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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Orange Juice

Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Citrus Sinensis; Oxidative Stress; Metabolism; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Ventricular Remodeling; Antioxidants

Post myocardial infarction cardiac remodelling progression is a complex event involving several biological reactions; these include oxidative stress and inflammatory response.11. Ramachandra CJA, Cong S, Chan X, Yap EP, Yu F, Hausenloy DJ. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;166:297-312.

2. Martinez PF, Bonomo C, Guizoni DM, Junior SA, Damatto RL, Cezar MD, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in slow-twitch soleus muscle of heart failure rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;35:148-59.

3. Kologrivova I, Shtatolkina M, Suslova T, Ryabov V. Cells of the immune system in cardiac remodeling: Main players in resolution of inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction. Front Immunol. 2021;12:664457.
- 44. Alegre P, Mathias L, Lourenço MA, Santos PP, Gonçalves A, Fernandes AA, et al. Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) reduz o estresse oxidativo e melhora o metabolismo energético da lesão de isquemia-reperfusão miocárdica em ratos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):78-86. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after myocardial ischemia stimulates pro-inflammatory mediators involved in fibroblast proliferation and tissue repair in the infarcted area. However, sustained ROS production in combination with hemodynamic overload and antioxidant system incapacity leads to oxidative stress in non-infarcted areas, which also undergo cardiac remodelling.11. Ramachandra CJA, Cong S, Chan X, Yap EP, Yu F, Hausenloy DJ. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;166:297-312.

2. Martinez PF, Bonomo C, Guizoni DM, Junior SA, Damatto RL, Cezar MD, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in slow-twitch soleus muscle of heart failure rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;35:148-59.
- 33. Kologrivova I, Shtatolkina M, Suslova T, Ryabov V. Cells of the immune system in cardiac remodeling: Main players in resolution of inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction. Front Immunol. 2021;12:664457. These changes, associated with energy metabolism disorders, metalloproteinases activation, cardiomyocyte death and hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction characterize the cardiac remodelling process.11. Ramachandra CJA, Cong S, Chan X, Yap EP, Yu F, Hausenloy DJ. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;166:297-312.

Studies on various bioactive compounds, often extracted from food, have been undertaken to assess their attenuating powers on disorders common to cardiac remodelling, such as oxidative stress and inflammation.44. Alegre P, Mathias L, Lourenço MA, Santos PP, Gonçalves A, Fernandes AA, et al. Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) reduz o estresse oxidativo e melhora o metabolismo energético da lesão de isquemia-reperfusão miocárdica em ratos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):78-86.

5. Escudero-López B, Berná G, Ortega Á, Herrero-Martín G, Cerrillo I, Martín F, et al. Consumption of orange fermented beverage reduces cardiovascular risk factors in healthy mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;78:78-85.
- 66. Boussetta N, Abedelmalek S, Khouloud A, Ben Anes A, Souissi N. Does red orange juice supplementation has a protective effect on performance, cardiovascular parameters, muscle damage and oxidative stress markers following the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 under polluted air? Int J Environ Health Res. 2020;30(6):630-42. However, the extraction and isolation of these substances can require a complex network of costly specialized technical procedures making it financially difficult for a large part of the population to access this resource. Additionally, taken in isolation one cannot evaluate the potential effects of interactions between food matrix components and the organism which may alter the metabolic effects.77. Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1543S-1548S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B...
Alternatively, consuming the food in its entirety acts as a buffer in the digestive system allowing greater bioavailability of its active compounds. Therefore, nutritional approaches involving ingestion of natural foods, such as fruits and their products (peels, juices, pulps, puree, and jams, etc), which contain substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have increasingly gained interest.66. Boussetta N, Abedelmalek S, Khouloud A, Ben Anes A, Souissi N. Does red orange juice supplementation has a protective effect on performance, cardiovascular parameters, muscle damage and oxidative stress markers following the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 under polluted air? Int J Environ Health Res. 2020;30(6):630-42. , 88. Czech A, Malik A, Sosnowska B, Domaradzki P. Bioactive substances, heavy metals, and antioxidant activity in whole fruit, peel, and pulp of citrus fruits. Int J Food Sci. 2021;2021:6662259. It is worth mentioning citrus fruits, which are rich in bioactive compounds that may change the metabolism and protect tissues from ROS accumulation injuries.77. Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1543S-1548S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B...
Citrus fruit juices, in general, are abundant sources of vitamin C and other nutrients, such as potassium, folate, magnesium, vitamin A,99. Rampersaud GC, Valim MF. 100% citrus juice: Nutritional contribution, dietary benefits, and association with anthropometric measures. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(1):129-40. and polyphenolic compounds.1010. Testai L, Calderone V. Nutraceutical value of citrus flavanones and their implications in cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):502. In this sense, orange juice is a complex food matrix with cardioprotective potential due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity.99. Rampersaud GC, Valim MF. 100% citrus juice: Nutritional contribution, dietary benefits, and association with anthropometric measures. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(1):129-40.

10. Testai L, Calderone V. Nutraceutical value of citrus flavanones and their implications in cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):502.
- 1111. Joseph SV, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman BM. Fruit polyphenols: a review of anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(3):419-44.

In this edition of ABC, Oliveira et al.1212. Oliveira BC, Santos PP, Figueiredo AM, Rafacho BPM, Ishikawa L, Zanati SG, et al. Influence of Consumption of Orange Juice (Citrus Sinensis) on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(6):1127-1136. show the benefits of orange juice consumption, taking into account its antioxidant and cardioprotective role, in rats with cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. As expected, myocardial infarction triggered the cardiac remodelling process, characterized by cardiac hypertrophy and impaired left ventricle systolic and diastolic performance, accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and changed energy metabolism. Consumption of orange juice improved left ventricle systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and decreased myocardial glutathione peroxidase activity and interferon gamma (INF-γ) concentration. Regarding energetic metabolism, infarcted rats that consumed orange juice had higher myocardial ATP synthase and phosphofructokinase activity, key enzymes of energy metabolism. Another important finding in the study was increased heme-oxigenase-1 expression, suggesting an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response to treatment with orange juice in infarcted animals.

There is therefore evidence that including natural products in the diet contributes as an adjunct in attenuating cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Future studies are needed to better elucidate the cardioprotective effects of interventions with this and other natural products.

Acknowledgments

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS/MEC – Brazil; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) - Financial Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), process number 310876/2018-4 and 153424/2018-4; Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT). The authors thank Colin Edward Knaggs for the English editing.

Referências

  • 1
    Ramachandra CJA, Cong S, Chan X, Yap EP, Yu F, Hausenloy DJ. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;166:297-312.
  • 2
    Martinez PF, Bonomo C, Guizoni DM, Junior SA, Damatto RL, Cezar MD, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in slow-twitch soleus muscle of heart failure rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;35:148-59.
  • 3
    Kologrivova I, Shtatolkina M, Suslova T, Ryabov V. Cells of the immune system in cardiac remodeling: Main players in resolution of inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction. Front Immunol. 2021;12:664457.
  • 4
    Alegre P, Mathias L, Lourenço MA, Santos PP, Gonçalves A, Fernandes AA, et al. Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) reduz o estresse oxidativo e melhora o metabolismo energético da lesão de isquemia-reperfusão miocárdica em ratos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):78-86.
  • 5
    Escudero-López B, Berná G, Ortega Á, Herrero-Martín G, Cerrillo I, Martín F, et al. Consumption of orange fermented beverage reduces cardiovascular risk factors in healthy mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;78:78-85.
  • 6
    Boussetta N, Abedelmalek S, Khouloud A, Ben Anes A, Souissi N. Does red orange juice supplementation has a protective effect on performance, cardiovascular parameters, muscle damage and oxidative stress markers following the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 under polluted air? Int J Environ Health Res. 2020;30(6):630-42.
  • 7
    Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1543S-1548S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
    » https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736B
  • 8
    Czech A, Malik A, Sosnowska B, Domaradzki P. Bioactive substances, heavy metals, and antioxidant activity in whole fruit, peel, and pulp of citrus fruits. Int J Food Sci. 2021;2021:6662259.
  • 9
    Rampersaud GC, Valim MF. 100% citrus juice: Nutritional contribution, dietary benefits, and association with anthropometric measures. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(1):129-40.
  • 10
    Testai L, Calderone V. Nutraceutical value of citrus flavanones and their implications in cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):502.
  • 11
    Joseph SV, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman BM. Fruit polyphenols: a review of anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(3):419-44.
  • 12
    Oliveira BC, Santos PP, Figueiredo AM, Rafacho BPM, Ishikawa L, Zanati SG, et al. Influence of Consumption of Orange Juice (Citrus Sinensis) on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(6):1127-1136.
  • Short editorial related to the article: Influence of Consumption of Orange Juice (Citrus Sinensis) on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    14 June 2021
  • Date of issue
    June 2021
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