Frontoethmoidal encephalocele as a cause of recurrent meningitis

A 9-year-old boy with fever and headache was admitted to the pediatric infectious disease ward. Upon admission, the patient presented with nuchal rigidity and positive Kernig-Brudzinski signs. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were also elevated. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed CSF pleocytosis, elevated CSF protein level (448 mg/dL), and decreased CSF glucose level (8 mg/dL), suggestive of bacterial meningitis. Blood and CSF cultures were negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the CSF revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae as the causative agent. Vancomycin-ceftriaxone combination therapy was initiated. Based on the patient’s history of two episodes of pneumococcal meningitis, a detailed immunological analysis was performed and found to be normal, excluding immune deficiency. Cranial computed tomography (CT) was performed because cranial skeletal defects can cause recurrent meningitis. The cranial CT revealed a bony defect in the left lamina cribrosa (Figure 1). For a detailed analysis, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, which confirmed a defect at the base of the left skull. An encephalocele was observed in the left ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity, connected intracranially through the defect (Figures 2-3). These lesions may have led to the transmission of bacteria from the nasal cavity to the meningeal space. The patient underwent surgery after completion of antibiotic therapy.

FIGURE 1:
On coronal reformated CT images, a bony defect is seen on left lamina cribrosa. (yellow arrow). Heterogenous image of encephalocele and mucosal tissue is seen on the left ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity.

FIGURE 2:
Coronal balanced steady-state gradient echo sequence image shows the defect on left skull base. Encephalocele is seen on left ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity, which is connected intracranially through the defect. Deviation of the nasal septum is also noted (yellow arrows).

FIGURE 3:
Sagital balanced steady-state gradient echo sequence image shows the defect on left skull base. Encephalocele is seen on left ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity which is connected intracranially through the defect (yellow arrows).

Frontoethmoidal encephalocele is a protrusion of intracranial contents through a defect in the joint between the frontal and ethmoidal bones, directly connecting the brain with the external region, leading to pathogenic invasion^1,2. The integration of cranial CT with MRI is recommended for diagnosis and surgical guidance^2,3. CT is useful for observing deformities in the craniofacial bones and the site and dimensions of the lesion³. MRI helps analyze the internal structure of the sac and highlights unusual features of the brain³. Delayed diagnosis may result in recurrent meningitis¹. Further, prompt surgical management is necessary^2,3.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the staff and Sanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital for their assistance.

REFERENCES

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  Tirumandas M, Sharma A, Gbenimacho I, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ, et al. Nasal Encephaloceles: A Review of Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical presentations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(5):739-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1998-z
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• Financial Support: The authors declare that there was not financial support.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 July 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  26 May 2023
• Accepted
  27 June 2023