Molecular biological techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases

Brasileiro Filho, Geraldo; Pena, Sérgio Danilo Junho

doi:10.1590/S0037-86821992000100009

REVIEW ARTICLE

Molecular biological techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases

Geraldo Brasileiro Filho; Sérgio Danilo Junho Pena

^{Adress to correspondence} Adress to correspondence: Prof. Geraldo Brasileiro Filho Depto. de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal/FM/UFMG. Caixa Postal 340 30130-970 Belo Horizonte-MG.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Recebido para publicação em 02/02/91.

Trabalho dos Departamentos de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal da Faculdade de Medicina e de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M.G.

Supported by CNPq

1. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, Melpolder JC, Houghton M, Choo Q-L, Kuo G. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 321:1494-1500, 1989.
2. Arens M, Swierkosz EM. Detection of rotavirus by hybridization with a nonradioactive sysnthetic DNA probe and comparison with commercial ensyme immunoassays and silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:1277- 1279, 1989.
3. Ashall F, Yiup-Chuck DAM, Luquetti AA, Miles AM. Radiolabeled total parasite DNA probe specifically detects Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian blood. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26:576- 578, 1988.
4. Barler Jr. RH. DNA probe diagnosis of parasitic infections. Experimental Parasitology 70:494-499, 1990.
5. Bej AK, DiCesare JL, Haff L, Atlas RM. Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella ssp in water y using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57:1013-1017, 1991.
6. Bopp CA, Threatt VL, Moseley SL, Wells JG, Wachsmuth IK. A comparison of alkaline phosphatase and radiolabelled gene probes with bioassays for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:193-203, 1990.
7. Bracha R, Diamond LS, Ackers JP, Burchard GD, Mirelman D. Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by using specific DN Aprobes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:680-684,1990.
8. Brechot C, Degos F, Lugassy C, Thiers V, Zafrani S, Franco D, Bismuty H, Trepo C, Benhamou J-P, Wands J, Isselbacher K, Tiollais P, Berthelot P. Hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. New England Journal of Medicine312:270- 276, 1985.
9. Brisson-Noel A, Gicquel B, Lecossier D, Levy- Frebault V, Nassif X, Hance Aj. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by amplification of mycobacterial DN A in clinical samples. Lancet 11:1069-1071, 1989.
10. Burch DJ, Li E, Reed S, Jackson TFHG, Stanley Jr. SL. Isolation ofa strain-specific Entamoeba histolytica cDNA clone. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:696-701, 1991.
11. Carnaby S, McHugh TD, Hall S, Butcher PD, Farthing MJG. Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in man. Gastroenterology 100:A565, 1991.
12. Chevrier D, Larzul D, Megraud F, Guesdon J-L. Identification and classification of Campylobacter strains by using nonradiactive DN A probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27.321-326, 1989.
13. Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244:359-361, 1989.
14. Chou S. Newer methods for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 12(suppl 7):S727-736, 1990.
15. Chou S, Merigan TC. Rapid detection and quantitation of human cytomegalovirus in urine throught DNA hybridization. New England Journal of Medicine 308:921-925, 1983.
16. Denniston KJ, Hoyer BH, Smedile A, Wells FV, Nelson J, Gerin JL. Cloned fragment of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome: Sequence and diagnosis application. Science 232.873-875, 1986.
17. Dimitrov DH, Graham DY, Estes MK. Detection of rotaviruses by nucleic acid hybridisation with cloned DNA of simian rotavirus SA11 genes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 152:293-300, 1985.
18. Dovey S, Towner KJ. A biotinylated DNA probe to detect bacterial cells in artificially contaminated foodstuffs. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66:43- 47, 1989.
19. Eiden JJ, Firoozmand F, Sato S, Vonderfecht SL, Yin FZ, Yolken RH. Detection of group B rotavirus in fecal specimens by dot hybridization with a cloned cDNA probe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27-422-426, 1989.
20. Farci A, Wong D, Alter HJ, Miller RH, Shih JW, Purcell RH. Detection of HCV sequences by PCR in hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to antibody response and clinical outcome. Hepatology 12:904, 1990.
21. Flisser A, Reid A, Gracia-Zepeda E, Mcmanus DP. Specific detection of Taenia saginata eggs by DNA hybridization. Lancet 11:1429-1430, 1988.
22. Frankel G, Riley L, Giron JA, Valmassoi J, Friedmann A, Strockbine N, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK. Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification. Journal of Infectious Diseases 161:1252-1256, 1990.
23. Garson JA, Tedder RS, Briggs M, Tuke P, Glazebrook JA, Trute A, Parker D, Barbara JAJ, Contreras M, Aloysius S. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in blood donations by "nested''polymerase chain reaction and prediction of infectivity. Lancet 335:1419-1422, 1990.
24. Gnann Jr JW, Ahlmen J, Svalander C, Olding L, Oldstone MBA, Nelson JA. Inflammatory cells in transplanted kidneys are infected by human cytomegalovirus. American Journal of Pathology 132:239-248, 1988.
25. Gomes TAT, Toledo MRF,Trabulsi LR,Wood PK, Morris Jr JG. DNA probes for identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25:2025-2027, 1987.
26. Griffiths PD, Grundy JE. Molecular biology and immunology of cytomegalovirus. Biochemical Journal 241:313-324, 1987.
27. Grover CM, Thulliez P, Remington JS, Boothroyd JC. Rapid prenatal diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection by using polymerase chain reaction and amniotic fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:2297-2301, 1990.
28. Guimarães EM, Brasileiro Filho G, Pena SDJ. Human papillomavirus detection in cervical dysplasias or neoplasias and in condylomata acuminata by in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical (in press).
29. Hackel C, Houard S, Portaels F, Van Elsen A, Herzog A, Bollen A. Specific identification of Mycobacterium leprae by the polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:205-210, 1990.
30. Hilbome LH, Nieberg RK, Cheng L, Lewin KJ. Direct in situ hybridization for rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 87:766- 769, 1987.
31. HopkinJM, Wakefield AE. DNA hybridization for the diagnosis of microbial disease. Quartely Journal of Medicine 277:415-421, 1990.
32. Ho-Terry L, Terry GM, Londesborough P. Diagnosis of foetal rubella virus infection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Virology 71:1607-1611, 1990.
33. Imagawa DT, Lee MH, Wolinsky SM, Sano K, Morales F, Kwok S, Sninsky JJ, Nishanian PG, Giorgi J, Fahey JL, Dudley J, Visscher BR, Detels R. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men who remain seronegative for prolonged periods. New England Journal of Medicine 320:1458-1462, 1989.
34. Jaureguiberry G, Hatin I, d'Auriol L, Galibert G. PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum by oligonucleotide probes. Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:409-414, 1990.
35. Jiang X, Estes MK, MetcalfTG. In situ hybridization for quantitative assay of infectious hepatitis A virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:874-879,1989.
36. Kwok S, Sninsky JJ. Application of PCR to the detection of human infectious diseases. In: Erlich HA (ed). PCR Technology. Principles and Apllications for DNA Amplification. Stockton Press, New York p.235-244, 1989.
37. Larzul D, Guigue F, Sninsky JJ, Mack DH, Bréchot C, Guesdon J-L. Detection of hepatitis B virus sequences in serum by using in vitro enzymatic amplification. Journal of Virological Methods 20:227-237, 1988.
38. Laskin OL, Stahl-Bayliss CM, Kalman CM, Rosecan LR. Use of ganciclovir to treat serious cytomegalovirus infections in patients with AIDS. Journal of Infectious Diseases 155:323-326, 1987.
39. Laure F, Courgnaud V, Rouzioux C, Blanches S, Veber F, Burgard M, Jacomet C, Griscelli C, Brechot C. Detection of HIV1 DNA in infants and children by means ofthepolymerase chain reaction. Lancet 11:538-541, 1988.
40. Lehn H, Villa LL, Marziona F, Hilgarth M, Hillemans H-G, Sauer G. Physical state and biological activity of human papillomavirus genomes in precancerous lesions of the female genital tract. Journal of General Virology 69:187-196, 1988.
41. Lorincz AT, Temple GF, Kurman RJ, Jenson AB, Lancaster WD. Oncogenic association of specific human papillomavirus types with cervical neoplasia. JouranloftheNationalCancer Institute 79:671-677, 1987.
42. Melchers W, Brule A, Walboomers J, Bruin M, BurgerM, HerbrinkP, MeijerC, Lindeman J, Quint W. Increased detectionrateof human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes by the polymerase chain reaction as compared to modified FISH and Southern-blot analysis. Journal of Medical Virology 27:329-335, 1989.
43. Miyamura T, Saito I, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, Tateda A, HoughtonM, ChooQ-L, Kuo G. Detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis C virus cDNA: application to diagnosis and bool screening for posttransfusion hepatitis. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87:983- 987, 1990.
44. MoseleySL,EcheverriaP,SeriwatanaJ,TirapatC, Chaicumpa W, Sakuldaipeara T, Falkow S. Identification of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by colony hybridization using three enterotoxin geneprobes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 145:863- 869, 1982.
45. Moser DR, KirchhoffLV, Donelson JE. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by DNA amplification using the polymerase chin reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:1477-1482, 1989.
46. Nataro JP, Baldini MM, Kaper JB, Black RE, Bravo N, Levine MM. Detection of an adherence factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with a DNA probe. Journal of Infectious Diseases 152:560-565, 1985.
47. Olive DM. Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction amplification with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:261-265, 1989.
48. Ou C-Y, Kwok S, Mitchell SW, Mack DH, Sninsky JJ, Krebs JW, Feorino P, Warfiel D, Schochetman G. DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV- 1 in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Science 239:295-297, 1988.
49. Pao CC, Lin S-S, Wu S-Y, Juang W-M. The detection of mycobacterial DNA sequences in uncultured clinical specimens with cloned Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA as probes. Tubercle 69:27-36, 1988.
50. Pezella M, Rossi P, Lombardi V, Gemelli V, Mariani Costantini R, Mirolo M, Fundaro C, Moschese V, Wigzell H. HIV viral sequences in seronegative people at risk detected by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. British Medical Journal 298:713-716, 1989.
51. Rayfield M, De Cock K, Heyward W, Goldstein L, Krebs J, Kwok S, Lee S, Mccormick J, Moreau JM, Odehouri K, Schochetman G, Sninsky J, Ou C-Y. Mixed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an individual: demonstration of both HIV type 1 and type 2 proviral sequences by using polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Infectious Diseases 158:1170-1176, 1988.
52. Reyes GR, Purdy MA, Kim JP, Luk K-C, Young LM, Fry KE, Bradley DW. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 247:1335-1339, 1990.
53. Rishi AK, McManus DP. DNA probes which unambigously distinguish Taenia solium from T. saginata Lancet 11:1275-1276, 1987.
54. Roberts MC, Mcmillan C, Coyle MB. Whole chromosomal DNA probes for rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25:1239-1243, 1987.
55. Rogers MF, Ou C-Y, Rayfiel M, Thomas PA, Schoenbaum EE, Abrams E, Krasinki K, Selwyn PA, Moore J, Kaul A, Grimm KT, Bamji M, Schochetman G and The New York City Collaborative Study of Maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiore Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of human immudeficiency virus in infants bom to seropositive mothers. New England Journal of Medicine 320:1649-1654, 1989.
56. Samuelson J, Acuna-Soto R, Reed S, Biagi F, Wirth D. DNA hybridization probe for clinical diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:671-676, 1989.
57. Seyda M, Scheele T, Neumann R, Krueger GRF. Comparative evaluation of non-radioctive in situ hybridization techniques for pathologic diagnosis of viral infection. Pathology Research and Practice 184:18- 26, 1989.
58. ShibataD. Detection of human cytomegalovirus. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (ed). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York p.368- 371, 1990.
59. Sninjders PJF, Van Den Brule AJC, Schrijnemakers HFJ, Snow G, Meijer CJLM, Walboomers JMM. The use of general primers in the polemerase chain reaction permits the detection of a broad spectrum of human papillomavirus genotypes. Journal of General Virology 71:173-181, 1990.
60. Tannich E, Burchard GD. Differentiation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica by restriction fragment analysis of a single gene amplified in vitro Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:250-255, 1991.
61. Thorne GM, Macone A, Goldmann DA. Enzymatically labelled nucleic acid (NA) probe assays for detection of Campylobacter sp in human faecal specimens and in culture. Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:133-142, 1990.
62. Ting Y, Manos MM. Detection and typing of genital human papillomaviruses. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (ed). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York p.356-367, 1990.
63. Uhara H, Sato Y, Mukai K, Akao I, Matsuno Y, Furuya S, Hoshikawa T, Shimosato Y, Saida T. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in Reed- Stemberg cells of Hodgkin's disease using the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 81:272-278, 1990.
64. Ulrich PP, Bhat RA, Seto B, Mack D, Sninsky J, Vyas GN. Enzymatic amplification of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum compared with infectivity in chimpanzees. Journalof Infectious Diseases 160:37- 43, 1989.
65. Valentine JL, Arthur RR, Mobley HLT, Dick JD. Detection of Helicobacter pylori by using the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:689-695, 1991.
66. Van Den Berg FM, Zijlmans H, Langenberg W, Rauws E, Schipper M. Detection of Campylobacter pylori instomach tissueby DNA in situ hybridization. Journal of Clinical Pathology 42:995-1000,1989.
67. Van Der Poel CL, Reesink HW, Schaasberg W, Leentvarr-Kuypers A, Barker E, Exel-Oehlers PJ, Lelie PN. Infectivity of blood seropositive for hepatitis C virus antibodies. Lancet 335:558-560, 1990.
68. Wickenden C, Steele A, Malcolm ADB, Coleman DV. Screening for wart virus infection in normal and abnormal cervices by DNA hybridization of cervical scrapes. Lancet 1:65-67, 1985.
69. Wood PK, Morris Jr. JG, Small PLC, Sethabutr O, Toledo MRF, Trabulsi L, Kaper JB. Comparison of DNA probes and the Sereny test for identification of invasive Shigella and Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 24:498-500, 1986.
70. Zheng BJ, Lam WP, Yan YK, Lo SKF, Lung ML, NgMH. Direct identification ofserotypes ofnatural human rotavirus isolates by hybridization using cDN A probes derived from segment 9 of the rotavirus genome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:552- 557, 1989.
71. Zignego AL, DenyP, Feray C, Ponzetto A, Gentilini P, Tiollais P, Brechot C. Amplification of hepatitis delta virus RNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction: a tool for viral detection and coining. Molecular Cellular Probes 4:43-51, 1990.
72. Zwadyk Jr P, Cooksey RC. Nucleic acid probes in clinical microbiology. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 25:71-103, 1987.

Adress to correspondence:

Prof. Geraldo Brasileiro Filho

Depto. de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal/FM/UFMG.

Caixa Postal 340

30130-970

Belo Horizonte-MG.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
23 Apr 2013
Date of issue
Mar 1992

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, Melpolder JC, Houghton M, Choo Q-L, Kuo G. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 321:1494-1500, 1989.

[2] 2. Arens M, Swierkosz EM. Detection of rotavirus by hybridization with a nonradioactive sysnthetic DNA probe and comparison with commercial ensyme immunoassays and silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:1277- 1279, 1989.

[3] 3. Ashall F, Yiup-Chuck DAM, Luquetti AA, Miles AM. Radiolabeled total parasite DNA probe specifically detects Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian blood. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26:576- 578, 1988.

[4] 4. Barler Jr. RH. DNA probe diagnosis of parasitic infections. Experimental Parasitology 70:494-499, 1990.

[5] 5. Bej AK, DiCesare JL, Haff L, Atlas RM. Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella ssp in water y using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57:1013-1017, 1991.

[6] 6. Bopp CA, Threatt VL, Moseley SL, Wells JG, Wachsmuth IK. A comparison of alkaline phosphatase and radiolabelled gene probes with bioassays for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:193-203, 1990.

[7] 7. Bracha R, Diamond LS, Ackers JP, Burchard GD, Mirelman D. Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by using specific DN Aprobes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:680-684,1990.

[8] 8. Brechot C, Degos F, Lugassy C, Thiers V, Zafrani S, Franco D, Bismuty H, Trepo C, Benhamou J-P, Wands J, Isselbacher K, Tiollais P, Berthelot P. Hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. New England Journal of Medicine312:270- 276, 1985.

[9] 9. Brisson-Noel A, Gicquel B, Lecossier D, Levy- Frebault V, Nassif X, Hance Aj. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by amplification of mycobacterial DN A in clinical samples. Lancet 11:1069-1071, 1989.

[10] 10. Burch DJ, Li E, Reed S, Jackson TFHG, Stanley Jr. SL. Isolation ofa strain-specific Entamoeba histolytica cDNA clone. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:696-701, 1991.

[11] 11. Carnaby S, McHugh TD, Hall S, Butcher PD, Farthing MJG. Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in man. Gastroenterology 100:A565, 1991.

[12] 12. Chevrier D, Larzul D, Megraud F, Guesdon J-L. Identification and classification of Campylobacter strains by using nonradiactive DN A probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27.321-326, 1989.

[13] 13. Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244:359-361, 1989.

[14] 14. Chou S. Newer methods for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 12(suppl 7):S727-736, 1990.

[15] 15. Chou S, Merigan TC. Rapid detection and quantitation of human cytomegalovirus in urine throught DNA hybridization. New England Journal of Medicine 308:921-925, 1983.

[16] 16. Denniston KJ, Hoyer BH, Smedile A, Wells FV, Nelson J, Gerin JL. Cloned fragment of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome: Sequence and diagnosis application. Science 232.873-875, 1986.

[17] 17. Dimitrov DH, Graham DY, Estes MK. Detection of rotaviruses by nucleic acid hybridisation with cloned DNA of simian rotavirus SA11 genes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 152:293-300, 1985.

[18] 18. Dovey S, Towner KJ. A biotinylated DNA probe to detect bacterial cells in artificially contaminated foodstuffs. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66:43- 47, 1989.

[19] 19. Eiden JJ, Firoozmand F, Sato S, Vonderfecht SL, Yin FZ, Yolken RH. Detection of group B rotavirus in fecal specimens by dot hybridization with a cloned cDNA probe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27-422-426, 1989.

[20] 20. Farci A, Wong D, Alter HJ, Miller RH, Shih JW, Purcell RH. Detection of HCV sequences by PCR in hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to antibody response and clinical outcome. Hepatology 12:904, 1990.

[21] 21. Flisser A, Reid A, Gracia-Zepeda E, Mcmanus DP. Specific detection of Taenia saginata eggs by DNA hybridization. Lancet 11:1429-1430, 1988.

[22] 22. Frankel G, Riley L, Giron JA, Valmassoi J, Friedmann A, Strockbine N, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK. Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification. Journal of Infectious Diseases 161:1252-1256, 1990.

[23] 23. Garson JA, Tedder RS, Briggs M, Tuke P, Glazebrook JA, Trute A, Parker D, Barbara JAJ, Contreras M, Aloysius S. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in blood donations by "nested''polymerase chain reaction and prediction of infectivity. Lancet 335:1419-1422, 1990.

[24] 24. Gnann Jr JW, Ahlmen J, Svalander C, Olding L, Oldstone MBA, Nelson JA. Inflammatory cells in transplanted kidneys are infected by human cytomegalovirus. American Journal of Pathology 132:239-248, 1988.

[25] 25. Gomes TAT, Toledo MRF,Trabulsi LR,Wood PK, Morris Jr JG. DNA probes for identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25:2025-2027, 1987.

[26] 26. Griffiths PD, Grundy JE. Molecular biology and immunology of cytomegalovirus. Biochemical Journal 241:313-324, 1987.

[27] 27. Grover CM, Thulliez P, Remington JS, Boothroyd JC. Rapid prenatal diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection by using polymerase chain reaction and amniotic fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:2297-2301, 1990.

[28] 28. Guimarães EM, Brasileiro Filho G, Pena SDJ. Human papillomavirus detection in cervical dysplasias or neoplasias and in condylomata acuminata by in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical (in press).

[29] 29. Hackel C, Houard S, Portaels F, Van Elsen A, Herzog A, Bollen A. Specific identification of Mycobacterium leprae by the polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:205-210, 1990.

[30] 30. Hilbome LH, Nieberg RK, Cheng L, Lewin KJ. Direct in situ hybridization for rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 87:766- 769, 1987.

[31] 31. HopkinJM, Wakefield AE. DNA hybridization for the diagnosis of microbial disease. Quartely Journal of Medicine 277:415-421, 1990.

[32] 32. Ho-Terry L, Terry GM, Londesborough P. Diagnosis of foetal rubella virus infection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Virology 71:1607-1611, 1990.

[33] 33. Imagawa DT, Lee MH, Wolinsky SM, Sano K, Morales F, Kwok S, Sninsky JJ, Nishanian PG, Giorgi J, Fahey JL, Dudley J, Visscher BR, Detels R. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men who remain seronegative for prolonged periods. New England Journal of Medicine 320:1458-1462, 1989.

[34] 34. Jaureguiberry G, Hatin I, d'Auriol L, Galibert G. PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum by oligonucleotide probes. Molecular and Cellular Probes 4:409-414, 1990.

[35] 35. Jiang X, Estes MK, MetcalfTG. In situ hybridization for quantitative assay of infectious hepatitis A virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:874-879,1989.

[36] 36. Kwok S, Sninsky JJ. Application of PCR to the detection of human infectious diseases. In: Erlich HA (ed). PCR Technology. Principles and Apllications for DNA Amplification. Stockton Press, New York p.235-244, 1989.

[37] 37. Larzul D, Guigue F, Sninsky JJ, Mack DH, Bréchot C, Guesdon J-L. Detection of hepatitis B virus sequences in serum by using in vitro enzymatic amplification. Journal of Virological Methods 20:227-237, 1988.

[38] 38. Laskin OL, Stahl-Bayliss CM, Kalman CM, Rosecan LR. Use of ganciclovir to treat serious cytomegalovirus infections in patients with AIDS. Journal of Infectious Diseases 155:323-326, 1987.

[39] 39. Laure F, Courgnaud V, Rouzioux C, Blanches S, Veber F, Burgard M, Jacomet C, Griscelli C, Brechot C. Detection of HIV1 DNA in infants and children by means ofthepolymerase chain reaction. Lancet 11:538-541, 1988.

[40] 40. Lehn H, Villa LL, Marziona F, Hilgarth M, Hillemans H-G, Sauer G. Physical state and biological activity of human papillomavirus genomes in precancerous lesions of the female genital tract. Journal of General Virology 69:187-196, 1988.

[41] 41. Lorincz AT, Temple GF, Kurman RJ, Jenson AB, Lancaster WD. Oncogenic association of specific human papillomavirus types with cervical neoplasia. JouranloftheNationalCancer Institute 79:671-677, 1987.

[42] 42. Melchers W, Brule A, Walboomers J, Bruin M, BurgerM, HerbrinkP, MeijerC, Lindeman J, Quint W. Increased detectionrateof human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes by the polymerase chain reaction as compared to modified FISH and Southern-blot analysis. Journal of Medical Virology 27:329-335, 1989.

[43] 43. Miyamura T, Saito I, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, Tateda A, HoughtonM, ChooQ-L, Kuo G. Detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis C virus cDNA: application to diagnosis and bool screening for posttransfusion hepatitis. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87:983- 987, 1990.

[44] 44. MoseleySL,EcheverriaP,SeriwatanaJ,TirapatC, Chaicumpa W, Sakuldaipeara T, Falkow S. Identification of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by colony hybridization using three enterotoxin geneprobes. Journal of Infectious Diseases 145:863- 869, 1982.

[45] 45. Moser DR, KirchhoffLV, Donelson JE. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by DNA amplification using the polymerase chin reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:1477-1482, 1989.

[46] 46. Nataro JP, Baldini MM, Kaper JB, Black RE, Bravo N, Levine MM. Detection of an adherence factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with a DNA probe. Journal of Infectious Diseases 152:560-565, 1985.

[47] 47. Olive DM. Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction amplification with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:261-265, 1989.

[48] 48. Ou C-Y, Kwok S, Mitchell SW, Mack DH, Sninsky JJ, Krebs JW, Feorino P, Warfiel D, Schochetman G. DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV- 1 in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Science 239:295-297, 1988.

[49] 49. Pao CC, Lin S-S, Wu S-Y, Juang W-M. The detection of mycobacterial DNA sequences in uncultured clinical specimens with cloned Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA as probes. Tubercle 69:27-36, 1988.

[50] 50. Pezella M, Rossi P, Lombardi V, Gemelli V, Mariani Costantini R, Mirolo M, Fundaro C, Moschese V, Wigzell H. HIV viral sequences in seronegative people at risk detected by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. British Medical Journal 298:713-716, 1989.

[51] 51. Rayfield M, De Cock K, Heyward W, Goldstein L, Krebs J, Kwok S, Lee S, Mccormick J, Moreau JM, Odehouri K, Schochetman G, Sninsky J, Ou C-Y. Mixed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an individual: demonstration of both HIV type 1 and type 2 proviral sequences by using polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Infectious Diseases 158:1170-1176, 1988.

[52] 52. Reyes GR, Purdy MA, Kim JP, Luk K-C, Young LM, Fry KE, Bradley DW. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 247:1335-1339, 1990.

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