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Carvedilol attenuates oxidative stress in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy

Abstracts

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence suggesting that Chagas disease involves oxidative damage and contributes to heart disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of carvedilol on oxidative stress markers in chronic Chagas disease. METHODS: The study population included 42 patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured before and after a period of six months of treatment with carvedilol (37.5 mg/day). Patients were considered according to the Los Andes classification and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, S-transferase and reductase, myeloperoxidase and adenosine deaminase; levels of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, carbonyl protein, vitamin E and nitric oxide were measured in blood. RESULTS: After treatment with carvedilol, all groups showed significant reductions in levels of carbonyl protein and reduced glutathione, whereas the levels of nitric oxide and adenosine activity increased significantly only in group IA. Moreover, most of the antioxidant enzymes showed decrease in activity in groups IA and IB. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that treatment with carvedilol was effective in attenuating oxidative damage, an effect that may be particularly important in patients with chronic Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy.

Adrenergic beta-1 receptor antagonists; oxidative stress; chagas cardiomyopathy; chagas disease


FUNDAMENTO: Há cada vez mais evidências sugerindo que doença de Chagas envolve dano oxidativo e contribui para a progressão da doença cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do carvedilol sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo na doença de Chagas crônica. MÉTODOS: A população de estudo incluiu 42 pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica e os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo foram medidos antes e após um período de seis meses de tratamento com carvedilol (37,5 mg/dia). Os pacientes foram considerados de acordo com a classificação de Los Andes, e a atividade da superóxido dismutase, catalase, glutationa peroxidase, S-transferase e redutase, mieloperoxidase e adenosina deaminase; e os níveis de glutationa reduzida, de espécies reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico, proteína carbonil, vitamina E e óxido nítrico foram medidos no sangue. RESULTADOS: Após o tratamento com carvedilol, todos os grupos apresentaram reduções significativas nos níveis de proteína carbonil e glutationa reduzida, enquanto os níveis de óxido nítrico e atividade da adenosina aumentaram significativamente somente no grupo IA. Além disso, a maioria das enzimas antioxidantes apresentou diminuição de suas atividades, nos grupos IA e IB. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que o tratamento com carvedilol foi eficaz na atenuação do dano oxidativo, um efeito que pode ser particularmente importante em doença de Chagas crônica com cardiopatia.

Antagonistas de receptores adrenérgicos beta 1; estresse oxidativo; cardiomiopatia chagásica; doença de chagas


FUNDAMENTO: Hay cada vez más evidencias sugiriendo que la enfermedad de Chagas envuelve daño oxidativo y contribuye a la progresión de la enfermedad cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto del carvedilol sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo en la enfermedad de Chagas crónica. MÉTODOS: La población de estudio incluyó 42 pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica y los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo fueron medidos antes y después de un período de seis meses de tratamiento con carvedilol (37,5 mg/día). Los pacientes fueron considerados de acuerdo con la clasificación de Los Andes, y la actividad de la superóxido dismutasa, catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, S-transferasa y reductasa, mieloperoxidasa y adenosina deaminasa; y los niveles de glutatión reducida, de especies reactivas del ácido tiobarbitúrico, proteína carbonil, vitamina E y óxido nítrico fueron medidos en la sangre. RESULTADOS: Después del tratamiento con carvedilol, todos los grupos presentaron reducciones significativas en los niveles de proteína carbonil y glutatión reducida, mientras que los niveles de óxido nítrico y actividad de la adenosina aumentaron significativamente solamente en el grupo IA. Además de eso, la mayoría de las enzimas antioxidantes presentó disminución de sus actividades, en los grupos IA e IB. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos sugieren que el tratamiento con carvedilol fue eficaz en la atenuación del daño oxidativo, un efecto que puede ser particularmente importante en enfermedad de Chagas crónica con cardiopatía.

Antagonistas de receptores adrenérgicos beta 1; estrés oxidativo; cardiomiopatía chagásica; enfermedad de chagas


IUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina

IIInstituto do Coração Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

IIIUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

IVHospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

VUniversidade Regional de Blumenau, SC, Brazil

VIHospital Universitário de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil

Mailling Address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence suggesting that Chagas disease involves oxidative damage and contributes to heart disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of carvedilol on oxidative stress markers in chronic Chagas disease.

METHODS: The study population included 42 patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured before and after a period of six months of treatment with carvedilol (37.5 mg/day). Patients were considered according to the Los Andes classification and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, S-transferase and reductase, myeloperoxidase and adenosine deaminase; levels of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, carbonyl protein, vitamin E and nitric oxide were measured in blood.

RESULTS: After treatment with carvedilol, all groups showed significant reductions in levels of carbonyl protein and reduced glutathione, whereas the levels of nitric oxide and adenosine activity increased significantly only in group IA. Moreover, most of the antioxidant enzymes showed decrease in activity in groups IA and IB.

CONCLUSION: The data suggest that treatment with carvedilol was effective in attenuating oxidative damage, an effect that may be particularly important in patients with chronic Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy.

Keywords: Adrenergic beta-1 receptor antagonists; oxidative stress; chagas cardiomyopathy; chagas disease.

Introduction

Chagas' Disease (CD) is associated with the infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and has a wide distribution in Central and Latin America. It is estimated that between eight and 15 million people are infected in the continent, and two to three million are Brazilians1,2.

The indeterminate phase represents the most common chronic form of the disease, with about 70% of cases, usually lasting 10 to 30 years, but in general, it may persist throughout life3. However, this form can be considered as belonging to the category of patients with potential cardiac involvement4. Heart involvement is the most common and serious consequence of chronic CD, with an estimated annual outpatient mortality of around 4%5.

Oxidative stress is common in inflammatory diseases, including CD, which is characterized by chronic inflammation6. Recently, our group showed that increased oxidative stress is associated with CD progression, and that the use of antioxidant intervention was effective to attenuate disease progression7,8. Carvedilol acts as a beta-1-adrenergic blocker, a vasodilator and as an antioxidant and is considered a potent cardioprotective agent, as demonstrated in several experimental models of ischemia9. The protective action of carvedilol is superior to other beta-blockers at equivalent doses10. The antioxidant effect has been attributed largely to its carbazole structure and hydroxylated metabolites have higher antioxidant capacity when compared to that of carvedilol11.

The concept that carvedilol treatment can influence the course of CD has received more support in recent times; however, its antioxidant properties have been little explored in this disease, despite evidence of its antioxidant activity in experimental in vitro models12.

Carvedilol seems to act as an antioxidant, inhibiting electron donation directly to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)13.

Methods

Study design

This is a therapeutic intervention and prospective study, carried out with a sample that was part of an open cohort, consisting of patients followed at the Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, UFRJ HUCFF. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured before and after six months of treatment with carvedilol (divided into three doses of 12.5 mg per day, including a final dose of 37.5 mg daily).

Patient selection

The study sample consisted of patients who were in the chronic phase of heart disease, defined according to electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessments, who had spontaneously followed the flow chart of the ambulatory care unit of Chagas disease at HUCFF-UFRJ. The patients included in the study were 21 and 70 years, followed actively and regularly at the Chagas Disease outpatient clinic of the Service of Cardiology at HUCFF. They had been diagnosed with Chagas disease and had maintained dietary habits. Only chronic chagasic patients with no other associated diseases and who had been living far from endemic areas for over 20 years were included. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of HUCFF-UFRJ, according to the national and international guidelines for research involving human subjects (Resolution No. 1996 of the National Health Council), which regulate experiments involving human subjects (Protocol CEP N. 053/07). All patients received information about the study and signed the free and informed consent form.

The patients were followed by the same medical team. Medical visits were scheduled at the clinic regularly, with an mean interval of four months, and when necessary, patients underwent a biochemical evaluation, including thyroid function tests. Patients with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiomyopathy of any origin other than Chagas' disease, valvular heart disease, thyroid dysfunction, excessive tobacco/alcohol consumption, known immune dysfunction, abnormalities in serum electrolytes (potassium and calcium) or systemic disease were excluded.

All patients were clinically stable for at least three months at the time the blood sample was collected for this study. The diet of the patients was poor regarding the most important nutritional antioxidants and, therefore, the intake of vitamins C and E was negligible. Medications that could alter electrolyte balance were interrupted for 48 hours before the clinical and laboratory tests, and there were no clinical events during this period.

Patients were divided according to the modified Los Andes classification14 into four groups: 10 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram: no cardiac involvement); 20 patients in group IB (normal or borderline electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram: mild cardiac involvement); eight patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, with no congestive heart failure: moderate cardiac involvement); and four patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram with heart failure: severe cardiac involvement).

Serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease

The serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease was carried out in all patients through screening for anti-T. cruzi antibodies, using two methods. The dilution considered a positive serological reaction was established by the reference center laboratory of Manguinhos-Fiocruz (RJ).

The seropositive patient was one with two positive serological tests in two different collections. In case of doubt between the methods, serum samples were retested by immunofluorescence and if any discrepancy remained, this method's result was considered. Blood was collected by the same person, on the same day of the week in the morning and in fasting conditions.

Drugs and reagents

The drug carvedilol, (RS)-1-(9H-carbazole-4-iloxy)-3-[2-(2-ethoxyphenyl) ethylamine] propan-2-ol, was kindly provided by Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the State of São Paulo (Brazil), EMS Sigma Pharmaceuticals.

Reagents related to the analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA).

Sample preparation

Blood samples were collected in tubes previously cooled to a temperature of 10°C, containing heparin as an anticoagulant or without heparin to obtain serum. Plasma, serum and acid extracts were stored in liquid nitrogen until the analysis of the parameters was carried out. Enzymatic evaluations were performed in hemolyzed samples, while GSH levels were obtained from acid extracts of whole blood. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (PC) content were analyzed in plasma.

Antioxidant enzyme assays

The catalase (CAT) enzyme activity was determined by the speed of degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (10 mM) at 240 nm14,15. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined at 480 nm according to the method of adrenalin autoxidation16. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was determined at 340 nm by measuring the rate of oxidation of NADPH17. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was determined at 340 nm, by the reduction of tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) by oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH)18.

Activity of Glutathione S-transferase (GST) was determined at 340 nm using 1-chloro-2 ,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate according to Habig et al19. All activities were conducted in hemolysates and expressed as milliliter of whole blood.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) Assay

GSH is a tripeptide with important endogenous antioxidant activity that prevents oxidative damage to important cellular components caused by ROS and was measured in the acid extract to 412 nm, using the method described by Beutler et al20.

Protein carbonyl (PC)

PC is the most widely used marker for evaluating oxidative modification of proteins and it was determined in serum using the method described by Levine et al21.

Lipid peroxidation assessment (TBARS levels)

TBARS is a lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress index. It was determined spectrophotometrically at 535 nm in plasma using substances that react with thiobarbituric acid, according to the method described by Bird and Draper22.

Vitamin E Assessment

Vitamin E was determined in plasma and carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 292 nm23.

Inflammatory marker assay

Levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) were indirectly measured by the Griess method24. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed according to the method developed by Rao et al25,26, while the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) was assessed according to the method of Giusti and Galanti27. All these parameters were measured in serum.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical comparisons of markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses within the different groups were performed according to Analysis of Variance - One way ANOVA complemented by Tukey-Kramer test. The data were analyzed by using generalized linear models for repeated measures. For all analysis the SPSS version 11.5.0 software were used, which was acquired under license from the Federal University of Santa Catarina on 09/06/2002. The minimum significance level adopted was 5%.

Results

Table 1 contains the clinical observations regarding the analyzed groups. Of the 42 selected patients at the start of the study, age ranged from 31 to 67 years, mean of 58.8 years, of which 17 were males and 25 were females. Body Mass Index (BMI) was 24.3 kg/m2.

Symptoms potentially related with esophagopathy occurred more frequently in groups II and III, with statistical significance (p < 0.001). As for symptoms potentially related to colopathy (constipation > 3 days), there was significant difference only in group IA (in which 100% of subjects showed no such symptoms) compared to groups II and III (Table 1).

Radiological evaluation showed that the cardiothoracic ratio increased with the degree of cardiac involvement (p = 0.0001). No x-rays of the esophagus and/or barium enema were performed. The echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction in patients from group III that was significantly lower than in other groups (p = 0.0001). The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was corrected for body surface area and values > 32 mm/m2 were considered abnormal. Based on this criterion, 12 patients had left ventricular dilatation. The right myocardial involvement expressed by the pulmonary hypertension was present in groups II and III (Table 2).

The response in the different groups was very similar after treatment with carvedilol. All groups showed significant decreases in the levels of GSH and PC, which were accompanied by a nonsignificant decrease in TBARS levels.

Vitamin E levels were also maintained, along with no changes in inflammatory markers, except NO and ADA levels, which showed a significant increase only in patients from group IA. Regarding the enzymatic profile, there was a generalized response of decreased activity in basically all groups. More specifically, there was a significant decrease in SOD activity in all studied groups, with significant decreases in groups IA and IB regarding the activities of GPx and GST. In turn, we observed the maintenance of GR activity and significant increases in CAT only in groups IA and IB. GSH levels were significantly decreased in patients from IA group treated with carvedilol (0.18 ± 0.12 mmol mL-1) when compared to untreated patients (0.31 ± 0.17 mmol mL-1, p < 0.05), while the levels of TBARS and vitamin E remained unchanged in both groups (Table 3).

However, levels of PC were significantly decreased in patients treated with carvedilol (0.04 ± 0.01 nmol mg-1) when compared to untreated ones (0.15 ± 0.07 nmol mg-1, p < 0.01). When compared within the same group IA, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GST and GPx showed significant decrease compared to those found in untreated patients, while CAT activity was increased and GR activity remained unchanged (Table 4). In relation to inflammatory markers after treatment with carvedilol, there was a significant increase in NO levels compared to untreated patients (10.93 ± 3.19 mM and 17.96 ± 3.2 mM, respectively; p < 0.05) and ADA activity (10.03 ± 1.28 Ul"1 and 17.17 ± 2.5 Ul"1, respectively; p < 0.05), while MPO activity remained unchanged (Table 3).

Patients from Group IB treated with carvedilol showed a similar response when compared to patients in group IA. GSH levels (0.16 ± 0.13 mmol mL-1) were also significantly decreased when compared to untreated patients (0.22 ± 0.17 mmol mL-1, p < 0.01), while TBARS and vitamin E levels remained unchanged in both groups of patients (Table 3). Similarly as shown in the IA group of patients, PC values were also significantly reduced in patients treated with carvedilol (0.05 ± 0.02 nmol mg-1) compared to untreated patients (0.16 ± 0.19 nmol mg-1, p <0.05). The profile of antioxidant enzymes in this group was also similar to that found in group IA, while the inflammatory markers in this group remained unchanged (Tables 3 and 4).

In patients classified as II, the behavior of the analyzed parameters were also very similar to those in groups IA and IB (Table 3). GSH levels were significantly lower in patients treated with carvedilol compared to untreated ones (0.18 ± 0.11 and 0.29 ± 0.10 mmol mL-1, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in levels of TBARS and vitamin E. PC values were also significantly decreased after treatment with carvedilol (0.05 ± 0.01 nmol mg-1) compared to untreated patients (0.17 ± 0.07 nmol mg-1, p <0.001). After treatment with carvedilol, the values of inflammatory markers remained unchanged (Table 3); the activities of SOD and GST enzymes decreased significantly, while the activities of the CAT, GPx and GR enzymes showed no significant differences when compared to those in untreated patients (Table 4).

As observed in the other groups, the group of patients classified as group III showed a decrease in GSH levels in patients treated with carvedilol (0.38 ± 0.15 mmol mL-1, p < 0.05) when compared to untreated patients (0.16 ± 0.09 mmol mL-1) (Table 3). Also similar to values found in groups IA, IB and II, there were no significant differences in the levels of TBARS and vitamin E, while the protein damage marker once more showed decreased values in patients treated with carvedilol (0.05 ± 0.01 nmol mg-1) when compared to untreated patients (0.15 ± 0.06 nmol mg-1, p < 0.05) (Table 3).

The activities of CAT, GR, GST and GPx were not significantly different in relation to the treatment with carvedilol, but SOD activity was decreased among patients treated with carvedilol (69.20 ± 6.54 ml-1), when compared to untreated patients (145.44 ± 44.12 mL USOD-1, p < 0.05). Similar to the results obtained in groups IB and II, inflammatory markers remained unchanged after treatment with carvedilol (Table 3).

Discussion

In the present study, untreated patients had higher levels of biomarkers of damage to lipids (TBARS) and proteins (PC), with generally higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, which seem to represent the maintenance of the oxidative stress profile related to Chagas disease cardiac involvement.

Apparently, the group III, considered the most severe stage of heart failure and, thus, that in which the number of participating individuals was lower due to the high mortality rate in this phase, showed a higher oxidative stress in relation to groups characterized by lower severity, especially considering the groups IA, IB and to a lesser extent, also group II. In a similar study by Keith et al. involving cardiac patients with varying degrees of involvement, markers of oxidative damage such as lipid peroxides and malondialdehyde, as well as antioxidant defenses such as levels of glutathione, vitamins E and C, and GPx activity also showed a direct correlation between these markers and disease severity28. This association has been demonstrated by our laboratory in previous studies, as well as other related studies29.

According to the data shown in this study, it appears that patients with lower cardiac involvement and therefore with a higher antioxidant capacity (groups IA and IB) seem to have a greater capacity to neutralize the oxidative damage detected in their blood, a response that seems to be enhanced by treatment with carvedilol. A similar response has been detected by our laboratory in chagasic patients after six months of supplementation of vitamins E and C. In a study with mice infected with T. cruzi, the results were similar, where the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, GPx and GR, as well as GSH levels were increased in response to infection, while oxidative insult occurred in the myocardium of these animals30.

Conversely to what was found in most of the other antioxidant enzymes, an increase in CAT activity was detected in the blood of patients belonging to groups IA and IB. Chow et al. showed that rats with vitamin E deficiency had decreased CAT activity, while the activities of SOD and GPX were not changed, which are in accordance with the present study, suggesting that vitamin E in the diet provides protection against the CAT inactivation under such experimental conditions31. Considering that the beta-oxidation of lipids in peroxisomes increases the production of H2O232, and that vitamin E protects against CAT inactivation33, treatment with carvedilol could be responsible for the increased activity of this enzyme in the blood of these patients.

Carvedilol protects against overproduction of ROS at concentrations of 0.1 to 100 mM, which are consistent with the dose (37.5 mg / day) used in this study34. Early studies with this compound indicated that carvedilol is much more potent in inhibiting the production of hydroxyl radical (• OH) than other beta-adrenergic antagonists35.

Studies have shown that hydroxylated metabolites are also potent antioxidants and may contribute to the overall antioxidant action of this drug and may increase its power by 5-10 fold36,37. Several carvedilol metabolites found in human plasma showed an even stronger antioxidant activity (50-80 times higher than carvedilol) to inhibit oxidation of LDL by macrophages38. Thus, it is possible that the in vivo antioxidant activity of carvedilol is also attributed to its metabolites39.

Its antioxidant potential can also be linked to its ability to bind to Fe (III) and Cu (II), preventing the oxidation of lipids and proteins mediated by these transition metals, which could explain the decrease in biomarkers of lipid (TBARS) and protein (PC) damage in the present study, after treatment with carvedilol. When analyzing the marker of damage to proteins, carvedilol consistently reduced the formation of PC when compared to patients before treatment.

Except for the group classified as IA, with lower cardiac involvement, all inflammatory markers remained unchanged in the other groups. It is known that NO, in combination with the O2 leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, a potent biological oxidant that eliminates T. cruzi in a dose-dependent manner, and that MPO is an enzyme that participates in immune defense reactions through the formation of hypochlorous acid as a defense mechanism against pathogens40. That could explain the increase found in the levels of NO and ADA in the group that has a better immune response against infection by the parasite. Furthermore, the cardioprotection of carvedilol may be related not only to its antioxidant capacity, but also in preventing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ischemic myocardium, as well as inhibiting the vascular smooth muscle remodeling by decreasing the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, as shown in an animal model.

Conclusion

These data suggest that treatment with carvedilol was effective in attenuating the oxidative damage caused by Chagas' disease itself, an effect that may be particularly important for patients with chronic Chagas' disease and cardiomyopathy.

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

There were no external funding sources for this study.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Patrícia Budni, from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

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  • Carvedilol attenuates oxidative stress in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy

    Patrícia BudniI; Roberto Coury PedrosaII, III, IV; Thais Regina GarletI; Eduardo Monguilhott DalmarcoI; Juliana Bastos DalmarcoV; Manuel Rosa de Oliveira LinoI; Edésio Luiz SimionatoV; Jorge Antônio AmaraVI; Tânia Sílvia FrodeI; Danilo Wilhelm FilhoI
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      16 Feb 2012
    • Date of issue
      Mar 2012

    History

    • Received
      14 June 2011
    • Accepted
      20 Sept 2011
    • Reviewed
      15 Aug 2011
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    E-mail: revista@cardiol.br