias M, Coelho MV, Araújo FG, Williams P, Figueiredo Batista SM. Intradermorreação de Montenegro na leishmaniose tegumentar americana após terapêutica antimonial. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 18: 182-185, 1976.
104. McMahon-Pratt D, Bennett E, David J. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis Journal of Immunology 129:929-937, 1982.
105. Mendonça SC, Amerdoura RR, Marzochi MCA, Pirmez C, Coutinho SG. Human American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania b. braziliensis) in Brazil. Lymphoproliferative response - Influence of therapy. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 64: 269-276, 1986.
106. Melo MN, Mayrink W, Costa CA, Magalhães PA, Dias M, Williams P, Araújo FG, Coelho M, Batista SM. Padronização do antígeno de Montenegro. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 19: 161-164, 1977.
107. Merino F, Ajjam E, Hemández A, Dawidowicz K, Merino EJ. In vitro infection of murine macrophages by Leishmania braziliensis Mechanisms of penetration. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 55: 487-495, 1977.
108. Montenegro J. Cutaneous reaction in leishmaniasis. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilography 13: 187-194, 1926.
109. Moriearty PL, Bittencourt AL, Pereira C, Teixeira R, Barreto E, Guimarães NA. Borderline cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical, immunological and histological differences from mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 20: 15-21, 1978.
110. Moriearty PL, Grimaldi G, Galvão-Castro B, Oliveira NetoMP, Marzochi MCA. Intralesional plasma cells and serological responses in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 47:59-64, 1982.
111. Moses A. Da fixação de complemento na leishmaniose tegumentar. Brasil Médico: 107-108, 1919.
112. Murray HW. Susceptibility of Leishmania to oxygen intermediates and killing by normal macrophages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 153: 1302-1315, 1981.
113. Murray HW. Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. II. Oxygen-dependent killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes. Journal of Immunology 129: 351-357, 1982.
114. Murray HW, Masur H, Keithly JS. Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. I. Correlation between resistance to Leishmania donovani and lymphokine-generating capacity. Journal of Immunology 129: 344-350, 1982.
115. Nacy CA, Fortier AH, Pappas MG, Henry RR. Susceptibility of inbred mice to Leishmania tropica infection: correlation of susceptibility with in vitro defective macrophage microbicidal actívities. Cellular Immunology 77: 298-307, 1983.
116. Nacy CA, James SL, Benjamin WR, Farrar JJ, Hockmeyer WT, Meltzer MS. Activation of macrophages for microbicidal and tumoricidal effector functions by soluble factors from EL-4, a continuous cell line. Infection and Immunity 40: 820-824,1983.
117. Nacy CA, Meltzer MS, Leonard EJ, Wyler DJ. Intracellular replication and lymphokine-induced destruction of Leishmania tropica in C3H/HeN mouse macrophages. Journal of Immunology 127: 2381-2386, 1981.
118. Pappas MG, McGreevy PB, Hajakowski R, Hendricks LD, Oster CN, Hockmeyer WT. Evaluation of promastigote and amastigote antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 1260-1267, 1983.
119. Passwell J, Shor R, Heren G, Messer G, El-On J. Comparison of the effect of various stimuli on the leishmanicidal capacity of human monocytes in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 56: 553-558, 1984.
120. Pearson RD, Harcus JL, Symes PH, Romito R, Donowitz GR. Failure of the phagocytic oxidative response to protect human monocyte-derived macrophages from infection by Leishmania donovani Journal of Immunology 129: 1282-1286, 1982.
121. Pearson RD, Romito R, Symes PH, Harcus JL. Interaction of Leishmania donovani promastigotes with human monocyte-derived macrophages: parasite entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication. Infection and Immunity 32: 1249-1253, 1981.
122. Pearson RD, Wheeler DA, Harrison LH, Kay HD. The immunobiology of leishmaniasis. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 5: 907-927, 1983.
123. Pellegrino J, Pereira LH, Furtado TA. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis intradermal test with a promastigote suspension and a crude extract from Leishmania braziliensis Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 19: 393-396, 1977.
124. Pereira LIA. Leishmaniose tegumentar. Estudo terapêutico baseado nos aspectos clínicos e imunopatológicos. Revista de Patologia Tropical 8: 181-241, 1979.
125. Pessoa SB, Pestana BR. A intradermorreação de Montenegro nas campanhas sanitárias contra leishmaniose. São Paulo Médico 15: 133-151, 1940.
126. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Barrai A, Correa-Coronas R, Bogaert-Diaz H, Martinez D, Ward TE. Monocyte suppression of antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from the Dominican Republic. Journal of Immunology 132: 1603-1606, 1984.
127. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Oster CN,Diaz HB. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte-proliferation responses by adherent suppressor cells in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 387-392, 1982.
128. Poulter LW. Mechanisms of immunity to leishmaniasis. I. Evidence for a changing basis of protection in self-limiting disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 39: 14-26, 1980.
129. Preston PM, Dumonde DC. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. V. Protective immunity in subclinical and self-healing infect;on in the mouse. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 23: 126-138, 1976.
130. Rabinovitch M, Dedet JP, Ryler A, Robineaux R, Topper G, Brunet E. Destruction of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes within macrophages in culture by phenazine methosulfate and other electron carriers. Journal of Experimental Medicine 155: 415-431, 1982.
131. Reed SG, Badaró R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenço R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson Jr WD, Jones TC. Selection of skin test antigen for American leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35: 79-85, 1976.
132. Reis MG, Roters SB, Barral-Netto M. Influence of immune serum on the intemalization of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis in murine macrophages. (Enviado para publicação).
133. Rezai HR, Gettner S, Behforouz N. Antileishmanial activity of immune guinea-pig serum. Journal of Medical Microbiology 5.371-375, 1972.
134. Ridley DS. A histological classification of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its geographical expression. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74: 515-521, 1980.
135. Roffi J, Dedet JP, Desjeux P, Garre MT. Detection of circulating antibodies in cutaneous leishmaniasis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 183-189, 1981.
136. Rotberg A. Contribuição para o estudo da alergia na leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Tese de Doutorado, São Paulo, 1952.
137. Sacks DL, Scott PA, Asofsky R, Sher F A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in anti-IgM-treated mice: enhanced resistance due to functional depletion of a B-cell- dependent T-cell involved in the suppressorpathway. Journal of Immunology 132: 2072-2077, 1984.
138. Salles-Gomes L. A intradermorreação de Montenegro da leishmaniose e outras pesquisas afins. Brasil Médico 53: 1079-1087, 1939.
139. Scott P. Impaired macrophage leishmanicidal acti vity at cutaneous temperature. Parasite Immunology 7: 277-288, 1985.
140. Scott P, Barrai A, Martins E, Sher A, Marsden PD, Carvalho EM. Immunological responses in cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Analysis of suppressor cell function in vitro. (Enviado para publicação).
141. Scott PA, Farrell JP. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Non-specific immunodepression in Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania tropica Journal of Immunology 127: 2395-2400, 1981.
142. Scott P, Sacks D, Sher A. Resistance to macrophage- mediated killing as a factor influencing the pathogenesis of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology 131:966-971, 1983.
143. Shaw JJ, Lainson R. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XIX. Leishmanial and trypasonomal IgA antibody in patients with leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 254-257, 19.
144. Sugarman B. Attachment of bactéria to mammalian cell surfaces. Infection 8: 132-141, 1980.
145. Titus RG, Ceredig R, Cerottini JC, Louis JA. Therapeutic effect of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody GK 1.5 on cutaneous leishmaniasis in genetically- susceptible Balb/c mice. Journal of Immunology 135: 2108-2114, 1985.
146. Titus RG, Kelso A, Louis JA. Intracellular destruction of Leishmania tropica by macrophages activated with macrophage activating factor/interferon. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 55:157-165, 1984.
147. Titus RG, Lima GC, Engers HD, Louis JA. Exacerbation of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis by adoptive transfer of parasite-specific helper T-cell populations capable of mediating Leishmania major - specific delayed - type hypersensitivity. Journal of Immunology 133: 1594-1600, 1984.
148. Turk JL, Bryceson ADM. Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases. Advances of Immunology 13: 209-266, 1971.
149. VollerA, BartlettA, Bidwell DE. Enzyme-immunoassays for parasitic diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70: 98-106, 1976.
150. Voorhis WCV, Kaplan G, Samo EN, Horwitz WA, Steinman RM, Levis WR, Nogueira N, Hair LS, Gattas CR, Arrick BA, Cohn ZA. The cutaneous infiltrates of leprosy. Cellular characteristics and the predominant T-cell phenotypes. New England Journal of Medicine 307: 1593-1597, 1982.
151. Walton BC, Brooks WH, Arjona I. Serodiagnosis of American leishmaniasis by the indirect immunofluo- rescent antibody test. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21: 296-299, 1972.
152. Walton BC, Valverde L. Racial differences in espundia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 73: 23-29, 1979.
153. Walton BC, Valverde L, Eguia y Eguia O. Onset of espundia many years after occult infection with Leishmania braziliensis American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22: 696-698, 1983.
154. Weintraub J, Gottlieb M. Leishmania tropica: Association of a B-cell mitogen with hypergammaglobulinemia in mice. Experimental Parasitoiogy 53: 87-96, 1982.
155. WeintraubJ, Weinbaum FI. The effect of BCG on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. Journal of Immunology, 118: 2288-2290, 1977.
156. Wyler DJ. In vitro parasite-monocyte interactions in human leishmaniasis. Evidence for an active role of the parasite attachment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 70: 82-88, 1982.
157. Zehavi V, El-On J, Pearlman E, Abrahams JC, Greenblatt CL. Binding of Leishmania promastigotes to macrophages. Zeitschrift ftir Parasitenkunden 69:405-414, 1983.
158. Zenian A, Rowtes P, Gingell D. Scanning electron- microscopic study of the uptake of Leishmania parasite by macrophages. Journal of Cell Sciences 39: 187-199, 1979.

Endereço para correspondência:

Hosp. Prof. Edgard Santos

Rua João das Botas s/n Canela

40.000

Salvador Bahia.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
06 Jun 2013
Data do Fascículo
Set 1986

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Adler S. Immunology of leishmaniasis. Israeli Journal of Medical Science 1: 9-13, 1965.

[2] 2. Afchain, D, Desjeux P, la Fuente C, Le Ray D, Cesbron, JY, Neyrinck JL, Capron A. Specific IgE antibodies to Leishmania braziliensis in patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Annales d'lmmunologie (Institut Pasteur) 134c: 311-319, 1983.

[3] 3. Alexander J. Effect of the antiphagocytic agent cytochalasin B on macrophage invasion by Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi promastigotes. Journal of Protozoology 22: 237-240, 1975.

[4] 4. Allain O, Kagan IG. A direct agglutination test for leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24: 232-236, 1975.

[5] 5. Almeida JWR, Camargo ME, Amato-Neto V. Comportamento evolutivo da reação de fixação do complemento quantitativo na fase crônica da doença de Chagas, sem influência do tratamento específico. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 22: 78-81 1980.

[6] 6. Andrade ZA, Reed SG, Roters SB, Sadigursky M. Patogenia da leishmaniose cutânea experimental. A importância da necrose na eliminação dos parasitas das lesões. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 187-197, 1984.

[7] 7. Anthony RL, Christensen HA, Johnson CM. Micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of New World leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 190- 194, 1980.

[8] 8. Armstrong JA, Hart PD. Response of cultured macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis with observations on fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 134: 713-740,1971.

[9] 9. Avila JL, Biondo F, Monzón H, Convit J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis on mice: Resistance to glucan immunotherapy, either alone or combined with chemotherapy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31:53-59, 1982.

[10] 10. Badaró R, Reed SG, Barrai A, Orge G, Jones TC. Evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) for antibodies to Ataerican visceral leishmaniasis: Standardization of parasite antigen to detect infection specific responses. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35: 72-78, 1986.

[11] 11. Badaró R, Reed SG, Carvalho EM. Immunofluorescent antibody test in American visceral leishmaniasis: sensitivity and specificity of different morphological forms of two leishmania species. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 430-484, 1983.

[12] 12. Barbosa W, Souza MCL, Rassi DM, Oliveira RL, Mota L. Investigação sobre imunologia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. I. Intradermo-reação de Montenegro com antígeno de Leptomonas pessoai e L. braziliensis Revista de Patologia Tropical 3: 377-383, 1972.

[13] 13. Barrai À, Petersen EA, Sacks DL, Neva FA. Late metastatic leishmaniasis in the mouse. A model for mucocutaneous disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 277-285, 1983.

[14] 14. Barrai A, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM Barral-Netto M, Costa JML, Badaró R, Rocha H, Johnson WD. Evaluation of T cell subsets in the lesion infiltrates of human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. (Enviado para publicação).

[15] 15. Barral-Netto M, Roters SB, Barrai AP. Interleukin-2 production during murine infection by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81: 43-47, 1986.

[16] 16. Behforuz N, Rezai HR, Gettner S. Application of immunofluorescence for detection of antibody in Leishmania infections Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 70: 293-301, 1976.

[17] 17. Behin R, Mauel J, Biroum-Noerjasin, Rowe, DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-ping. II Selective destruction of different Leishmania species in activated guinea-ping and mouse macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 20: 351-358, 1975.

[18] 18. Behin R, Mauel J, Rowe DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in the guinea ping. III. Inhibition of leishmanial lesion in the guinea-pig of delayed hypersensitivity reaction tc related antigens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 29:320-325, 1977.

[19] 19. Behin R, Mauel J, Sordat B. Leishmania tropica: pathogenicity and in vitro macrophage function in strains of inbred mice. Experimental Parasitoiogy 48: 81-91, 1979.

[20] 20. Berman JP. In vitro susceptibility of antimony-resistant Leishmania to altemative drugs. Journal of Infectious Disease 145: 279, 1982.

[21] 21. Berman JD, Dwyer DM. Expression of Leishmania antigen on the surface membrane of infected human macrophages in vitro Clinical and Experimental Immunology 44: 342-348, 1981.

[22] 22. Bittencourt AL, Andrade ZA. Aspectos imunopatológicos na leishmaniose cutàneo-mucosa. O Hospital 71:89-98, 1967.

[23] 23. Bittencourt A, Sodré A, Andrade Z. Pesquisa de anticorpos circulantes pelo método de imunofluorescência na leishmaniose tegumentar. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 10: 247- 252, 1968.

[24] 24. Bradley DJ. Genetic control of natural resistance to Leishmania donovani Nature (London) 250: 353- 354, 1974.

[25] 25. Bray RS. Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. In: Cohen S, Sadun E (eds). Immunology of parasitic infections. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, p. 65-76, 1976.

[26] 26. Bray RS. Leishmaniasis. In: Houba V. (ed). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic diseases. Churchill Livingstone, London, 65-74, 1980.

[27] 27. Bray RS. Leishmania mexicana mexicana: Attachment and uptake of promastigotes to and by macrophages in vitro Journal of Protozoology 30: 314-322, 1983.

[28] 28. Bray RS. Leishmania: chemotaxic responses of promastigotes and macrophages in vitro. Journal of Protozoology 30: 322-329, 1983.

[29] 29. Bray RS, Heikal B, Kaye PM, Bray MA. The effect of paras itization by Leishmania mexicana mexicana on macrophage function in vitro. Acta Tropica 40: 29- 38, 1983.

[30] 30. Bray RS, Lainson R. The immunology and serology of leishmaniasis. I. The fluorescent antibody staining technique. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59: 535-544, 1965.

[31] 31. Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63: 708-737, 1969.

[32] 32. Bryceson ADM. Immunological aspects of clinical leishmaniasis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 63: 40-44, 1970.

[33] 33. Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. III. Immunological studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64: 380-387, 1970.

[34] 34. Bryceson ADM, Bray RS, Wolstencroft RA, Dumonde DC. Immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guineapig. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 7: 301-341, 1970.

[35] 35. Bryceson ADM, Preston PM, Bray RS, Dumonde DC. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Effects of immunosuppression and antigenic competition on the course of infection with Leishmania enrietti in the guinea-pig. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 10: 305-335, 1972.

[36] 36. Carvalho EM, Barreto AC, Badaró R, Marsden P, Barrai A, Cuba Cuba C, Rocha H. Avaliação imunológica em pacientes com leishmania tegumentar. In: Resumos da X Reunião Anual de Pesquisa Básica em Doença de Chagas, p. 8, 1983.

[37] 37. Carvalho EM, Johnson WD, Barreto E, Marsden PD, Costa JLM, Reed S, Rocha H. Cell-mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology 135: 4144- 4149, 1985.

[38] 38. Carvalho EM, Teixeira RS, Johnson WD. Cell- mediated immunity in American visceral leishmaniasis. Reversible immunosuppression during acute infection. Infection and Immunity 22: 649-656, 1981.

[39] 39. Castes M, Agnelli A, Rondon AJ. Mechanisms associated with immunoregulation in human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 57: 279-286, 1984.

[40] 40. Castes M, Agnelli A, Verde O, Rondon AJ. Characterization of the cellular immune response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 27: 176-186, 1983.

[41] 41. Chang KP. Leishmania infection of human skin fibroblasts in vitro: absence of phagolysosomal fusion after induced phagocytosis of promastigotes and their intracellular transformation. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 27: 1084-1096, 1978.

[42] 42. Chang KP. Leishmania donovani: promastigote- macrophage surface interaction in vitro. Experimental Parasitoiogy 48: 175-189, 1979.

[43] 43. Chang KP. Antibody-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis in Leishmania donovani-human phagocyte interaction in vitro. American Journal of Tropical Medicine ana Hygiene 30: 334-339, 1981.

[44] 44. Chang, KP, Dwyer DM. Leishmania donovani- hamster macrophage interactions in vitro: cell entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication of amastigotes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 147: 515- 530, 1978.

[45] 45. Colle JH, Truffa-Bachi P, Chedid L, Modabber F. Lack of general immunosuppression during visceral Leishmania tropica infection in Balb/c mice: augmented antibody response to thymus-independent antigens and polyclonal activation. Journal of Immunology 131: 1492-1495, 1983.

[46] 46. Corrêa MOA, Amato-Neto V. Intradermorreações com antígeno de culturas de Leishmania braziliensis submetidas à ação do ultrasom. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz 17:39-42, 1957.

[47] 47. Coutinho SG, Louis J, Mauel J, Engers HD. Induction by specific T lymphocytes of intracellular destruction of Leishmania tropica major in infected immune macrophages. Parasite Immunology 6: 157- 169, 1984.

[48] 48. Cuba CC, L Lanos-Cuentas EA, Barreto AC, Magalhães AV, Lago EL, Reed SG, Marsden PD. Leishmaniose mucocutânea humana em Três Braços, Bahia, Brasil, Uma área de transmissão de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis I. Diagnóstico laboratorial. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 161-167, 1984.

[49] 49. Cuba Cuba CA, Marsden PD, Barreto AC, Jones TC, Richards F. The use of different concentrations of leishmanial antigen in skin testing to evaluate delayed hypersensitivity in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 18: 231-236, 1985.

[50] 50. Cuba Cuba AC, Marsden PD, Barreto AC, Rocha R, Sampaio RR, Patzlaff L. Diagnóstico parasitológico e imunológico de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana 89: 195-208, 1980.

[51] 51. Dedet JP, Ryter A, Vogt E, Hosli P, Silva LP. Uptake and killing of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes by human skin fibroblasts. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 77: 35-44,1983.

[52] 52. Desjeux P, Santoro F, Afchain D, Lovens M, Capron A. Circulating immune complexes and anti-IgG antibodies in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 195-198, 1980.

[53] 53. Dwyer DM. Antibody-induced modul ation of Leishmania donovani surface membrane antígens. Journal of Immunology 117: 2081-2091, 1976.

[54] 54. Dwyer DH. Leishmania donovani: Surface membrane carbohydrates of promastigotes. Experimental Parasitoiogy 41: 341-358, 1977.

[55] 55. Dwyer DM, Langreth SG,Dwyer NK. Evidence for a polysaccharide surface coat in the development stages of Leishmania donovani: a fine structure-cytochemical study. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunden 43: 227- 249, 1974.

[56] 56. Engvall E, Perlmann P. Initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). III. Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme labelled anti-globulin in antigen coated tubes. Journal of Immunology 109:129-135, 1972.

[57] 57. Faulk WP, Humans W. Recent developments in immunofluorescence. Progress in Allergy 16: 9-39, 1972.

[58] 58. Furtado TA, Pellegrino J. Intradermal test in American leishmaniasis with a polysaccharide fraction isolated from Leishmania braziliensis Journal of Investigative Dermatology 27: 53-59, 1956.

[59] 59. Gorczynski RM, MacRae S. Analysis of subpopulations of glass-adherent mouse skin cells controlling resistance/susceptibility to infection with Leishmania tropica, and correlation with the development of independent proliferative signals to Lyt-1⁺/Lyt-2⁺ T lymphocytes. Cellular Immunology 67: 74-89, 1982.

[60] 60. Gottlieb M, Dwyer DM. Protozoan parasites of humans: surface membrane with extemally disposed acid phosphatase. Science 212: 939-941, 1981.

[61] 61. Grimaldi Jr G. Leishmanioses tegumentares: Aspectos clinicos e imunopatológicos. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 77: 195-215, 1982.

[62] 62. Grimaldi GF, Moriearty PL, Hoff R. Leishmania mexicana in C3H mice: BCG and levamisole treatment of established infections. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 41: 237-242, 1980.

[63] 63. Grimaldi Jr G, Soares MJ, Moriearty PL. Tissue eosinophilia and Leishmania mexicana mexicana eosinophil interactions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunology 6: 397-408, 1984.

[64] 64. Guimarães MCS, Giovannini VL, Camargo ME. Antigenic standardization for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis immunofluorescence test. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 16: 145-148, 1974.

[65] 65. Hale C, Howard JG. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Studies with Biozzi high and low responder mice. Parasite Immunology 3: 45-55, 1981.

[66] 66. Handman E, Burgess AW. Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages. Journal of Immunology 122: 1134-1137, 1979.

[67] 67. Handman E, Ceredig R, Mitchelle GF. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: disease pattems in intact and nude mice of various genotypes and examination of some differences between normal and infected macrophages. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Sciences 57: 9-29, 1979.

[68] 68. Herman R. Cytophilic and opsonic antibodies in visceral leishmaniasis in mice. Infection and Immunity 28: 585-593, 1980.

[69] 69. Hill JO. Resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis: Acquired ability of the host to kill parasites at the site of infection. Infection and Immunity 45: 127-132,1984.

[70] 70. Houba V. Introduction in Houba V (ed.). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic disease. Churchill Livingstone, London, 1980.

[71] 71. Howard JG, Hale C, Chan-Liew WL. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Immunogenetic aspects of susceptibility to Leishmania tropica in mice. Parasite Immunology 2: 303- 314, 1980.

[72] 72. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. III. The nature and significance of specific supression of cell-mediated immunity. Journal of Experimental Medicine 152: 594-607, 1980.

[73] 73. Howard JG, Hale C, Liew FY. Immunological regulation of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. IV. Prophylactic effect of sub-lethal iradiation as a result of abrogation of suppressor T-cell generation in mice genetically susceptible to Leishmania tropica Journal of Experimental Medicine 153: 557-568, 1981.

[74] 74. Howard JG, Liew FY, Hale C, Nicklin S. Prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmaniasis. II. Further characterization of the protective immunity against fatal Leishmania tropica infection induced by irradiated promastigotes. Journal of Immunology 132: 450-455, 1984.

[75] 75. Jones TC, Hirsch JG. The interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cells. II. The absence of lysosomal fusion with phagocytic vacuoles containing living parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 136: 1173-1194, 1972.

[76] 76. Jones TC, Johnson WDJr, Barreto A, Badaró R, Cerf B, Reed SG, Neto EM, Tada MS, França F, Weise K, Golightly L, Fikrik E, Costa JMM,Cuba CubaC, Marsden PD. Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis (Enviado para publicação).

[77] 77. Kagan IG. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) In: Houba V. (ed.). Immunological investigation of tropical parasitic diseases. Churchill Livingstone, London, 49-64, 1980.

[78] 78. Kirkpatrick CE, Farrel JP. Splenik natural killer cell mice. Infection and Immunity 38: 1208-1216, 1982.

[79] 79. Kirkpatrick CE, Farrel JP. Splenic natural killer cell activity in mice infected with L. donovani. Cellular Immunology 85: 201-214, 1984.

[80] 80. Klempner MS, Cendron M, WylerDJ. Attachmentof plasma membrane vesicles of human macrophages to Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 148: 377-384, 1983.

[81] 81. Kress Y, Tanowitz H, Bloom B, Wittner M. Trypanosoma cruzi: Infection of normal and activated mouse macrophages. Experimental Parasitoiogy 41: 385-396, 1977.

[82] 82. Landi S, Held HR, Tseng MD. Disparity of potency between stabilized and nonstabilized dilute tuberculin solution. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 104: 385-393, 1971.

[83] 83. Leclerc C, Modabber F, Deriaud E, Djoko-Tamnou J, Chedid L. Visceral Leishmania tropica infection of Balb/c mice: cellular analysis of in vitro unresponsiveness to sheep erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 37: 895-902, 1982.

[84] 84. Lewis DH. Infection of tissue culture cells of low phagocytic ability by Leishmania mexicana mexicana Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 68: 327-336, 1974.

[85] 85. lewis DH, Peters W. The resistance of intracellular Leishmania parasites to digestion by lysosomal enzymes. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 71: 295-312, 1977.

[86] 86. Liew FY. Specific suppression of responses to Leishmania tropica by a cloned T-cell line. Nature 305: 630-632, 1983.

[87] 87. Lima GMCA. Leishmania-specific murine T-cell lines and clones: Functional analysis in vitro and in vivo Ph. D Thesis. (Docteur ès Sciences). Faculte des Sciences de l'Université de Lausanne, 1983.

[88] 88. Lima GC, Engers HD, Louis JA. Adoptive transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions specific for Leishmania major antigens to normal mice using murine T-cell populations and clones generated in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 57:130-138, 1984.

[89] 89. Llanos-Cuentas EA. Estudo clínico evolutivo da leishmaniose em área endêmica de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis, Três Braços, Bahia. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília, 1984.

[90] 90. Llanos-Cuentas EA, Marsden PD, Cuba CC, Barreto AC, Campos M. Possible risk factors in development of mucosal lesions in leishmaniasis. Lancet 2: 195, 1984.

[91] 91. Louis JA, Moedder E, Behin R, Engers H. Recognition of protozoan parasite antigens by murine T- lymphocytes. I. Induction of specific T-lymphocyte- dependent proliferative response to Leishmania tropica European Journal of Immunology 9: 841- 847, 1979.

[92] 92. Louis JA, Zubler RH, Coutinho SG, Lima G, Behin R, Mauel J, Engers HD. The in vitro generation and functional analysis of murine T-cell populations and clones specific for the protozoan parasite, Leishmania tropica Immunological Reviews 61:215-243, 1982.

[93] 93. Lynch NR, Yarzabal L, Verde O, Avila JL, Monzon H, Convit J. Delayed type hypersensitivity and immunoglobulin E in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infection and Immunity 38: 877-881, 1982.

[94] 94. Magalhães AV. Histopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar de Três Braços, Bahia. Tese de Doutoramento. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 1984.

[95] 95. Magalhães AV, Chiarini LH, Raick AN. Histopatologia da leishmaniose tegumentar. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 24: 268- 276, 1982.

[96] 96. Marsden PD. Clinical presentations of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis Parasitoiogy Today 1: 129- 133, 1985.

[97] 97. Marsden PD, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Lago EL, Cuba CC, Barreto AC, Costa JM, Jones TC. Leishmaniose mucocutánea humana em Três Braços, Bahia-Brasil. Uma área de transmissão de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis III. Comprometimento mucoso e evolução inicial. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 17: 179-186, 1984.

[98] 98. Mauel J. The biology of the macrophage-Leishmania interaction. The Host Invader Interplay. H. Van den Bossche (ed.) Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1980.

[99] 99. Mauel J. Recent advances in the immunology of leishmanial infections (with particular reference to the problem of vaccination). Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia 47: 91-112, 1982.

[100] 100. Mauel J, Behin R. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to protozoan infections with special reference to leishmaniasis. Transplantation Review 19: 121-146, 1974.

[101] 101. Mauel J, Behin R, Biroum-Noerjasin N, Rowe DS. Mechanisms of protective immunity in the guinea-pig. I. Lack of effects of immune lymphocytes and of activated macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 20: 339-350, 1975.

[102] 102. Mauel J, Buchmuller Y, Behin R. Studies on the mechanisms of macrophage activation. I. Destruction of intra cellular Leishmania enrietti in macrophages activated by coculfivation with stimulated lymphocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 148: 393- 407, 1978.

[103] 103. Mayrink W, Melo MN, Costa CA, Magalhães PA, Dias M, Coelho MV, Araújo FG, Williams P, Figueiredo Batista SM. Intradermorreação de Montenegro na leishmaniose tegumentar americana após terapêutica antimonial. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 18: 182-185, 1976.

[104] 104. McMahon-Pratt D, Bennett E, David J. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis Journal of Immunology 129:929-937, 1982.

[105] 105. Mendonça SC, Amerdoura RR, Marzochi MCA, Pirmez C, Coutinho SG. Human American cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania b. braziliensis) in Brazil. Lymphoproliferative response - Influence of therapy. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 64: 269-276, 1986.

[106] 106. Melo MN, Mayrink W, Costa CA, Magalhães PA, Dias M, Williams P, Araújo FG, Coelho M, Batista SM. Padronização do antígeno de Montenegro. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 19: 161-164, 1977.

[107] 107. Merino F, Ajjam E, Hemández A, Dawidowicz K, Merino EJ. In vitro infection of murine macrophages by Leishmania braziliensis Mechanisms of penetration. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 55: 487-495, 1977.

[108] 108. Montenegro J. Cutaneous reaction in leishmaniasis. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilography 13: 187-194, 1926.

[109] 109. Moriearty PL, Bittencourt AL, Pereira C, Teixeira R, Barreto E, Guimarães NA. Borderline cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical, immunological and histological differences from mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 20: 15-21, 1978.

[110] 110. Moriearty PL, Grimaldi G, Galvão-Castro B, Oliveira NetoMP, Marzochi MCA. Intralesional plasma cells and serological responses in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 47:59-64, 1982.

[111] 111. Moses A. Da fixação de complemento na leishmaniose tegumentar. Brasil Médico: 107-108, 1919.

[112] 112. Murray HW. Susceptibility of Leishmania to oxygen intermediates and killing by normal macrophages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 153: 1302-1315, 1981.

[113] 113. Murray HW. Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. II. Oxygen-dependent killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes. Journal of Immunology 129: 351-357, 1982.

[114] 114. Murray HW, Masur H, Keithly JS. Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. I. Correlation between resistance to Leishmania donovani and lymphokine-generating capacity. Journal of Immunology 129: 344-350, 1982.

[115] 115. Nacy CA, Fortier AH, Pappas MG, Henry RR. Susceptibility of inbred mice to Leishmania tropica infection: correlation of susceptibility with in vitro defective macrophage microbicidal actívities. Cellular Immunology 77: 298-307, 1983.

[116] 116. Nacy CA, James SL, Benjamin WR, Farrar JJ, Hockmeyer WT, Meltzer MS. Activation of macrophages for microbicidal and tumoricidal effector functions by soluble factors from EL-4, a continuous cell line. Infection and Immunity 40: 820-824,1983.

[117] 117. Nacy CA, Meltzer MS, Leonard EJ, Wyler DJ. Intracellular replication and lymphokine-induced destruction of Leishmania tropica in C3H/HeN mouse macrophages. Journal of Immunology 127: 2381-2386, 1981.

[118] 118. Pappas MG, McGreevy PB, Hajakowski R, Hendricks LD, Oster CN, Hockmeyer WT. Evaluation of promastigote and amastigote antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32: 1260-1267, 1983.

[119] 119. Passwell J, Shor R, Heren G, Messer G, El-On J. Comparison of the effect of various stimuli on the leishmanicidal capacity of human monocytes in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 56: 553-558, 1984.

[120] 120. Pearson RD, Harcus JL, Symes PH, Romito R, Donowitz GR. Failure of the phagocytic oxidative response to protect human monocyte-derived macrophages from infection by Leishmania donovani Journal of Immunology 129: 1282-1286, 1982.

[121] 121. Pearson RD, Romito R, Symes PH, Harcus JL. Interaction of Leishmania donovani promastigotes with human monocyte-derived macrophages: parasite entry, intracellular survival, and multiplication. Infection and Immunity 32: 1249-1253, 1981.

[122] 122. Pearson RD, Wheeler DA, Harrison LH, Kay HD. The immunobiology of leishmaniasis. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 5: 907-927, 1983.

[123] 123. Pellegrino J, Pereira LH, Furtado TA. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis intradermal test with a promastigote suspension and a crude extract from Leishmania braziliensis Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 19: 393-396, 1977.

[124] 124. Pereira LIA. Leishmaniose tegumentar. Estudo terapêutico baseado nos aspectos clínicos e imunopatológicos. Revista de Patologia Tropical 8: 181-241, 1979.

[125] 125. Pessoa SB, Pestana BR. A intradermorreação de Montenegro nas campanhas sanitárias contra leishmaniose. São Paulo Médico 15: 133-151, 1940.

[126] 126. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Barrai A, Correa-Coronas R, Bogaert-Diaz H, Martinez D, Ward TE. Monocyte suppression of antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from the Dominican Republic. Journal of Immunology 132: 1603-1606, 1984.

[127] 127. Petersen EA, Neva FA, Oster CN,Diaz HB. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte-proliferation responses by adherent suppressor cells in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 387-392, 1982.

[128] 128. Poulter LW. Mechanisms of immunity to leishmaniasis. I. Evidence for a changing basis of protection in self-limiting disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 39: 14-26, 1980.

[129] 129. Preston PM, Dumonde DC. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. V. Protective immunity in subclinical and self-healing infect;on in the mouse. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 23: 126-138, 1976.

[130] 130. Rabinovitch M, Dedet JP, Ryler A, Robineaux R, Topper G, Brunet E. Destruction of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes within macrophages in culture by phenazine methosulfate and other electron carriers. Journal of Experimental Medicine 155: 415-431, 1982.

[131] 131. Reed SG, Badaró R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenço R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson Jr WD, Jones TC. Selection of skin test antigen for American leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35: 79-85, 1976.

[132] 132. Reis MG, Roters SB, Barral-Netto M. Influence of immune serum on the intemalization of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis in murine macrophages. (Enviado para publicação).

[133] 133. Rezai HR, Gettner S, Behforouz N. Antileishmanial activity of immune guinea-pig serum. Journal of Medical Microbiology 5.371-375, 1972.

[134] 134. Ridley DS. A histological classification of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its geographical expression. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74: 515-521, 1980.

[135] 135. Roffi J, Dedet JP, Desjeux P, Garre MT. Detection of circulating antibodies in cutaneous leishmaniasis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 183-189, 1981.

[136] 136. Rotberg A. Contribuição para o estudo da alergia na leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Tese de Doutorado, São Paulo, 1952.

[137] 137. Sacks DL, Scott PA, Asofsky R, Sher F A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in anti-IgM-treated mice: enhanced resistance due to functional depletion of a B-cell- dependent T-cell involved in the suppressorpathway. Journal of Immunology 132: 2072-2077, 1984.

[138] 138. Salles-Gomes L. A intradermorreação de Montenegro da leishmaniose e outras pesquisas afins. Brasil Médico 53: 1079-1087, 1939.

[139] 139. Scott P. Impaired macrophage leishmanicidal acti vity at cutaneous temperature. Parasite Immunology 7: 277-288, 1985.

[140] 140. Scott P, Barrai A, Martins E, Sher A, Marsden PD, Carvalho EM. Immunological responses in cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Analysis of suppressor cell function in vitro. (Enviado para publicação).

[141] 141. Scott PA, Farrell JP. Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Non-specific immunodepression in Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania tropica Journal of Immunology 127: 2395-2400, 1981.

[142] 142. Scott P, Sacks D, Sher A. Resistance to macrophage- mediated killing as a factor influencing the pathogenesis of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Immunology 131:966-971, 1983.

[143] 143. Shaw JJ, Lainson R. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XIX. Leishmanial and trypasonomal IgA antibody in patients with leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 254-257, 19.

[144] 144. Sugarman B. Attachment of bactéria to mammalian cell surfaces. Infection 8: 132-141, 1980.

[145] 145. Titus RG, Ceredig R, Cerottini JC, Louis JA. Therapeutic effect of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody GK 1.5 on cutaneous leishmaniasis in genetically- susceptible Balb/c mice. Journal of Immunology 135: 2108-2114, 1985.

[146] 146. Titus RG, Kelso A, Louis JA. Intracellular destruction of Leishmania tropica by macrophages activated with macrophage activating factor/interferon. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 55:157-165, 1984.

[147] 147. Titus RG, Lima GC, Engers HD, Louis JA. Exacerbation of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis by adoptive transfer of parasite-specific helper T-cell populations capable of mediating Leishmania major - specific delayed - type hypersensitivity. Journal of Immunology 133: 1594-1600, 1984.

[148] 148. Turk JL, Bryceson ADM. Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases. Advances of Immunology 13: 209-266, 1971.

[149] 149. VollerA, BartlettA, Bidwell DE. Enzyme-immunoassays for parasitic diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70: 98-106, 1976.

[150] 150. Voorhis WCV, Kaplan G, Samo EN, Horwitz WA, Steinman RM, Levis WR, Nogueira N, Hair LS, Gattas CR, Arrick BA, Cohn ZA. The cutaneous infiltrates of leprosy. Cellular characteristics and the predominant T-cell phenotypes. New England Journal of Medicine 307: 1593-1597, 1982.

[151] 151. Walton BC, Brooks WH, Arjona I. Serodiagnosis of American leishmaniasis by the indirect immunofluo- rescent antibody test. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21: 296-299, 1972.

[152] 152. Walton BC, Valverde L. Racial differences in espundia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitoiogy 73: 23-29, 1979.

[153] 153. Walton BC, Valverde L, Eguia y Eguia O. Onset of espundia many years after occult infection with Leishmania braziliensis American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22: 696-698, 1983.

[154] 154. Weintraub J, Gottlieb M. Leishmania tropica: Association of a B-cell mitogen with hypergammaglobulinemia in mice. Experimental Parasitoiogy 53: 87-96, 1982.

[155] 155. WeintraubJ, Weinbaum FI. The effect of BCG on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. Journal of Immunology, 118: 2288-2290, 1977.

[156] 156. Wyler DJ. In vitro parasite-monocyte interactions in human leishmaniasis. Evidence for an active role of the parasite attachment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 70: 82-88, 1982.

[157] 157. Zehavi V, El-On J, Pearlman E, Abrahams JC, Greenblatt CL. Binding of Leishmania promastigotes to macrophages. Zeitschrift ftir Parasitenkunden 69:405-414, 1983.

[158] 158. Zenian A, Rowtes P, Gingell D. Scanning electron- microscopic study of the uptake of Leishmania parasite by macrophages. Journal of Cell Sciences 39: 187-199, 1979.

Brasil

Brasil

Imunologia da Leishmaniose tegumentar

Endereço para correspondência:

Datas de Publicação