Process of fixation, imobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soil using N-15

Saravia, A. M.; Neptune, A. M. Louis

doi:10.1590/S0071-12761976000100058

Abstracts

The organic and inorganic forms of soil nitrogen and how they participate in the process of fixation, immobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soils were evaluated, after different periods of incubaton, utilizing two soils, a Lithic Haplustoll and a Typic Eutrorthox. The results obtained permit to suggest that : 1) The method for determination of the ammonium fixing capacity based on the extraction with 2N KC1, is considered to be subject to interferences of other soil fractions capable of retaining ammonium. 2) The increase in exchangeable ammonium content is related to the decrease in amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium. 3) The immobilization and mineralization processes are still held under mil microbial. The forms more affected by this condition are amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium.

As formas de nitrogênio do solo e a maneira em que as mesmas participam dos processos de fixação, imobilização e mineralização do amônio no solo foram avaliadas após diferentes períodos de incubação, utilizando dois solos, um Lithic Haplustoll e um Typic Eutrorthox. As formas analisadas através do conteúdo de nitrogênio e da relação isotópica 15N/14N foram: amônio trocável, amônio fixado, aminoácidos, hexosaminas, hidroxiaminoácidos, amônio do hidrolisado e nitrogênio total do hidrolisado. Verificou-se que: 1) o método que emprega a extração com KC1 2N para determinar a capacidade de fixação do amônio adicionado, está sujeito a erros provocados pela interferência de outras funções do solo, na fixação de amônio; 2) o aumento no conteúdo de amônio trocável está relacionado com a diminuição dos aminoácidos e do amônio do hidrolisado dos solos e 3) os processos de retenção e liberação do nitrogênio do solo continuam em condições de atividade microbiana nula, sendo as formas mais afetadas aminoácidos e amônio do hidrolisado.

Process of fixation, imobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soil using N-15^* * Research supported in part by the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear.

A. M. Saravia^I; A. M. Louis Neptune^II

^IEstación Experimental 33 - La Estanzuela - Ministério de Agricultura y Cria - Uruguay

^IIDepartamento de Solos e Geologia e Divisão de Ciências do Solo do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - ESALQ, USP

SUMMARY

The organic and inorganic forms of soil nitrogen and how they participate in the process of fixation, immobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soils were evaluated, after different periods of incubaton, utilizing two soils, a Lithic Haplustoll and a Typic Eutrorthox.

The results obtained permit to suggest that:

1) The method for determination of the ammonium fixing capacity based on the extraction with 2N KC1, is considered to be subject to interferences of other soil fractions capable of retaining ammonium.

2) The increase in exchangeable ammonium content is related to the decrease in amino acids and Hydrolyzable ammonium.

3) The immobilization and mineralization processes are still held under mil microbial. The forms more affected by this condition are amino acids and Hydrolyzable ammonium.

RESUMO

As formas de nitrogênio do solo e a maneira em que as mesmas participam dos processos de fixação, imobilização e mineralização do amônio no solo foram avaliadas após diferentes períodos de incubação, utilizando dois solos, um Lithic Haplustoll e um Typic Eutrorthox.

As formas analisadas através do conteúdo de nitrogênio e da relação isotópica ¹⁵N/¹⁴N foram: amônio trocável, amônio fixado, aminoácidos, hexosaminas, hidroxiaminoácidos, amônio do hidrolisado e nitrogênio total do hidrolisado.

Verificou-se que: 1) o método que emprega a extração com KC1 2N para determinar a capacidade de fixação do amônio adicionado, está sujeito a erros provocados pela interferência de outras funções do solo, na fixação de amônio; 2) o aumento no conteúdo de amônio trocável está relacionado com a diminuição dos aminoácidos e do amônio do hidrolisado dos solos e 3) os processos de retenção e liberação do nitrogênio do solo continuam em condições de atividade microbiana nula, sendo as formas mais afetadas aminoácidos e amônio do hidrolisado.

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LITERATURA CITADA

Received for publication in 30.12.1976.

ADAMS, R.S. and STEVENSON, F.J., 1964. Ammonium sorption and release from rocks and minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28:345-351.
ALLISON, F.E., DOETSCH, J.H. and ROLLER, E.M., 1953. Ammonium fixation and availability in vermiculite. Soil Sci. 75: 173-180.
ARSHARD, M.A. and LOWE, E.L., 1966. Fractionation and characterization of naturally occurring organo-clay complexes. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:731-735.
AXLEY, J.H. and LEGG, J.O., 1960. Ammonium fixation in soils and the influence of K on N availability from nitrate and ammonium sources. Soil Sci. 90: 151-156.
BLASCO, M.L. and CORFIELD, A.H., 1966. Fixation of added NH₄ and nitrification of fixed NH₄ in soil clays Sci. Fd. Agric. 17: 481-484.
BOWER, C.A., 1950b. Fixation of ammonium in difficult exchangeable form under moist conditions by some soils of semiarid regions. Soil Sci. 70:375-384.
BREMNER, J.M., 1959. Determination of fixed ammonium in soils. J. Agric. Sci. 52: 147-160.
BREMNER, J.M., 1965. Inorganic forms of nitrogen. In C.B. Black et al. (eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agron. 9:1179-1237.
BREMNER, J.M., 1965c. Isotope-ratio analysis of nitrogen in nitrogen-15 tracer investigations. In C.A. Black et al. (eds.) . Methods of Sod Analysis, Parte 2. Argonomy 9: 1256-1286.
BREMNER. J.M., and EDWARDS, A.P., 1965. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 1. Apparatus and procedure for distilation and determination of ammonium. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:504-507.
BREMNER, J.M. and KEENEY, D.R., 1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 3. Exchangeable NH⁺₄, NO₂ by extraction-destilation methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:577-582.
BREMNER, J.M., 1967. Nitrogenous compounds. In A.D. McLaren e G.H. Peterson (eds.). Soil Biochemistry, Marcel Dekker Inc. N.Y., pg. 19-66.
BROADBENT, F.E., 1968. Nitrogen immobilization in relation to N-containing fractions of soil organic matter. In Isotopes and radiation in soil organic matter studies. Proceeding of a Symposium, IAEA/FAO - Yiena.
BURGE, W.D. and BROADBENT, F.E., 1961. Fixation of ammonia by organic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:199-204.
CATANI, R.A., GALLO, J.R., and GARGANTINI, H., 1955. Amostragen de Solo. Métodos de análise. Interpretação e indicações gerais para fins de fertilidade. I.A.C. - São Paulo, Brasil.
CHENG, H.H., and KURTZ, L.T., 1963. Chemical distribution of added nitrogen in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:312-316.
DEMATTÊ, J.L.I. Personal Communication.
ESCOBAR, E.H., 1969. Gênese e classificação de alguns solos da bacia do Ribeirão Tijuco Preto - Município de Rio das Pedras - Tese de M.S. - E.S.A.L.Q. - Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.
FRENEY, J.R., 1964. An evaluation of naturally occurring fixed ammonium in soils. J. Agric. Sci. 63: 297-303.
HANWAY, I.I. and SCOTT, A.D., 1956. Ammonium fixation and release in certain Iowa soils! Soil Sci. 82:379-386.
HINMAN, W.C., 1966. Ammonium fixation in relation to exchangeable K and organic matter content in two soils. Canad. J. Soil Sci. 46:223-225.
KATLA, A., 1966. Fixed ammonium in some Finnish soils. I. Scient. Agroc. Soc. Finl. 38:49-58. [Soil and Fertilizers 29(2983)]
KEENEY, D.R., BREMNER, J.M., 1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 4. Exchangeable NH₄, NO₃ and NO₂ by direct destilation methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:583-587.
KEENEY, D.R. and BREMNER, J.M., 1967. Characterization of Mineralizable N in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30:714-719.
LEGG, J.O. and ALLISON, F.E., 1959. Recovery of tagged N¹⁵ nitrogen from ammonium-fixing soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:131-134.
MIKANI, D.T. and KANEHIRO, Y., 1968. Native fixed ammonium in Hawaiian soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:481-485.
NÕMMIK, H., 1965. Ammonium fixation and other reactions involving a nonenzymatie immobilization of mineral N in soil. In W.V. Bartholomeu e F.E. Clark (eds.). Soil Nitrogen Agronomy 10: 198-258.
OLSON, R.A., MEYER, MAY., LAMKE, W.E., WOLTEM'ATH, A.D., and WEISS, R.F. 1960. Nitrate production rate as a soil test for estimating fertilizer nitrogen requirements of cereal crops. In 7th Int. Congress of Soil Science, Madison, Wis. III. 463-470.
PETERBURGSKY, A.V. and SMIRNOV, P.M., 1966. Ammonium fixation in some soils of the U.S.S.R., and the availability of this ion to plants. Plant and Soil 25: 119-128.
RANZANI, G., FREIRE, O., and KINJO, T., 1966. Carta de Solos do Município de Piracicaba, Centro de Estudos de Solo. ESALQ. U.S.P. Piracicaba, SP., Brasil.
REID, A.S., WEBSTER, G.R. and KROUSE, H.R., 1969. Nitrogen movement and transformation in soils. Plant and Soil 31:224-237.
RITTEMBERG, D., 1946. The preparation of gas samples for mass spectrographic isotope analysis. In Preparation and measurement of isotonic tracers. Ed. Ann. Arbor. Michigan, U.S.A. 31-42.
RODRIGUES, G., 1954. Fixed ammonia in tropical soils. J. Soil Sci. 5:264-274.
SILVA, J.A., and BREMNER, J.M,., 1966. Determination and Isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 5. Fixed ammonium Soils Sci. Soc. Amer. Rroc. 30: 587-594.
SOWDEN, F.J., 1958. The forms of nitrogen in the organic matter of different horizons of soil profiles. Canad. J. Soil Sci. 38: 147-154.
STEVENSON, F.J., 1957. Investigations of aminopolysacharids in soils: 2. Distribution of hexosamines in some soil profiles. Soil Sci. 84:99-106.
STEWART, B.A., PORTER, L.K. and JOHNSON, D.D., 1963. Immobilization and mineralization of N in several organic fractions oi soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Rroc. 27:302-304.
VAN SCHREVEN, D.A., 1968. Ammonium fixation and availability of fixed ammonium in some Dutch loam and clay soils. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 16:91-102.
YOUNG, J.E., 1964. Ammonia and ammonium reactions with some Pacific Northwest soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 28:339-345.
WALH, L.M. and MURDOCK, J.T., 1960. Native fixed nh₄+ and fixation of applied NH₄ in several Wisconsin soils. Soil Sci. 89:183-193.
WALSH, L.M., and MURDOCK, J.T., 1963. Recovery of fixed NH₄+ by corn in greenhouse studies. Soil Sci Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:200-204.

*

Research supported in part by the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
29 May 2012
Date of issue
1976

History

Received
30 Dec 1976

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ADAMS, R.S. and STEVENSON, F.J., 1964. Ammonium sorption and release from rocks and minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28:345-351.

[2] ALLISON, F.E., DOETSCH, J.H. and ROLLER, E.M., 1953. Ammonium fixation and availability in vermiculite. Soil Sci. 75: 173-180.

[3] ARSHARD, M.A. and LOWE, E.L., 1966. Fractionation and characterization of naturally occurring organo-clay complexes. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:731-735.

[4] AXLEY, J.H. and LEGG, J.O., 1960. Ammonium fixation in soils and the influence of K on N availability from nitrate and ammonium sources. Soil Sci. 90: 151-156.

[5] BLASCO, M.L. and CORFIELD, A.H., 1966. Fixation of added NH₄ and nitrification of fixed NH₄ in soil clays Sci. Fd. Agric. 17: 481-484.

[6] BOWER, C.A., 1950b. Fixation of ammonium in difficult exchangeable form under moist conditions by some soils of semiarid regions. Soil Sci. 70:375-384.

[7] BREMNER, J.M., 1959. Determination of fixed ammonium in soils. J. Agric. Sci. 52: 147-160.

[8] BREMNER, J.M., 1965. Inorganic forms of nitrogen. In C.B. Black et al. (eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agron. 9:1179-1237.

[9] BREMNER, J.M., 1965c. Isotope-ratio analysis of nitrogen in nitrogen-15 tracer investigations. In C.A. Black et al. (eds.) . Methods of Sod Analysis, Parte 2. Argonomy 9: 1256-1286.

[10] BREMNER. J.M., and EDWARDS, A.P., 1965. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 1. Apparatus and procedure for distilation and determination of ammonium. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:504-507.

[11] BREMNER, J.M. and KEENEY, D.R., 1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 3. Exchangeable NH⁺₄, NO₂ by extraction-destilation methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:577-582.

[12] BREMNER, J.M., 1967. Nitrogenous compounds. In A.D. McLaren e G.H. Peterson (eds.). Soil Biochemistry, Marcel Dekker Inc. N.Y., pg. 19-66.

[13] BROADBENT, F.E., 1968. Nitrogen immobilization in relation to N-containing fractions of soil organic matter. In Isotopes and radiation in soil organic matter studies. Proceeding of a Symposium, IAEA/FAO - Yiena.

[14] BURGE, W.D. and BROADBENT, F.E., 1961. Fixation of ammonia by organic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:199-204.

[15] CATANI, R.A., GALLO, J.R., and GARGANTINI, H., 1955. Amostragen de Solo. Métodos de análise. Interpretação e indicações gerais para fins de fertilidade. I.A.C. - São Paulo, Brasil.

[16] CHENG, H.H., and KURTZ, L.T., 1963. Chemical distribution of added nitrogen in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:312-316.

[17] DEMATTÊ, J.L.I. Personal Communication.

[18] ESCOBAR, E.H., 1969. Gênese e classificação de alguns solos da bacia do Ribeirão Tijuco Preto - Município de Rio das Pedras - Tese de M.S. - E.S.A.L.Q. - Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

[19] FRENEY, J.R., 1964. An evaluation of naturally occurring fixed ammonium in soils. J. Agric. Sci. 63: 297-303.

[20] HANWAY, I.I. and SCOTT, A.D., 1956. Ammonium fixation and release in certain Iowa soils! Soil Sci. 82:379-386.

[21] HINMAN, W.C., 1966. Ammonium fixation in relation to exchangeable K and organic matter content in two soils. Canad. J. Soil Sci. 46:223-225.

[22] KATLA, A., 1966. Fixed ammonium in some Finnish soils. I. Scient. Agroc. Soc. Finl. 38:49-58. [Soil and Fertilizers 29(2983)]

[23] KEENEY, D.R., BREMNER, J.M., 1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 4. Exchangeable NH₄, NO₃ and NO₂ by direct destilation methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:583-587.

[24] KEENEY, D.R. and BREMNER, J.M., 1967. Characterization of Mineralizable N in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30:714-719.

[25] LEGG, J.O. and ALLISON, F.E., 1959. Recovery of tagged N¹⁵ nitrogen from ammonium-fixing soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:131-134.

[26] MIKANI, D.T. and KANEHIRO, Y., 1968. Native fixed ammonium in Hawaiian soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:481-485.

[27] NÕMMIK, H., 1965. Ammonium fixation and other reactions involving a nonenzymatie immobilization of mineral N in soil. In W.V. Bartholomeu e F.E. Clark (eds.). Soil Nitrogen Agronomy 10: 198-258.

[28] OLSON, R.A., MEYER, MAY., LAMKE, W.E., WOLTEM'ATH, A.D., and WEISS, R.F. 1960. Nitrate production rate as a soil test for estimating fertilizer nitrogen requirements of cereal crops. In 7th Int. Congress of Soil Science, Madison, Wis. III. 463-470.

[29] PETERBURGSKY, A.V. and SMIRNOV, P.M., 1966. Ammonium fixation in some soils of the U.S.S.R., and the availability of this ion to plants. Plant and Soil 25: 119-128.

[30] RANZANI, G., FREIRE, O., and KINJO, T., 1966. Carta de Solos do Município de Piracicaba, Centro de Estudos de Solo. ESALQ. U.S.P. Piracicaba, SP., Brasil.

[31] REID, A.S., WEBSTER, G.R. and KROUSE, H.R., 1969. Nitrogen movement and transformation in soils. Plant and Soil 31:224-237.

[32] RITTEMBERG, D., 1946. The preparation of gas samples for mass spectrographic isotope analysis. In Preparation and measurement of isotonic tracers. Ed. Ann. Arbor. Michigan, U.S.A. 31-42.

[33] RODRIGUES, G., 1954. Fixed ammonia in tropical soils. J. Soil Sci. 5:264-274.

[34] SILVA, J.A., and BREMNER, J.M,., 1966. Determination and Isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of N in soils: 5. Fixed ammonium Soils Sci. Soc. Amer. Rroc. 30: 587-594.

[35] SOWDEN, F.J., 1958. The forms of nitrogen in the organic matter of different horizons of soil profiles. Canad. J. Soil Sci. 38: 147-154.

[36] STEVENSON, F.J., 1957. Investigations of aminopolysacharids in soils: 2. Distribution of hexosamines in some soil profiles. Soil Sci. 84:99-106.

[37] STEWART, B.A., PORTER, L.K. and JOHNSON, D.D., 1963. Immobilization and mineralization of N in several organic fractions oi soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Rroc. 27:302-304.

[38] VAN SCHREVEN, D.A., 1968. Ammonium fixation and availability of fixed ammonium in some Dutch loam and clay soils. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 16:91-102.

[39] YOUNG, J.E., 1964. Ammonia and ammonium reactions with some Pacific Northwest soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 28:339-345.

[40] WALH, L.M. and MURDOCK, J.T., 1960. Native fixed nh₄+ and fixation of applied NH₄ in several Wisconsin soils. Soil Sci. 89:183-193.

[41] WALSH, L.M., and MURDOCK, J.T., 1963. Recovery of fixed NH₄+ by corn in greenhouse studies. Soil Sci Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:200-204.

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Process of fixation, imobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soil using N-15

Abstracts

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History