Methods to identify the anaerobic threshold for type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects

Abstracts

BACKGROUND: In spite of Anaerobic Threshold (AT) to be widely used on exercise evaluation for different populations, there are few studies comparing methods to identify AT for individuals with type-2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To compare methods of AT determination on type-2 diabetics (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) subjects and verify the acid-base balance as related to AT intensity. METHODS: T2D (n=10; 54.5±9.5 yr; 30.1±5.0 kg/m²) and younger ND (n=10; 36.6±12.8 yr; 23.9±5.0 kg/m²) performed an incremental test (IT) on a cycle ergometer. The over-proportional increase in VE/VO2 and blood lactate ([lac]) identified the ventilatory (VT) and lactate thresholds (LT) respectively. The workload corresponding to the lower blood glucose ([gluc]) during test identified the individual glucose threshold (IGT). The AT was also determined by polynomial adjustment of the VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload responses to identify exercise intensities above which an over-proportional increase in VE and [lac] did occur and were named VT VE/W and LT[lac]/W. RESULTS: The workload (Watts-W) corresponding to LT, VT, IGT, LT Lac/W and VT VE/W of diabetics (85.0±32.1; 88.0±31.7; 86.0±33.8; 82.0±20.9 and 90.2±22.2W) and non-diabetics (139.0±39.0; 133.0±42.7; 140.8±36.4; 122.7±44.3 and 133.0±39.1W) differed between groups (p<0.001), but not within groups. Thus it was evidenced an agreement among the studied methods. The pH and pCO2 were significantly decreased in parallel to the increase in [lac], pO2 and VE at supra AT intensities. CONCLUSION: The AT intensities, as determined by different methods both for diabetics and non-diabetic individuals, were in agreement to each other and identified exercise intensities above which the acid-basic balance is disrupted.

Anaerobic threshold; clinical protocols; blood glucose; acid-basic equilibrium

FUNDAMENTO: Apesar de o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) ser utilizado na avaliação funcional de diferentes populações, estudos comparando métodos para sua identificação em diabéticos tipo-2 tem sido pouco realizados. OBJETIVO: Comparar protocolos de identificação do LAn em indivíduos diabéticos tipo 2 e em não-diabéticos, e analisar respostas relacionadas ao equilíbrio ácido-básico em intensidades relativas ao LAn. MÉTODOS: Diabéticos tipo 2 (n=10; 54,5±9,5 anos; 30,1±5,0 kg/m²) e jovens não-diabéticos (n=10; 36,6±12,8 anos; 23,9±5,0 kg/m²) realizaram teste incremental (TI) em ciclo ergômetro. O aumento desproporcional no equivalente ventilatório de oxigênio (VE/VO2) e lactatemia ([lac]) identificaram intensidades (Watts-W) correspondentes aos limiares ventilatório (LV) e de lactato (LL), respectivamente. A intensidade correspondente à menor glicemia ([glic]) foi considerada limiar glicêmico individual (LGI). O LAn também foi determinado por ajuste polinomial das razões VE/Watts (LV VE/W) e [lac]/Watts (LL[lac]/W), as quais identificaram intensidades acima das quais um aumento desproporcional na VE e [lac] ocorreram. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças entre LL, LV, LG, LL[lac]/W e LV VE/W em diabéticos (85,0±32,1; 88,0±31,7; 86,0±33,8; 82,0±20,9 e 90,2±22,2W) e não-diabéticos (139,0±39,0; 133,0±42,7; 140,8±36,4; 122,7±44,3 e 133,0±39,1W). Contudo os valores de LAn diferiram significativamente entre grupos (p<0.001). A técnica de Bland-Altman confirmou concordância entre os protocolos. Reduções significativas no pH e pCO2 em paralelo a um aumento na [lac], pO2 e VE foram observadas em intensidades supra limiares. CONCLUSÃO: Os protocolos apresentaram, para ambos os grupos estudados, concordância na identificação do LAn, que se mostrou como uma intensidade de exercício acima da qual ocorre perda de equilíbrio ácido-básico.

Limiar anaeróbio; protocolos clínicos; glicemia; equilíbrio ácido básico

FUNDAMENTO: A pesar de que el umbral anaeróbico (UAn) se utiliza en la evaluación funcional de diferentes poblaciones, pocos estudios que comparen métodos para su identificación en diabéticos tipo 2 están siendo realizados. OBJETIVO: Comparar protocolos de identificación del UAn en individuos diabéticos tipo 2 y en no diabéticos, y analizar respuestas relacionadas al equilibrio ácido-base en intensidades relativas al UAn. MÉTODOS: Diabéticos tipo 2 (n=10; 54,5±9,5 años; 30,1±5,0 kg/m²) y jóvenes no diabéticos (n=10; 36,6±12,8 años; 23,9±5,0 kg/m²) realizaron un test incremental (TI) en ciclo ergómetro. El aumento desproporcionado en el equivalente ventilatorio de oxígeno (VE/VO2) y lactatemia ([lac]) identificó intensidades (Watts-W) correspondientes a los umbrales ventilatorio (UV) y de lactato (UL), respectivamente. La intensidad correspondiente a la menor glucemia ([gluc]) se consideró umbral glucémico individual (UGI). El UAn también fue determinado por ajuste polinomial de las razones VE/Watts (UV VE/W) y [lac]/Watts (UL[lac]/W), las que identificaron intensidades por encima de las cuales ocurriera un aumento desproporcionado en la VE y [lac]. RESULTADOS: No se observaron diferencias entre UL, UV, UG, UL[lac]/W y UV VE/W en diabéticos (85,0±32,1; 88,0±31,7; 86,0±33,8; 82,0±20,9 y 90,2±22,2W) y no diabéticos (139,0±39,0; 133,0±42,7; 140,8±36,4; 122,7±44,3 y 133,0±39,1W). Sin embargo, los valores de UAn difirieron significativamente entre los grupos (p<0.001). La técnica de Bland-Altman confirmó una concordancia entre los protocolos. En las intensidades sobre los umbrales se observaron reducciones significativas en el pH y pCO2 paralelamente a un aumento en la [lac], pO2 y VE. CONCLUSIÓN: Los protocolos presentaron, para ambos grupos estudiados, concordancia en la identificación del UAn, que se mostró como una intensidad de ejercicio, por encima de la cual ocurre pérdida de equilibrio ácido-base.

Umbral anaeróbico; protocolos clínicos; glucemia; equilibrio ácido base

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

^IUniversidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Brasília DF - Brazil

^IIFlorida State University (FSU), Tallahassee FL - EUA

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In spite of Anaerobic Threshold (AT) to be widely used on exercise evaluation for different populations, there are few studies comparing methods to identify AT for individuals with type-2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare methods of AT determination on type-2 diabetics (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) subjects and verify the acid-base balance as related to AT intensity.

METHODS: T2D (n=10; 54.5±9.5 yr; 30.1±5.0 kg/m²) and younger ND (n=10; 36.6±12.8 yr; 23.9±5.0 kg/m²) performed an incremental test (IT) on a cycle ergometer. The over-proportional increase in VE/VO₂ and blood lactate ([lac]) identified the ventilatory (VT) and lactate thresholds (LT) respectively. The workload corresponding to the lower blood glucose ([gluc]) during test identified the individual glucose threshold (IGT). The AT was also determined by polynomial adjustment of the VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload responses to identify exercise intensities above which an over-proportional increase in VE and [lac] did occur and were named VT_VE/W and LT[_lac]/W.

RESULTS: The workload (Watts-W) corresponding to LT, VT, IGT, LT_Lac/W and VT_VE/W of diabetics (85.0±32.1; 88.0±31.7; 86.0±33.8; 82.0±20.9 and 90.2±22.2W) and non-diabetics (139.0±39.0; 133.0±42.7; 140.8±36.4; 122.7±44.3 and 133.0±39.1W) differed between groups (p<0.001), but not within groups. Thus it was evidenced an agreement among the studied methods. The pH and pCO₂ were significantly decreased in parallel to the increase in [lac], pO₂ and VE at supra AT intensities.

CONCLUSION: The AT intensities, as determined by different methods both for diabetics and non-diabetic individuals, were in agreement to each other and identified exercise intensities above which the acid-basic balance is disrupted.

Key-words: Anaerobic threshold; clinical protocols; blood glucose; acid-basic equilibrium.

Introduction

The anaerobic threshold (AT) reflects an exercise intensity above which an over-proportional increase in glycolysis rate, blood lactate ([lac]) and ventilation (VE) is observed paralleled to the pH diminution^1,2.

The invasive determination of AT from [lac] responses (lactate threshold - LT) has been considered a gold standard to evaluate aerobic capacity^3-5, while the AT identification from VE responses (ventilatory threshold - VT) has advantages due its noninvasive nature and has been recommended for exercise prescription for special populations^5-8 including diabetics^7,9-14. However, the VT determination requires expensive equipment and measurements are quite dependent on calibration methods before testing. Moreover, usually two or more experienced physicians are often needed to identify the intensity at which AT occurs^15,16. On the other hand, the mathematical modeling of VE responses to incremental tests through polynomial function would increase the accuracy of AT identification.

Additionally, during the incremental test (IT), the blood glucose ([gluc]) was shown to decrease until AT was reached and the exercise intensity above which the [gluc] recommences to increase was named Individual Glucose Threshold (IGT)¹⁷. The IGT seems to demarcate an exercise intensity above which blood glucose output overcomes its uptake and it is not different from the VT and LT identified in young health individuals². Type 2 diabetes has been associated to skeletal muscle lipid accumulation, which inhibits insulin signaling and thus decreases GLUT-4 translocation, resulting in hyperglycemia¹⁸. So, a more practical method for AT identification (e.g. IGT) and/or a non-invasive and less expensive procedure (e.g. VT identified through VE/Workload ratio) would be useful for exercise prescription to prevent skeletal muscle lipid accumulation and to control blood glucose in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic individuals. However, the AT identification through blood glucose responses, as well as the utilization of a non-invasive and simple AT determination through the modeling of the VE/Workload responses, have not yet been investigated in diabetics.

The present study compared and established associations between the AT identified through [gluc] and the AT identified by other methods (e.g. LT and VT) on type 2 diabetics and younger non-diabetic counterparts. Moreover, the possibility to determine the VT and LT by applying a second-order polynomial function on the responses of VE/workload and [lac]/workload ratio during incremental test on a cycle ergometer was analyzed. The results were compared to other methods of AT determination and the pH, pO₂ and pCO₂ responses in relation to the identified AT intensities were analyzed to clarify the significance of AT identified through [gluc], VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload ratio.

Methods

Subjects

The University Ethics Committee for Human Research approved the methods used in this study. After completing the written informed consent procedure, 12 sedentary type 2 diabetics and 10 physically-active non-diabetic individuals volunteered for this investigation. Data from 10 of the 12 diabetics are presented, as it was not possible to identify all parameters of interest in 2 of them. Descriptive characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The non-diabetic subjects have been involved in recreational training programs for the last 2 years (e.g. cycling and resistance training), consisting of at least 20 minutes of exercise 3 times/week on a regular basis, while the diabetic participants were sedentary. Additionally, the diabetics kept their oral hypoglycemic treatment (e.g. sulphonylureas, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) during the study.

Procedures

Data collection was performed at the Exercise Physiology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Brasília and at Florida State University. Participants were previously submitted to a cardiovascular examination, including resting electrocardiogram and blood pressure measurements (Microlife, England). Participants with cardiovascular, neurological or orthopedic complications were excluded. The selected subjects performed an incremental exercise test on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer (Lode Excalibur, Netherland) in an overnight fasting state between 8:30 and 9:30 am at a room with a temperature of 22-23° C, 665 mmHg of barometric pressure and 50% of humidity.

Incremental exercise test (IT)

An IT was applied to identify the LT, the VT, the IGT and the VO₂max. A 1-min warm-up while pedaling at 0 Watts was performed before starting with a workload of 15 to 50 Watts. Then the workload was increased every 3-mins by 15-25 Watts according to the participant's life style and physical fitness. For most participants (including all diabetics) the test initiated at 15 Watts with increments of 15 Watts at each 3-min stage. Work was terminated due to voluntary exhaustion or if any electrocardiographic abnormality was observed. Also, criteria for stopping the test included reaching an over-proportional increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over 115 mmHg, a failure to increase the oxygen pulse paralleled to the increase in the workload and/or a respiratory exchange ratio over 1.15^7,19.

Ventilatory measurement

Respiratory gas was measured continuously using either a Parvomedics MMS-2400 system (Florida State University) or the Cortex Metalyzer 3B system (Catholic University of Brasilia). Both the gas calibration and a flow meter calibration took place before every test. The results obtained from the last 20 seconds of each stage were considered for the identification of the minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and VT. The highest VO₂ obtained at the voluntary exhaustion was considered VO_2peak.

Blood collection and laboratory analyses

During the last 10-sec of each stage, a 25-μl sample was collected from the ear lobe using heparinized and calibrated microcapillaries for [lac] and [gluc] measurements for all participants. A 75-μl sample of blood was also collected from 5 non-diabetics at rest, in the middle of the incremental test (usually at the end of stages 3 to 5; around the AT) and immediately at the conclusion of the test.

The 25ul were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 50μl of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) 1%. The [lac] and [gluc] were determined from each sample in duplicate by using a blood lactate and glucose analyzer (Yellow Springs 2700S). The [lac] and [gluc] results were corrected by the volume of the blood sampled within the Eppendorf tubes and are presented in mM. The pO₂ and pCO₂ (mmHg), the Base Excess - BE (mM) and pH were measured at the 75-μl sample using the AVL system (Blood Gas Analyzer - OMNI 3 Modular Analyzer, AVL Scientific Corporation, Roswell, GA).

Anaerobic threshold identification

The LT was identified by the [lac] breakpoint, while the IGT was determined by [gluc] kinetics and was defined as the exercise intensity at which the [gluc] began to increase during the IT¹⁷. The VT was identified by two independent researchers, considering an increase in the VE/VO₂ without a parallel increase in the VE/VCO₂^1,20. If the VT could not be identified by VE/VO₂ and VE/VCO₂ responses, the VT was identified considering the breakpoint in the VCO₂-VO₂ relationship (Figure 1).

In addition, the VE/workload and the [lac]/workload ratios were plotted against the workload for each participant during IT. The results were modeled through a second-order polynomial function and the originated equation was derived in order to determine an exercise intensity above which an over-proportional increase in both VE and [lac] in relation to workload did occur. The AT identification though these mathematical approaches were named respectively VT_VE/W and LT_[lac]/W. The identification of the VT_VE/W and LT_[lac]/W for a single diabetic participant is presented in Figure 2 (a-b).

Statistical treatment and procedures for comparison

Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). The mean results of IT for all participants are presented at the "1^st stage" (first stage of incremental test - "Beg"), "Mid1" (midpoint between 1^st stage and AT), "TRANS" (either the VT, IGT or LT workloads), "Mid2" (midpoint between the AT and the last stage/exhaustion) and the "End" (last stage/exhaustion moment). Comparison between AT identified by different methods was performed by one-way ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer as a post hoc. A unpaired t-tes was applied for comparisons between groups for correspondent variables .The associations among variables were determined by Pearson's moment correlation. Also, the agreement between AT intensity identified by blood lactate, which was set as the gold standard, and the AT identified by other methods in the present study were assessed by the Bland and Altman technique²¹. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

The AT by ventilatory, [lac] and [gluc] responses as well as through the VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload ratios was identified for both groups, but the IGT could not be identified in two diabetic participants. In general, five to eight stages were necessary to conclude the IT for most of the subjects. The mean (+SD) VE, [lac], [gluc], VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload at the same relative intensities are presented for non-diabetic and diabetic participants (Figure 3 A-E). Also, the mean blood lactate and glucose, pH, BE, pO₂ and pCO₂ at rest and during the incremental test are presented in Figure 4 (A-D). After reaching the AT, the [gluc] and pO₂ responses were similar to [lac] responses, while the pH, BE and pCO₂ responded inversely to the [lac], VE, VE/Workload and [lac]/Workload ratios (Figures 3 and 4). In spite of the differences between groups as presented in Tables 1 and 2, no differences were observed within groups for the workload, oxygen consumption and heart rate as related to the LT, VT, IGT, VT_VE/W, LTv_[lac]/W (p>0.05). Also, variables were highly correlated with each other (Table 3) and the Bland and Altman technique evidenced an agreement between LT and the AT identified by other methods (Figure 5).

Discussion

This study compared methods to identify the AT on type-2 diabetics and younger non-diabetic subjects. This choice of comparison between type-2 diabetics and younger health and physically active subjects was that, as expected, these groups were different in terms of body composition and physical fitness as related to the VO₂peak and AT results. Even so, the studied protocols were consistent within groups regardless of their characteristics. So, our main findings were that the IGT was identified in diabetics similarly to non-diabetic subjects (Figures 2a-b and Figure 3), in spite of the differences between groups regarding their physical characteristics and health status. It was demonstrated for both groups that AT may be successfully identified during an incremental test on a cycle ergometer by modeling the responses of VE/workload and [lac]/workload ratios through a second-order polynomial function with no differences when compared to other methods (Table 2). Also, different methods used to identify the AT in the present study showed high correlation to each other and the Bland and Altman technique showed an agreement between the LT and other methods to identify the AT, both for diabetics and non-diabetic subjects (Table 3; Figure 5). In support of our earlier studies with young physical active subjects² the present study showed that the acid-base balance was disrupted during incremental exercise at intensities above the identified thresholds (Figure 4), suggesting that the studied protocols are robust to identify intensities at which the acid-base balance may be kept during exercise. In spite of the lower aerobic fitness of diabetics in the present study, the thresholds of VO₂peak were observed at around 68-70% for both groups (Table 1). Taken together, our findings reinforce the validity of the present methods to identify AT as an exercise intensity above which both metabolic acidosis and [gluc] elevation occur.

We speculate that the IGT demarcates a transition from the predominance of [gluc] uptake to [gluc] output, stimulated by catecholamines and glucagon during high intensity exercises²². The IGT was determined in 83.3% (10 of the 12) of the diabetic participants, while all non-diabetics had their IGT identified in the present study. The reason for the non-identification of IGT in some diabetics would be due to secondary metabolic/hormonal disturbances or the effect of hypoglycemic agents on [gluc]. However, our results indicated that the exercise intensity that may elicits a [gluc] increase was similarly identified by either blood lactate and ventilatory responses (Table 2), which in turn may have clinical applications in blood glucose control and type-2 diabetes management. Since diabetic subjects may have problems both with blood coagulation and recovery from tissue damage, VT utilization seems to be attractive due its non-invasive nature.

Our data demonstrated that by modeling the VE/workload relationship through polynomial function, the resulting second-order equation may be derived and applied in order to identify at which intensity an over-proportional increase of the VE and thus VT occurs (Figure 2). The polynomial function modeling of the VE/workload results in a U-shaped curve that was similar to [lac]/workload ratio in both groups. This method enables AT identification with no O₂ or CO₂ analyses or interpretation by two or more physicians. Also, in addition to being non-invasive, it is independent from any specific value of ventilation, but dependent on its behavior, instead.

The insulin resistance has been associated to muscle lipid accumulation¹⁸. The AT identification from blood glucose and from VE/Workload responses are simple methods that may identify optimal exercise intensities for the management of type 2 diabetes. While acute exercise at IGT intensity would improve the blood glucose profile, chronically it would prevent muscle lipid accumulation and thus, improve the insulin sensitivity of such patients. However, future studies should investigate both the acute and chronic effects of exercise performed at intensities related to AT on type 2 diabetics.

In summary, we concluded that similarly to non-diabetic subjects, the AT may be accurately identified in type 2 diabetics during incremental test on a cycle ergometer through blood glucose responses, as well as by applying a second-order polynomial function to the VE/workload relationship. Also, the proposed methods to identify the AT did not differ from each other and seem to point out an exercise intensity above which the blood glucose is increased and an acid-base disruption occurs.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to CNPq (proc. 475575/2004-0) and SIGEP/UCB for the financial support. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Ricardo Jaco de Oliveira for the collaboration and LAFIT-UCB for the technical assistance.

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

This study was funded by CAPES.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of master and doctoral submitted by Sérgio R. Moreira, Gabrielle do Valle e Herbert G. Simões, from Universidade Católica de Brasília, Universidade Estadual da Flórida e Universidade Federal de São Carlos.

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Methods to identify the anaerobic threshold for type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects

Herbert G. Simões^I; Sérgio R. Moreira^I; Robert J. Moffatt^II; Carmen S. G. Campbell^I

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Sept 2010
• Date of issue
  Jan 2010

History

• Accepted
  08 Nov 2008
• Reviewed
  03 Nov 2008
• Received
  16 June 2008