Potentiality of Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as intermediate host of the Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes 1971

Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) como hospedeiro intermediário potencial do Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes 1971

COMUNICAÇÃO

Potentiality of Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as intermediate host of the Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes 1971

Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) como hospedeiro intermediário potencial do Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes 1971

Omar dos Santos Carvalho^I; Horácio MS Teles^II; Ester Maria Mota^III; Cristiane Lafetá Gomes Furtado de Mendonça^{I, IV}; Henrique Leonel Lenzi^III

^ICentro de Pesquisas René Rachou da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

^IISuperintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Patologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

^IVPontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

RESUMO

Exemplares de Achatina fulica foram experimentalmente infectados com larvas de Angiostrongylus costaricensis, agente etiológico da angiostrongiliase abdominal, mostrando-se susceptíveis ao parasita. Achatina fulica pode representar um risco para a urbanização da angiostrongilíase abdominal devido a sua alta prolificidade contínua dispersão e notável adaptação a ambientes urbanos.

Palavras-chaves: Achatina fulica. Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Infecção experimental. Angiostrongilíase abdominal.

ABSTRACT

Samples of Achatina fulica were experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis larvae, etiological agent of abdominal angiostrongyliasis, showing that A. fulica is susceptible to the parasite. Achatina fulica may be a risk to urbanization of abdominal angiostrongyliasis presumably due to its high proliferation, continuous dispersion and remarkable adaptation in several Brazilian towns.

Key-words:Achatina fulica. Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Experimental infection. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis.

Achatina fulica is a large generalist herbivorous and very prolific snail, samples of which can reach 10cm in length and weigh up to 100g in Brazil. This snail plays an important role in the life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the etiological agents of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis,in Africa and in the pan-Pacific region⁵. Most of the reports about environmental invasions by A. fulica are related to urban or periurban areas as a consequence of its domestic breeding for commercial marketing as escargots. Professionals working in this field indicate that this mollusk has been widespread over many localities and municipalities of the Northeastern, Central-western, Southwest and South regions of Brazil.

The first report on the environmental invasion of A. fulica, giant or African snail, was in the municipality of Itariri, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in which its dispersion and possible risk of transmission of A. costaricensis aetiologic agent of abdominal angiostrongyliasisin the Americas¹⁵, were remarked.

In the State of São Paulo, the presence of A. fulica was reported in Peruíbe, Itanhaém, Monguagá, Praia Grande, São Vicente, Santos, Guarujá, São Sebatião, Ilha Bela, Caraguatatuba, Ubatuba, along the coastline of Jacupiranga, Registro, Iporanga, Ribeira do Iguapé region, Aparecida, Guaratinguetá, Cruzeiros, Taubaté, Cachoeira Paulista, Paraíba do Sul Valley and the city of São Paulo. Also in the countryside of the State of São Paulo: Tietê, Sorocaba, Bragança Paulista, Piracaia, Nazaré Paulista, Jarinu, Mairipirã, Jundiaí, Atibaia, Votuporanga, Paulicéia, Panorama, Presidente Prudente, Bom Jesus dos Perdões, Campinas, Rio Claro, Pedreiras, Santo André. The snail was also detected in the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, and Santa Catarina^{14 17 18}, as well as, in the locality of Chacao, Miranda, in Venezuela¹⁰.

There is a wide variety of mollusks involved in the transmission of A. costaricensis, detectedin several states of the Southeast and South regions of Brazil. Its transmission is mainly associated with slugs from the family Veronicellidae. The most important species are Sarasinula plebeius in Central America, Phyllocaulis variegatus³ and S. linguaeformis⁶, in Brazil. Other snails such as Limax maximus, L. flavus, Bradybaena similaris⁴, Belocaulus angustipes³, P. soleiformis, Helix aspersa¹⁶ and Deroceras laeve¹¹ were also reported with natural infections. On the other hand, the literature records a great variety of mollusk species experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis, thus showing to be highly non-specific to the intermediate host. In fact, other terrestrial and aquatic mollusks, experimentally infected, such as Veronicella occidentalis⁹, S. marginata⁷, P. boraceiensis¹, mollusks from the genus Megalobulimus³ and the planorbids Biomphalaria tenagophila and B. glabrata⁸ were also susceptible to A. costaricensis, allowing the parasite to develop and eliminate L₃.

The aim of this study was to test the experimental susceptibility of A. fulica to A. costaricensis infection. To do so 37 mollusks from the municipality of São Vicente (23s57/46w23) were divided into eight groups (Table 1) and after two months of quarantine,individually exposed to circular lettuce pieces covered with healthy mouse feces and 100ml of a concentrate containing L₁. The snails were sacrificed (Table 1) at different times of infection, and the shells were broken in order to have their soft parts exposed and their viscera discarded. The fibromuscular layer of the body was digested¹⁹ and transferred to a Baerman's funnel. The sediment was gathered into a watch glass and larvae were counted under a stereomicroscope. Viable L₃ were divided into groups of 30 specimens and orally inoculated into three Sigmodon hispidus for later identification of adult worms.

Two groups were used as controls: Three infected S. marginata snails for each A. fulica group (positive control), and three non-infected A. fulica snails for mortality control.

Out of 37 snails examined, 12 (32%) eliminated A. costaricensis L₃; 7 showed less than 30; and 5 more than 200 L₃ (Table 1). All S. marginata controls became infected and all the three non-infected A. fulica remained alive up to the end of the experiments. The three S. hispidus infected with L₃ (from infected A. fulica) eliminated A. costaricensis L₁ in the feces 28 days after infection.

Five A. fulica snails were individually infected with 4860 larvae, then sacrificed at 54 days after infection, and fixed in Carson's Formalin-Millonig². Serial cross-sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and observed under brightfield microscopy. Only two A. fulica snails presented well organized granulomas (encapsulation process)in the fibromuscular layer, without evidence of larvae inside of them, similar to those noticed in S. marginata¹².

The experiments with A. fulica showed that this snail is susceptible to A. costaricensis infection, requiring, however, high levels of larval exposure. Although only 32% of the samples were found to be positive, the parasite burden in 42% of the snails ranged from 200 to 1000 L₃.

Due to the extensive and continued dissemination of these snails all over the Brazilian territory, A. fulica could be an additional risk of new abdominal angiostrongylosis clinical cases.After checking its susceptibility, this possibility is high in urban environments, where the mollusk has shown a great capacity of adaptation and survival. The non-specificity of the parasite for intermediate hosts, the great reproductive capacity and rapid dispersion of A. fulica, as well as the possibility that the prevalence of abdominal angiostrongylosis could be underestimated(Fauza et al 1990) are determinant factors for a possible A. costaricensis urbanization.

This is a preliminary study, and as such another will be carried out with further and more properly designed experiments.

The scope of this work was not to describe a new host, but to afford considerable evidence of the risk to public health related to the fact that A. fulica may play an important role as a transmitter of angiostrongylosis. Additionally, this paper attempted to answer various questions of the population in general, ecologists and health professionals.

Recebido para publicação em 3/9/2003

Aceito em 16/10/2003

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Feb 2004
• Date of issue
  Dec 2003

History

• Received
  03 Sept 2003
• Accepted
  16 Oct 2003