New records, distribution and status of six seabird species in Brazil

Novos registros, distribuição e status de seis espécies de aves marinhas no Brasil

Rafael Antunes Dias^{I, II}; Carlos Eduardo Agne^{III, IV}; Dimas Gianuca^V; Andros Gianuca^VI; André Barcellos-Silveira^VII; Leandro Bugoni^VIII

^ISetor de Ornitologia, Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Cordados, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Félix da Cunha 412, 96010-000 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. ([e-mail])

^IIPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

^IIIPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ([e-mail])

^IVComitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (www.cbro.org.br).

^VPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Caixa Postal 474, Av. Itália km 8, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. ([e-mail])

^VILaboratório de Ecologia Terrestre Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88010-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. ([e-mail])

^VIIBioConserv Consultoria Ambiental Ltda., Av. Melvin Jones 450, 96820-270 Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. (andré[e-mail])

^VIIIInstituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Caixa Postal 474, Av. Itália km 8, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. ([e-mail])

ABSTRACT

Distribution records of poorly-known species are currently the most explored theme in the Brazilian seabird literature. If properly evaluated, this kind of information can improve our knowledge on distribution, migration and status of occurrence of these species. In this note we present new records for six species of poorly-known seabirds in the Brazilian coast, reviewing distribution records and defining their status of occurrence in the country. We consider Chionis albus (Gmelin, 1789) a pseudo-vagrant in Brazil and define its status as a scarce seasonal visitor from southern South America. We present the first records of Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) for Trindade Island, and of Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and determined that the former is a vagrant in eastern Brazil and the latter a vagrant across the country. Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a vagrant in southernmost Brazil. We were unable to determine if records of Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) for Brazil and southern South America refer to vagrancy or pseudo-vagrancy. Additionally, we verified the occurrence of breeding individuals of Anous minutus Boie, 1844 on Martin Vaz Island and confirmed that there is no evidence of breeding on neighboring Trindade Island.

Keywords: Vagrancy, pseudo-vagrancy, migration, Rio Grande do Sul, Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands.

RESUMO

Registros de ocorrência de espécies pouco conhecidas têm sido o tema mais explorado na literatura sobre aves marinhas no Brasil. Se avaliado de forma adequada, esse tipo de informação pode contribuir para a compreensão de padrões de distribuição geográfica, migrações e definição do status de ocorrência dessas espécies. Neste estudo, apresentamos novos registros para seis espécies de aves marinhas pouco conhecidas no litoral brasileiro, revisando sua distribuição e definindo seu status de ocorrência no país. Consideramos Chionis albus (Gmelin, 1789) um pseudo-vagante no Brasil e definimos seu status como visitante sazonal escasso, oriundo do sul da América do Sul. Apresentamos os primeiros registros de Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) para a Ilha da Trindade e de Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e definimos que a primeira é vagante no Brasil oriental e a última vagante em todo o território nacional. Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) é vagante no extremo sul do país. Não foi possível determinar se os registros de Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) para o Brasil e sul da América do Sul referem-se a vagância ou pseudo-vagância. Adicionalmente, verificamos a reprodução de Anous minutus Boie, 1844 na Ilha de Martin Vaz e confirmamos a inexistência de evidências de nidificação para a vizinha Ilha da Trindade.

Palavras-chave: Vagância, pseudo-vagância, migração, Rio Grande do Sul, Ilhas da Trindade e Martin Vaz.

Knowledge of seabirds inhabiting Brazil's extensive coastline and numerous coastal and oceanic islands has increased from the pioneering studies of IHERING (1888), NICOLL (1906) and MURPHY (1915) to recent reports focusing mainly on distribution, behavior and conservation (see VOOREN & BRUSQUE, 1999; BRANCO, 2004; DE LUCA et al., 2006; MORAES-ORNELLAS, 2009 and references therein). Despite these advances, the latitudinal gradient of 7,300 km spanning along the Brazilian seaboard (DE LUCA et al., 2006) and the isolation of some islands still pose major obstacles for the development of marine ornithology in Brazil. Not surprisingly, distribution records of poorly-known species are the most explored theme in the recent Brazilian seabird literature (MORAES-ORNELLAS, 2009). For some of these species, sound considerations on distribution and status are lacking simply because available records scattered in the literature are not pooled together for proper analysis.

In this study we report new records for six species of seabirds from the littoral of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, and Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands, off the coast of the state of Espírito Santo. We used background data and thoroughly reviewed previous distributional records following guidelines in FREY (2009) and DIAS et al. (2010) to elucidate if an extra-limital record refers to range expansion, range extension or vagrancy (see DIAS et al., 2010). We define background data as "records of species other than the taxon of interest that are likely to be documented using the same sampling methods", range expansion as "an enlargement of a species range through dispersal and then the establishment of new populations", and range extension as "the discovery of previously undocumented populations" (sensu FREY, 2009). In accordance to DIAS et al. (2010), we consider range extension analogous to pseudo-vagrancy (sensu GILROY & LEES, 2003), i.e., "nominally" extra-limital records of individuals that might actually be using previously unknown migration routes to unknown wintering grounds albeit at very low densities. In this sense, we deliberately apply the term range extension for individuals instead of populations. We see no incongruity in this approach, because pseudo-vagrant individuals are expected to meet and breed on their nesting grounds after migrating, which conceptually constitutes a population.

Any pseudo-vagrant species in a given region is in fact a regular migrant. Therefore, it can be formally attributed to a migratory system and have its regional status of occurrence determined. We classified pseudo-vagrant species in categories of regional status of occurrence following the scheme proposed by the COMITÊ BRASILEIRO DE REGISTROS ORNITOLÓGICOS (2011).

Coordinates were obtained from original sources; when unavailable, we used coordinates in RAND & PAYNTER-JR (1981), PAYNTER-JR (1985), and PAYNTER-JR & TRAYLOR-JR (1991). Coordinates of Laguna Soto, Corrientes, Argentina, were obtained from Google Earth^© (6.0, Google Inc., Silicon Valley, CA, USA). Taxonomy and nomenclature followed the COMITÊ BRASILEIRO DE REGISTROS ORNITOLÓGICOS (2011).

Species accounts

Snowy Sheathbill Chionis albus (Gmelin, 1789). Breeds on the Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, South Orkney, South Shetlands and Elephant Islands, and probably also on the South Sandwich Islands (HARRISON, 1983; BURGER, 1996a). Most birds leave their breeding grounds from late April to early July, while some may over-winter if food is available (BURGER, 1996a). Moves mainly to the Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego and southern Patagonia, some reaching Uruguay (BURGER, 1996a). Juveniles appear more migratory than adults (HARRISON, 1983). Vagrant to Brazil, South Africa, Santa Helena and Europe, the most extreme cases being ship-assisted (BURGER, 1996a). Brazilian records are from the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Bahia and Pernambuco, the latter being ship-assisted (Tab. I).

A single individual feeding on fish remains was observed and photographed (Fig. 1) by R. A. Dias (R.A.D.) on 21 June 1998 at 32º14'45''S, 52º13'12''W, Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul. This was the only record obtained on a monthly basis sampling from October 1997 to September 1999. On 31 May 2002 L. Bugoni (L.B.) observed an individual perched on rocks of the eastern jetty (Molhe Leste, 32º11'01''S, 52º04'35''W) at the mouth of the Lagoa dos Patos, São José do Norte municipality, close to a group of sea lions. This was the single record in a two-year monthly study.

Although common to fairly common year-round in some of the Falkland Islands, the species does not seem to be abundant on the Atlantic coastline of South America. On Tierra del Fuego, where it occurs year-round, it is considered common only on the northeastern coast of Isla Grande in March (HUMPHREY et al., 1970; CLARK, 1986). Scattered individuals occur year-round associated to sea lion and fur seal colonies in Chubut and Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Fábio Olmos, pers. comm.). It is even less abundant to the north, as denoted by the status of scarce winter visitor in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (NAROSKY & DI GIÁCOMO, 1993), and uncommon winter visitor in Uruguay (ROCHA, 2006). In the latter it is more numerous in islands with sea lion and fur seal rookeries and haul-outs, being regularly observed in small groups from May to September and also on November (ESCALANTE, 1970).

A close look on Brazilian records, especially those obtained from long-term bird monitoring campaigns (VOOREN & CHIARADIA, 1990; SOARES & SCHIEFLER, 1995; FONSECA et al., 2000; our records), suggests that C. albus occurs on a regular, albeit supra-annual, basis in the country's southern states. Taking into account that temporal and spatial fluctuations are expected at the margin of an organisms' range (LOMOLINO et al., 2006), we consider C. albus a pseudo-vagrant in Brazil, and not a vagrant or "exceptional" visitor as previously determined (BELTON, 1994; BURGER, 1996a; SICK, 1997). We propose that this species should be considered a scarce migratory visitor in Brazil, from the southern cone of South America.

Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, on the Pacific coast from southeastern California to western Mexico, and in the Caribbean from the Bahamas and the West Indies to Venezuela and French Guiana (BURGER, 1996b; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). During the non-breeding period occurs in coasts, bays and estuaries along the Pacific from Mexico to southern Peru and on the Atlantic from North Carolina through the Caribbean to northeastern Brazil (BURGER, 1996b; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007; LIMA et al., 2010). There are inland records from central Mexico to Guatemala and, to a lesser scale, in the Andes and Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador and Peru (BURGER, 1996b; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). Infrequently recorded from the northern Pacific coast of the United States of America, inland locations in North America, Hawaii, Clipperton Atoll, Cocos and Galapagos Islands, northern Chile, Greenland and Europe (HARRISON, 1983; BURGER, 1996b; BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1996; JARAMILLO, 2005; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). Vagrants are also mentioned from Africa, Australia, Japan and Malaysia (see BURGER, 1996b; TEBB et al., 2003 and references therein).

In Brazil it is considered a northern visitor regularly recorded in coastal Amapá, Pará and Maranhão states during the non-breeding season (SICK, 1997; RODRIGUES, 2007; SOUZA et al., 2008; LIMA et al., 2010). There are also a few inland records from the state of Amazonas (including a banded individual), scattered observations from Ceará, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and a questionable undocumented record from the littoral of Rio Grande do Sul (LARA-RESENDE & LEAL, 1982; SICK, 1997; BENCKE, 2001; OLMOS, 2002; LIMA et al., 2010).

On the afternoon of 1st January 2007, L.B. observed and photographed (Figs 2, 3) an individual at Praia do Andradas (20º30'51''S, 29º18'23''W), Trindade Island, Brazil. The bird was feeding on the fat of triggerfish that lay on the beach after a mass mortality event (see PINHEIRO et al., 2010), and apparently on flies that gathered around. This individual was observed again on 4 and 6 January. This part of the island was visited at least twice a week by L.B. between December 2006 and April 2007 and despite intensive searches, individuals of this species were not recorded again. The bird was in late formative plumage, as denoted by the fresh medium upperwing coverts, juvenal feathers mixed with new plumage on the saddle and neck, and a complete distal tail band (HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). This is the first record for Trindade Is.

Taking into account the fact that wintering areas of L. atricilla in South America are located in the northern portion of the continent; that the species has not been recorded from well inventoried localities in Brazil's eastern littoral where other similar-sized gulls are known (e.g., Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823), Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818); VOOREN & CHIARADIA, 1990; OLMOS & SILVA E SILVA, 2001; BRANCO, 2004, 2007; CABRAL et al., 2006; LIMA, 2006; BARBIERI & MENDONÇA, 2008; COSTA & SANDER, 2008), and that a recent compilation of Brazilian records (LIMA et al., 2010) revealed that this gull is genuinely rare throughout this region, we consider our Trindade Is. record to be more parsimoniously attributable to vagrancy than pseudo-vagrancy.

We believe that other records from eastern Brazil mentioned in LIMA et al. (2010) also relate to vagrancy and not to range expansion. Most of them refer to immature individuals - like the Bahia bird in second basic plumage and the São Paulo specimen in formative plumage - or birds in alternate plumage (plumages sensu BURGER, 1996b; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007) that, judging from the date of the record, probably over-wintered in South America (see LIMA et al., 2010, p.204, 205). Immature birds are vagrancy prone, and species with delayed maturation, like L. atricilla, may remain on their wintering grounds until first breeding (BERTHOLD, 1993; BURGER, 1996b). Correct aging of extra-limital individuals based on plumage characteristics, especially those in alternate plumage, and a sound knowledge on the timing of moult and migration, are necessary to unravel this situation.

Birds observed in eastern Brazil are probably "over-shooters" (sensu GILROY & LEES, 2003) - migrating individuals that extrapolated their non-breeding areas in northern South America and ended up well beyond their normal range. Furthermore, the Trindade Is. record suggests that at least some vagrants recorded in the Old World could have crossed the Atlantic from South America, traveling up the coasts of Africa to Europe, as COTTRIDGE & VINICOMBE (1997) and FRASER et al. (2007) proposed for Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) in the British Isles (see below).

Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831). This North American inland species breeds in Canada from British Columbia to Alberta, and in the United States of America from Montana to Minnesota, with scattered populations in the northern Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin (BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1996; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). After breeding, it migrates through the United States of America across Mexico to the Pacific coast, spending the boreal winter on the western coast of South America (HARRISON, 1983; BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1996; HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). On its non-breeding grounds this gull is very common on sandy beaches, ports, river mouths and cultivated fields along the coast from Ecuador to central Chile, rarely to Tierra del Fuego (BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1996). The species is common in lakes in the Andes and vicinities, especially in Argentina (BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1994, 1996). This highly vagrant gull has been recorded in Europe, Africa, Israel, Marion Island, Australia, Japan, China, Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific, the Caribbean, French Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and South Georgia, South Sandwich, Gough, and Tristan da Cunha Islands (HARRISON, 1983; TOSTAIN & DUJARDIN, 1988; BURGER & GOCHFELD, 1994, 1996; SICK, 1997; REID, 1998; MARIN & COUVE, 2001; SMITH, 2002; ALMEIDA, 2003; IMBERTI, 2003; OLSEN & LARSSON, 2003; GUYRA PARAGUAY, 2005; HOLT, 2005; BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL, 2009). The first Brazilian record refers to an adult bird seen on the island of Fernando de Noronha in May 1988 (ANTAS et al., 1988), but the identification was later questioned due to the lack of documentation and possible confusion with the more common L. atricilla (Nacinovic & Teixeira, 1989). However, SCHULZ-NETO (2004a) apparently accepted this record and included the species in his list for the archipelago. A second record based on the observation of an adult in winter plumage was made on 15 March 1994 in the lower Japurá river, state of Amazonas (PACHECO, 1995). A bird in second-winter plumage photographed on 7 September 2002 off the coast of southern São Paulo state constitutes the first documented record for the species in Brazil (ALMEIDA, 2003).

On 6 April 1999 ca. 16:30 h, L.B. observed through binoculars and a scope an individual of this species amidst a large group of C. maculipennis, Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823, Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Sterna trudeaui Audubon, 1838, Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot, 1847) and some Scolopacidae, on a sandy beach (32º09'33''S, 52º04'57''W) of the mouth of the Lagoa dos Patos at the base of the eastern jetty (Molhe Leste), São José do Norte municipality, Rio Grande do Sul. The diagnostic partial black hood, white forehead, throat and eye-ring, dark-grey mantle, and dark bill and legs were noted and allowed identification in the field. Considering the timing of the molt (sensu HOWELL & DUNN, 2007), the bird was probably in first alternate plumage. This was the only record in 44 visits to the area from March 1999 to November 2000, plus 48 visits from 2002 to 2004 in a larger area at the mouth of Lagoa dos Patos.

An adult in alternate plumage (sensu HOWELL & DUNN, 2007) was observed and photographed (Fig. 4) by L.B. at Praia do Andradas (20º30'51''S, 29º18'23''W), Trindade Island, Brazil, on 25 March 2007. The bird was feeding on dead triggerfish and flies around carcasses on the beach. This was the sole record in five months of fieldwork on the island between December 2006 and April 2007.

On 11 January 2009 ca. 16:00 h an individual in non-breeding plumage was observed by R.A.D. and Vânia M. Teixeira at the seaside resort of Cassino, Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul. The bird was resting on the beach with a small flock of C. maculipennis at 32º10'57''S, 52°08'48''W, near the mouth of a small creek that drains the adjacent urban area. The gulls were quiet and tame, preening occasionally and allowing observation at close range from a car. The dark-grey mantle, ash colored partial hood, wide white forehead, throat and nape, marked white eye-ring, red tipped bill and white crescents on the scapulars and tertiaries distinguished it from the other gulls and were promptly noticed. After recording these distinctive characteristics, the observers left for a camera and binoculars, returning 10-15 min later. The bird, however, was no longer found. Intensive searches were conducted by car along a 10 km stretch of oceanic beach until ca. 18:00 h, but the bird was gone. Five additional surveys during January and early February also yielded negative results. On 26 April 2009, R.A.D., A. Gianuca and D. Gianuca (D.G.) found a dark-mantled gull resembling the above described individual at Cassino ca. 11:45h. The bird was standing amidst a loose group of C. maculipennis at the swash zone immediately south of the resort at coordinates 32º13'34''S, 52°11'56''W. It was approached by car and photographed at close range (Fig. 5). In flight, the conspicuous white trailing edge of the wing and the black primaries with white tips were clearly noticed (Fig. 6). The small amount of white separating the dark primaries from the gray upperwing suggests a bird in second basic plumage (sensu HOWELL & DUNN, 2007).

It is difficult to judge if the same individual was observed on both occasions. In this species, the third cycle pre-alternate molt starts in December and proceeds until April (HOWELL & DUNN, 2007). Second cycle birds may retain white flecking in black hood even in alternate plumage (HOWELL & DUNN, 2007), so a complete and fast darkening of the head is not expected from early January to late April. Since the January bird displayed a somewhat whiter forehead and throat than the specimen observed in April, the molt sequence is consistent with the hypothesis of the same individual being observed on both occasions. The fact that the records were made in the same locality further corroborates this hypothesis, despite a four-month hiatus and intensive searches between both records.

An additional record for northern coastal Rio Grande do Sul was made by C. E. Agne and A. B.-Silveira on a sandy beach at 30º07'05''S, 50º10'45''W, Cidreira municipality. An adult in alternate plumage (sensu HOWELL & DUNN, 2007) was observed and photographed on 30 May 2010 resting on the beach alongside L. dominicanus, T. acuflavidus and Thalasseus maximus (Boddaert, 1783). This was the only record in six months of fieldwork from March 2010.

Our records are the first for Trindade Is. and Rio Grande do Sul. Considering that there are only two records along the entire Atlantic seaboard of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (ALMEIDA, 2003; IMBERTI, 2003), and that similar sized gulls, namely C. cirrocephalus and C. maculipennis, are known from these areas (ESCALANTE, 1970; VOOREN & CHIARADIA, 1990; NAROSKY & DI GIÁCOMO, 1993; BELTON, 1994; ROSÁRIO, 1996; ARBALLO & CRAVINO, 1999; AZPIROZ, 2001; OLMOS & SILVA E SILVA, 2001; NAROSKY & YZURIETA, 2003; BRANCO, 2004, 2007; NEVES et al., 2006; COSTA & SANDER, 2008; ROCHA, 2008; BARBIERI & MENDONÇA, 2008), we conclude that our observations are more parsimoniously attributed to vagrancy than pseudo-vagrancy.

Mar Chiquita and other lakes in Córdoba and Mendoza, Argentina - the only sites east of the Andes were the species is relatively common (NORES & YZURIETA, 1980; MARTÍNEZ et al., 1985; BLANCO & CARBONELL, 2001; NAROSKY & YZURIETA, 2003; CHEBEZ, 2009) - are the probable source of birds found in southern Brazil. Vagrants in South America east of the Andes may cross the cordillera from the altiplano, enter the continent via the Caribbean during their southward migration, or move around the southern tip of South America. HOWELL & DUNN (2007) stated that Andean and Caribbean records tend to be concentrated from September through December, which seems to be in accordance with the first two hypotheses. The rarity of this gull in southern Chile and Argentina (CLARK, 1986; IMBERTI, 2003; JARAMILLO, 2005; CHEBEZ, 2009) makes the last scenario less probable.

Vagrant L. pipixcan in Europe possibly originate in the Southern Hemisphere, traveling up the Atlantic after wintering in Africa (COTTRIDGE & VINICOMBE, 1997; FRASER et al., 2007). Birds may cross the Atlantic from northern South America, where vagrants are frequent (TOSTAIN & DUJARDIN, 1988; Olivier Tostain, pers. comm.), or even from North America in the wake of hurricanes, as FRASER et al. (2007) demonstrated. On the other hand, records from southern and southeastern Brazil suggest that birds may reach Africa after crossing the southern Atlantic Ocean, or vice-versa. Wind patterns in the Atlantic Ocean favor the dispersal of Palearctic and Ethiopian birds into the New World at low latitudes, whereas vagrants of South American origin usually appear in southern Africa (SICK, 1983; BENCKE et al., 2005). This gull is a strong flyer and has been frequently recorded in oceanic waters far from the coast (ALMEIDA, 2003; Álvaro Jaramillo, pers. comm.). Therefore, the species seems capable to perform transoceanic crossings from southern South America to southern Africa aided by the westerlies, or even northern South America and the Caribbean to the Old World against the prevailing trade winds.

Brown Noddy Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds in tropical and subtropical islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (HARRISON, 1983; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). Breeding colonies in the Atlantic range from the Caribbean south to islands off Brazil and east to Ascension, Santa Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Islands, and in islands off Africa from the Gulf of Guinea to Cameroon (GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). Brazilian breeding colonies are known from São Pedro and São Paulo Rocks, Atol das Rocas, Abrolhos, Fernando de Noronha, and Trindade Islands (ANTAS, 1991; BRANCO, 2004). Records along the Atlantic coast of South America are more frequent in northeastern Brazil, especially in the vicinity of breeding colonies (Tab. I). There are fewer records to the south. A bird of the genus Anous recently recorded in Uruguay has been identified as A. stolidus (ABENTE et al., 2010; Adrián Azpiroz, pers. comm.).

On 27 January 2005 a moribund individual of this species that had landed on a ship a few days before at an untraced locality off the littoral of Rio Grande do Sul was taken by the staff of CRAM (Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos), a sea life rehabilitation center maintained by the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) at the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. The bird died and its skin was later incorporated to the bird collection at FURG (number 427). The unsexed specimen was examined by R.A.D., L.B. and D.G. Bill depth and tarsus were smaller than the mean and near the lower limit reported for birds from the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic Ocean, while the exposed culmen and middle toe with claw were close to the mean for females from these populations (measurements from CHARDINE & MORRIS, 1996). The wing was also shorter, but the three outer primaries were much worn. Primary #7 was growing and the rest of the inner primaries were new. White on the head was restricted to a thin line stretching from the bill to the eye, and the whitish-grey wash was confined only to the forehead (Fig. 7). Despite worn, pale margins were visible on the scapulars. Based on these features and the fact that the bird was collected during the austral summer, when South Atlantic populations are breeding, we conclude that the specimen was immature, finishing its first or second pre-basic molt (in comparison to descriptions and measurements in CHARDINE & MORRIS, 1996).

Additionally, L.B. observed and photographed an individual that perched and remained for several minutes on the R/V Atlântico Sul on May 2002, off the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, in front of Mostardas municipality. The shore was at visual range.

The first mention for the state was made by IHERING (1888), who reported a black-brown tern that he could not collect and that could only have been A. stolidus. NASCIMENTO (1995) later mentioned a dead bird found at the mouth of the Lagoa do Peixe in April 1992. Despite the discrepancy regarding the collecting date, a skeleton in the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais of the Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCN 267) collected at this exact locality in March 1992 probably refers to Nascimento's specimen and constitutes the first documented state record (BENCKE, 2001).

The lack of observations of A. stolidus in southern Brazilian waters (NEVES et al., 2006) indicates that records for southern Brazil and Uruguay are more parsimoniously attributed to vagrants. The species disperses to the open ocean after breeding, rarely straying out of warm waters (CHARDINE & MORRIS, 1996; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). It is present most of the year near tropical breeding colonies, but seasonally absent from subtropical ones, such as Tristan da Cunha (HARRISON, 1983; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). The considerable number of records of young individuals in the Brazilian littoral suggests that vagrants may refer to inexperienced or exhausted non-breeding birds blown off the course.

Black Noddy Anous minutus Boie, 1844. Breeds in tropical and subtropical islands in the Caribbean, central Atlantic, western and central Pacific, and northeastern Indian Oceans (GAUGER, 1999). Brazilian breeding colonies are known from São Pedro and São Paulo Rocks, Atol das Rocas, Fernando de Noronha and Martin Vaz Islands (ANTAS, 1991; GAUGER, 1999). Reports for Trindade Island (ANTAS, 1991) are equivocal (see below). Other colonies in the Atlantic are found in Ascension, Santa Helena and the Gulf of Guinea (GAUGER, 1999). The only records for the Brazilian coast are from the states of Ceará and São Paulo (GIRÃO et al., 2008; BARBIERI et al., 2010).

From 2-4 April 2007 L.B. observed a tiny breeding colony, not over a dozen nests, on a cliff on the northern face of Ilha do Norte (20º28'06''S, 28º51'17''W), Martin Vaz archipelago. The colony was characteristic, nests consisting of small elevations on a protected rocky shelf smeared with guano. The species was positively recorded only at this locality, although small groups of unidentified Anous were seen fishing nearby at sea. The diagnostic smaller size, blackish-brown plumage and whiter crown in comparison to A. stolidus (HARRISON, 1983) were noticed. The species was not recorded by L.B. during almost six months of fieldwork at Trindade Is., 45 km west of Martin Vaz.

Our observations confirm that A. minutus persists on Martin Vaz. The first mention of this species for the region was made by NICOLL (1906), who sighted an individual at Martin Vaz islets on 5 January 1906 (identified as Micranous leucocapillus). An observation of what probably was this species nesting at Martin Vaz was later mentioned in ROCKWELL (1932). LUIGI & NACINOVIC (1997) observed a breeding colony with about 30 nests on 25 November 1993, identifying the species as Anous tenuirostris (considered synonym with A. minutus). Based on their description, the breeding colony was located at the same place where we observed it.

ANTAS (1991) and GIRÃO et al. (2008) reported that there are no recent breeding records of the species for Trindade. However, as OLSON (1982) stated, there is no evidence that A. minutus ever occurred at Trindade. FONSECA-NETO (2004) correctly emphasized that reports of this species for Trindade Is. are erroneous and based on a misinterpretation of Nicoll's record for Martin Vaz. The absence of records for Trindade (NICOLL, 1906; ROCKWELL, 1932; OLSON, 1982; FONSECA-NETO, 2004; our observations) suggests that breeding is restricted to Martin Vaz.

Poorly-understood, long-distance inter-island movements of individuals from sedentary populations of this species have been recorded (GAUGER, 1999). Since the 45 km that separate Trindade from Martin Vaz pose no obstacle to the dispersal of this bird, it is possible that some individuals visit Trindade and escape identification due to large numbers of A. stolidus occurring there. We recommend careful identification of noddies at Trindade to solve this matter.

It is intriguing how this tiny population managed to persist on an islet in the mid-Atlantic for at least one-hundred years. Studies on its breeding biology, nesting site fidelity and movements are badly needed.

Black Tern Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758). This species has two disjunct populations in the Northern Hemisphere recognized as subspecies: C. n. niger breeding in Eurasia from southern Scandinavia to southern Spain and east to Lake Balkhash and Altai; and C. n. surinamensis across North America from the Northwest Territories and British Columbia in Canada south to California and New England in the United States of America (HARRISON, 1983; DUNN & AGRO, 1995; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). Palearctic populations winter mainly in western Africa, from Mauritania to Namibia and occasionally South Africa, whereas North American birds migrate along the Pacific to Mexico and Panama south to Peru, and through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to the coasts of Panama and Colombia east to French Guiana (DUNN & AGRO, 1995; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996). In South America it is considered rare/accidental in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (DUNN & AGRO, 1995; GOCHFELD & BURGER, 1996) (see Table I for a summary of records).

On 23 March 1999 L.B. observed through binoculars and a telescope an individual in basic plumage among a large group of C. maculipennis, L. dominicanus, Sternula superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819), S. hirundo, S. trudeaui and T. acuflavidus on a sandy beach (32º09'33''S, 52º04'57''W) of the mouth of the Lagoa dos Patos at the base of Molhe Leste, São José do Norte municipality, Rio Grande do Sul. Another individual in basic plumage was observed by L.B. amidst a group of S. superciliaris on 10 May 2002 at Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, at 32º09'39''S, 52º05'5''W. The small size, round head, slender, delicate bill and the diagnostic dark smudges on sides of breast in front of wings (DUNN & AGRO, 1995; OLSEN & LARSSON, 1995) were noticed and allowed identification. These are the first records for the estuarine region of the Lagoa dos Patos.

Brazilian records come mainly from the northeastern and southern sections of the littoral. The species has not been recorded during inventories carried out in localities dispersed throughout the Brazilian littoral (e.g., VOOREN & CHIARADIA, 1990; OLMOS & SILVA E SILVA, 2001; BRANCO, 2004, 2007; ARAÚJO et al., 2006; CABRAL et al., 2006; LIMA, 2006; BARBIERI & MENDONÇA, 2008; SOUZA et al., 2008), with the exception of northern Rio Grande do Sul (COSTA & SANDER, 2008). Small terns, especially S. superciliaris, were recorded in many of these localities, suggesting that C. niger is genuinely rare in Brazil.

There is an unusual concentration of records from Lagoa do Peixe, southern Brazil, as inferred from a personal communication of Scherezino Scherer to BENCKE (2001, p.63) stating that the species had been captured and banded at this locality on many occasions from 1986 onwards during banding campaigns carried out by CEMAVE (a governmental bird banding organization where S. Scherer worked). However, based on a recent analysis of all CEMAVE banding information from this site from 1984 to 2008 (SIMÃO & SERAFINI, 2010; Isaac Simão, pers. comm.), the only banding campaign record for Lagoa do Peixe refers to a bird captured in October 1991. Therefore, or additional captures occurred during banding campaigns carried out by other institutions (I. Simão, pers. comm.) - an unlikely hypothesis since BENCKE (2001) states that captures were made by CEMAVE staff, and because CEMAVE was the major institution banding birds at Lagoa do Peixe - or the information provided by S. Scherer is equivocal. In light of this new information, the only confirmed record for Lagoa do Peixe other than the abovementioned October 1991 capture is a sighting of a bird in alternate plumage made by Suzana M. Lara-Resende on 9 June 1986 and reported in RESENDE & LEEUWENBERG (1987) and BELTON (1994).

Neighboring Uruguay and Argentina also hold several records, which is quite surprising since the main area of occurrence of C. n. surinamensis during the non-breeding season is in the Northern Hemisphere. The only South American region where this tern is abundant is the coast of Colombia, especially along the Pacific (HILTY & BROWN, 1986). It is uncommon along the Peruvian coast, and rarely recorded inland in the Amazon and Andean lakes (HILTY & BROWN, 1986; HILTY, 2003; SCHULENBERG et al., 2007). There are no records for Paraguay (GUYRA PARAGUAY, 2005) or Bolivia (MAYER, 2009).

The origin of birds recorded in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil is intriguing. Nearly half of the records for these countries are for the austral spring, suggesting that vagrants originate during the southbound migration. They may be "over-shooters" (sensu GILROY & LEES, 2003): true vagrants from North America that extrapolated their wintering areas and ended up in the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, some of these birds, especially those recorded in northeastern Brazil, may be of Palearctic origin, as inferred by the encounter in Rio Grande do Norte of a specimen banded in Berlin (SICK, 1997). A series of Old World species have been recorded from oceanic islands off northeastern Brazil (SOTO & FILIPPINI, 2003; BRANCO, 2004; BENCKE et al., 2005; SILVA E SILVA & OLMOS, 2006), their dispersal to South America facilitated by trade-winds (SICK, 1983; BENCKE et al., 2005; see above). It is also possible that Palearctic individuals blown off-course to northeastern South America keep migrating south along the Brazilian coast as they would do in Africa, finally reaching coastal Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina. On the other hand, these southernmost records may refer to pseudo-vagrancy, being attributable to an unknown migratory population that spends the boreal winter in the wetlands of Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul. Careful observation and documentation of individuals recorded in southern South America is needed to enlighten the origin of these individuals.

Acknowledgments. We thank Glayson A. Bencke, César J. Drehmer, Fábio Olmos and Bernard Zonfrillo for critics and suggestions that improved the manuscript. Andrea C. Adornes, Adrián Azpiroz, Juan I. "Nacho" Areta, G. A. Bencke, Frederik Brammer, Caio J. Carlos, Juan C. Chebez, Maria Angela Echeverry-Galvis, Washington Ferreira, Francisco P. Fonseca-Neto, Gilberto Griep, Santiago Imberti, Álvaro Jaramillo, Ricardo Krul, Alexander C. Lees, Edson V. Lopes, Doug McNair, José F. Pacheco, Márcio Repenning, Isaac Simão, Bruno Carlos R. R. Soares, Olivier Tostain and Marcelo A. V. Vallejos kindly provided information, literature and/or insights that clarified aspects of the species' distribution and identification.

Recebido em outubro de 2010.

Aceito em dezembro de 2010.

• ABENTE, J.; STAGI, A. & VAZQUEZ, R. 2010. Primer registro en Uruguay del género Anous Achará Digital 1:7.
• ABREU, M. 2010. Aves de la costa de La Paloma. Achará Digital 1:11,12.
• ALMEIDA, A. N. F. 2003. First documented record of Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan) in Brazil. Ararajuba 11:116,117.
• ANTAS, P. T. Z. 1991. Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in Brazilian waters. ICBP Technical Publication 11:141-158.
• ANTAS, P. T. Z.; FILIPPINI, A. & AZEVEDO-JR, S. M. 1988. Anilhamento de aves oceânicas e/ou migratórias no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha em 1987 e 1988. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ANILHADORES DE AVES, 4ş. Recife, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Abstracts... p.13-17.
• ARAÚJO, H. F. P.; RODRIGUES, R. C. & NISHIDA, A. K. 2006. Composição da avifauna em complexos estuarinos no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14:249-259.
• ARBALLO, E. & CRAVINO, J. 1999. Aves del Uruguay, manual ornitológico - Tomo I. Montevideo, Editorial Hemisferio Sur. 466p.
• AZEVEDO-JR, S. M.; TELINO-JR, W. R. & NEVES, R. M. L. 1994. Primeiro registro das aves oceânicas Sterna fuscata e Anous stolidus na costa de Pernambuco - Brasil. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 4ş. Recife, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Abstracts... p. 81.
• AZPIROZ, A. B. 2001. Aves del Uruguay, lista e introducción a su biología y conservación Montevideo, Aves Uruguay-GUPECA. 105p.
• BARBIERI, E.; GONÇALVES, C. A.; SILVEIRA, L. F.; CORTEZ-KIYOHARA, A. L. L. 2010. Registros de duas aves marinhas inéditas no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus e Anous minutus (Charadriiformes). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18:242-244.
• BARBIERI, E. & MENDONÇA, J. T. 2008. Seasonal abundance and distribution of Larids at Ilha Comprida (São Paulo State, Brazil). Journal of Coastal Research 24:70-78.
• BELTON, W. 1994. As aves do Rio Grande do Sul: distribuição e biologia São Leopoldo, Editora Unisinos. 584p.
• BENCKE, G. A. 2001. Lista de referência das aves do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (Publicações Avulsas FZB, 10). 104p.
• BENCKE, G. A.; OTT, P.; MORENO, I.; TAVARES, M. & CAON, G. 2005. Old World birds new to the Brazilian territory recorded in the Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo, equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Ararajuba 13:126-129.
• BERTHOLD, P. 1993. Bird migration, a general survey Oxford, Oxford University. 272p.
• BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL 2009. Species factsheet: Larus pipixcan Available at: http://www.birdlife.org Accessed on: 25.06.2009.
• BLANCO, D. E. & CARBONELL, M. eds. 2001. El Censo Neotropical de Aves Acuáticas. Los primeros 10 años: 1990-1999 Buenos Aires & Memphis, Wetlands International & Ducks Unlimited, Inc. 190p.
• BRANCO, J. O. org. 2004. Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservação Itajaí, Editora da UNIVALI. 266p.
• ___. 2007. Avifauna aquática do Saco da Fazenda (Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil): uma década de monitoramento. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24:873-882.
• BULLOCK, D. S. 1949. North American bird migrants in Chile. Auk 66:351-354.
• BURGER, A. E. 1996a. Family Chionidae (Sheathbills). In: DEL HOYO, J.; ELLIOTT, A. & SARGATAL, J. eds. Handbook of the birds of the world Hoatzin to Auks Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. v. 3, p.546-555.
• BURGER, J. 1996b. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). In: POOLE, A. & GILL, F. eds. The birds of North America Philadelphia, The Academy of Natural Sciences & Washington, D.C., The American Ornithologists' Union. n. 225. p.1-28.
• BURGER, J. & GOCHFELD, M. 1994. Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan). In: POOLE, A. & GILL, F. eds. The birds of North America Philadelphia, The Academy of Natural Sciences & Washington, D.C., The American Ornithologists' Union. n. 116. p.1-28.
• ___. 1996. Family Laridae (gulls). In: DEL HOYO, J.; ELLIOTT, A. & SARGATAL, J. eds. Handbook of the birds of the world Hoatzin to Auks Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. v.3, p.572-623.
• CABRAL, S. A. S.; AZEVEDO-JR, S. M. & LARRAZÁBAL, M. E. 2006. Levantamento de aves da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Piaçabuçu, no litoral de Alagoas, Brasil. Ornithologia 1:161-167.
• CHARDINE, J. W. & MORRIS, R. D. 1996. Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus). In: POOLE, A. & GILL, F. eds. The birds of North America Philadelphia, The Academy of Natural Sciences & Washington, D.C., The American Ornithologists' Union. n. 220. p.1-24.
• CHEBEZ, J. C. 2009. Otros que se van Buenos Aires, Ed. Albatros. 544p.
• CLARK, R. 1986. Aves de Tierra del Fuego y Cabo de Hornos: guía de campo Buenos Aires, L.O.L.A. 294p.
• COMITÊ BRASILEIRO DE REGISTROS ORNITOLÓGICOS. 2011. Listas das aves do Brasil 10 ed. Available at: http://www.cbro.org.br Accessed on: 10.01.2011.
• CONTRERAS, J. R. 1979. Un nuevo hallazgo para la República Argentina del Gaviotín Negro o Fumarel Chlidonias niger surinamensis (Gmelin) (Aves, Laridae). Historia Natural 1:1-3.
• CONTRERAS, J. R. & CONTRERAS, A. O. 1984. Addenda a la lista de aves no Passeriformes de la Província de Corrientes, Argentina. Historia Natural 3:248.
• COSTA, E. S. & SANDER, M. 2008. Variação sazonal de aves costeiras (Charadriiformes e Ciconiiformes) no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Biodiversidade Pampeana 6:3-8.
• COTTRIDGE, D. & VINICOMBE, K. 1997. Rare birds in Britain and Ireland: a photographic record London, Harper Collins. 288p.
• DE LUCA, A.; DEVELEY, P. & OLMOS, F. 2006. Waterbirds in Brazil, final report São Paulo, SAVE Brasil. 61p. (unpublished report).
• DIAS, R. A.; GIANUCA, A.; VIZENTIN-BUGONI, J. & COIMBRA, M. A. A. 2010. New documented records for two bird species in southernmost Brazil, including the first mention of Agriornis murinus for the country and comments on vagrancy. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18:124-129.
• DUNN, E. H. & AGRO, D. J. 1995. Black Tern (Chlidonias niger). In: POOLE, A. & GILL, F. eds. The birds of North America Philadelphia, The Academy of Natural Sciences & Washington, D.C., The American Ornithologists' Union. n. 147. p.1-24.
• ESCALANTE, R. 1970. Aves marinas del Río de La Plata y aguas vecinas del Océano Atlántico Montevideo, Barreiro y Ramos. 199p.
• ___. 1983. Dos nuevos láridos para Uruguay (Sterna paradisea [sic] y Chlidonias niger). Comunicaciones de las Jornadas de Ciencias Naturales Montevideo 3:20-21.
• FERRARI, C. & HENSCHKE, C. 2002. Registros del gaivotín negro (Chlidonias niger) en la reserva Costanera Sur y en San Pedro, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nuestras Aves (44):19-20.
• FONSECA-NETO, F. P. 2004. Aves marinhas da Ilha Trindade. In: BRANCO, J. O. org. Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservação Itajaí, Editora da UNIVALI. p.119-146.
• FONSECA, V. S. S.; AZEVEDO, M. S. & PETRY, M. V. 2000. Nota sobre a ocorrência da Pomba-antártica, Chionis alba (Gmelin, 1789), no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 22:133-135.
• FRASER, P. A.; ROGERS, M. J. & THE RARITIES COMMITTEE. 2007. Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2005. Part 1: non-passerines. British Birds (100):16-61.
• FREY, J. K. 2009. Distinguishing range expansions from previously undocumented populations using background data from museum records. Diversity and Distributions 15:183-187.
• GAUGER, V. H. 1999. Black Noddy (Anous minutus). In: POOLE, A. & GILL, F. eds. The birds of North America Philadelphia, The Academy of Natural Sciences & Washington, D.C., The American Ornithologists' Union. n. 412. p.1-32.
• GILROY, J. J. & LEES, A. C. 2003. Vagrancy theories: are autumn vagrants really reverse migrants? British Birds (96):427-438.
• GIRÃO, W.; ALBANO, C.; CAMPOS, A. A.; PINTO, T. & CARLOS, C. J. 2008. Registros documentados de cinco novos trinta-réis (Charadriiformes: Sternidae) no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 16:252-255.
• GOCHFELD, M. & BURGER, J. 1996. Family Sternidae (terns). In: DEL HOYO, J.; ELLIOTT, A. & SARGATAL, J. eds. Handbook of the birds of the world Hoatzin to Auks Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. v. 3, p.624-667.
• GUYRA PARAGUAY. 2005. Atlas de las aves de Paraguay Asunción, Asociación Guyra Paraguay. 212p.
• HARRISON, P. 1983. Seabirds: an identification guide Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company. 448p.
• HILTY, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela Princeton, Princeton University. 878p.
• HILTY, S. L. & BROWN, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia Princeton, Princeton University. 996p.
• HOLT, P. 2005. Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan at Tanggu, Tianjin: first record for China. Forktail (21):171-173.
• HOWELL, S. N. G. & DUNN, J. 2007. A reference guide to gulls of the Americas New York, Houghton Mifflin. 528p.
• HUMPHREY, P. S.; BRIDGE, D.; REYNOLDS, P. W. & PETERSON, R. T. 1970. Birds of Isla Grande (Tierra del Fuego) Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution. 411p.
• IHERING, H. VON 1888. Die Vögel der Lagoa dos Patos. Eine Zoo-Geographische Studie. Zeitschrift für die gesammte Ornithologie 4:142-165.
• IMBERTI, S. 2003. Notes on the distribution and natural history of some birds in Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego provinces, Patagonia, Argentina. Cotinga 19:15-24.
• INTERAMINENSE, L. J. L.; ALMEIDA, L. B. A. & HORTÊNCIO C. A. 1996. Nota sobre o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Chionis alba para o Arquipélago dos Abrolhos, BA. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 5ş. Campinas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Abstracts... p.43.
• JARAMILLO, A. 2000. Punta Rasa: South America's first vagrant trap? Cotinga (14):33-38.
• ___. 2005. Aves de Chile Barcelona, Lynx Edicions. 240p.
• LARA-RESENDE, S. M. & LEAL, R. P. 1982. Recuperação de anilhas estrangeiras no Brasil. Brasil Florestal (52):27-53.
• LEÓN, O. D. & DÍAZ-NETO, S. 1988. Observación del Gaviotín Negro Chlidonias niger surinamensis (Gmelin, 1789) (Aves, Sternidae) en el Departamento San Fernando, Chaco, Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas 12:1-2.
• LIMA, P. C. 2006. Aves do litoral norte da Bahia Salvador, Pedro Cerqueira Lima and Atualidades Ornitológicas. 616p.
• LIMA, P. C.; GRANTSAU, R.; LIMA, R. C. F. R. & SANTOS, S. S. 2004. Ocorrência e mortalidade de aves oceânicas na costa da Bahia, e a chave de identificação da Ordem Procellariiformes e Família Stercorariidae. Atualidades Ornitológicas (121):3.
• LIMA, L. M.; SCHUNCK, F.; SICILIANO, S.; CARLOS, C. J.; RENNÓ, B.; FONSECA-NETO, F. P.; FEDRIZZI, C. E.; ALBANO, C. & MOURA, J. F. 2010. Distribuição, abundância e sazonalidade de Leucophaeus atricilla (Charadriiformes: Laridae) no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18:199-206.
• LOMOLINO, M. V.; RIDDLE, B. R. & BROWN, J. H. 2006. Biogeography 3 ed. Sunderland, Sinauer Associates. 845p.
• LUIGI, G. & NACINOVIC, J. B. 1997. A avifauna do arquipélago de Martin Vaz, ES, com ênfase ao status de Anous tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) (Aves: Laridae). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 6ş. Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Abstracts... p.62.
• MARIN, M. & COUVE, E. 2001. La Gaviota de Franklin, Larus pipixcan (Laridae), al sur de latitud 41şS, com nuevos registros de distribución. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, Serie Ciencias Naturales 29:161-163.
• MARTÍNEZ, M. M.; DARRIEU, C. A. & SOAVE, G. E. 1985. Estudios de la avifauna de la Reserva Provincial Llancanelo, Mendoza II. Presencia de Larus pipixcan, Larus serranus, Sterna trudeaui y Chlidonias niger surinamensis (Aves: Laridae). Historia Natural 5:25-28.
• MAYER, S. 2009. Birds of Bolivia 2.15. Enschede, Bird Songs International (DVD-ROM).
• MORAES-ORNELLAS, V. S. 2009. Uma análise de 20 anos de produção acadêmica brasileira sobre aves marinhas. Atualidades Ornitológicas (152):36-38.
• MORAES, V. S. & KRUL, R. 1994. Dados sobre algumas aves pelágicas visitantes da costa do Brasil. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 4ş. Recife, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Abstracts... p.45.
• ___. 1996. Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Charadriiformes: Sterniidae) no sul do Brasil. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 4ş. Campinas, UNICAMP. Abstracts... p.75.
• MURPHY, R. C. 1915. The bird life of Trinidad Islet. Auk 32:332-348.
• NACINOVIC, J. B. & TEIXEIRA, D. M. 1989. As aves de Fernando de Noronha: uma lista sistemática anotada. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49:709-729.
• NAROSKY, S. 1971. Dos hallazgos interesantes para la avifauna argentina Puffinus diomedea y Chlidonias niger Hornero 11:129-130.
• NAROSKY, T. & DI GIÁCOMO, A. G. 1993. Las aves de la Província de Buenos Aires: distribución y status Buenos Aires, Asociación Ornitológica del Plata, Vázquez Mazzini & L.O.L.A. 127p.
• NAROSKY, T. & YZURIETA, D. 2003. Birds of Argentina and Uruguay, a field guide Buenos Aires, Vázquez Mazzini. 348p.
• NASCIMENTO, I. L. S. 1995. As aves do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe Brasília, IBAMA. 41p.
• NEVES, T.; BUGONI, L. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. eds. 2006. Aves oceânicas e suas interações com a pesca na Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico USP (Série documentos Revizee: Score Sul). 104p.
• NICOLL, M. J. 1906. On the birds collected and observed during the voyage of the 'Valhalla' R.Y.S., from November 1905 to May 1906. Ibis 6(series 8):666-712.
• NORES, M. & YZURIETA, D. 1980. Aves de ambientes acuáticos de Córdoba y centro de Argentina Córdoba, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia. 236p.
• OLMOS, F. 2002. Non-breeding seabirds in Brazil: a review of band recoveries. Ararajuba 10:41-32.
• OLMOS, F. & SILVA E SILVA, R. 2001. The avifauna of a southeastern Brazilian mangrove swamp. International Journal of Ornithology 4:137-207.
• OLROG, C. C. 1969. Chlidonias niger y Sterna albifrons, dos láridos nuevos para la Argentina. Neotrópica 15:7,8.
• OLSEN, K. M. & LARSSON, H. 1995. Terns of Europe and North America. Princeton, Princeton University. 176p.
• ___. 2003. Gulls of North America, Europe and Asia. Princeton, Princeton University. 544p.
• OLSON, S. L. 1982. Natural history of vertebrates on the Brazilian islands of the mid South Atlantic. National Geographic Society Research Reports 13:481-492.
• PACHECO, J. F. 1995. Ocorrência acidental da gaivota-de-franklin, Larus pipixcan no médio Solimões, Amazonas. Atualidades Ornitológicas (66):4.
• PACHECO, J. F. & RAJÃO, H. B. 1995. Novos registros do trinta-réis-escuro, Anous stolidus para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Atualidades Ornitológicas (66):14.
• PAYNTER-JR, R. A. 1985. Ornithological gazetteer of Argentina Cambridge, Harvard University. 509p.
• PAYNTER-JR, R. A. & TRAYLOR-JR, M. A. 1991. Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil Cambridge, Harvard University. v. 1 and 2. 789p.
• PINHEIRO, H. T.; GASPARINI, J. L. & JOYEUX, J. C. 2010. Reef fish mass mortality event in an isolated island off Brazil, with notes on recent similar events at Ascension, St Helena and Maldives. Marine Biodiversity Records 3:47.
• RAND, D. M. & PAYNTER-JR, R. A. 1981. Ornithological gazetteer of Uruguay Cambridge, Harvard University. 111p.
• REID, K. 1998. Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan at South Georgia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 118:55,56.
• RESENDE, S. L. & LEEUWENBERG, F. 1987. Ecological studies of Lagoa do Peixe Final Report to WWF-US, Washington, USA. 52p.
• ROCHA, G. 2006. Aves del Uruguay El país de los pájaros pintados Montevideo, Banda Oriental. v.2. 144p.
• ___. 2008. Aves del Uruguay. El país de los pájaros pintados Montevideo Banda Oriental. v.3. 135p.
• ROCKWELL, R. H. 1932. Southward through the doldrums. Natural History 32:424-436.
• RODRIGUES, A. A. F. 2007. Priority areas for conservation of migratory and resident waterbirds on the Coast of Brazilian Amazônia. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 15:209-218.
• ROSÁRIO, L. A. 1996. As aves em Santa Catarina: distribuição geográfica e meio ambiente Florianópolis, FATMA. 326p.
• SCHERER-NETO, P. 1985. Nova ocorrência da pomba-antártica no sul do Brasil. Anais da Sociedade Sul Riograndense de Ornitologia 6:19-20.
• SCHERER-NETO, P. & STRAUBE, F. C. 1995. Aves do Paraná: história, lista anotada e bibliografia Curitiba, editora dos autores. 79p.
• SCHULENBERG, T. S.; STOTZ, D. F.; LANE, D. F.; O'NEILL, J. P. & PARKER, III., T. A. 2007. Birds of Peru Princeton, Princeton University. 656p.
• SCHULZ-NETO, A. 2004a. Aves insulares do arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. In: BRANCO, J. O. org. Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservação Itajaí, Editora da UNIVALI. p.147-168.
• ___. 2004b. Aves marinhas do Atol das Rocas. In: BRANCO, J. O. org. Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservação Itajaí, Editora da UNIVALI. p.169-192.
• SICK, H. 1983. Migrações de aves na América do Sul continental Publicação Técnica, n. 2. Brasília, CEMAVE - Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal. 86p.
• ___.1997. Ornitologia brasileira Rio de Janeiro, Editora Nova Fronteira. 912p.
• SILVA E SILVA, R. & OLMOS, F. 2006. Noteworthy bird records from Fernando de Noronha, northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14:470-474.
• SIMÃO, I. & SERAFINI, P. P. 2010. Long-term banding data from a RAMSAR site in southern Brazil. In: INTERNATIONAL ORNITHOLOGICAL CONGRESS, 25th. Campos do Jordão, International Ornithological Committee. Abstracts... p.672.
• SIMPSON, R. & SIMPSON, E. 2010. Primeiro registro documentado do trinta-réis-escuro, Anous stolidus (Charadriiformes: Sternidae) para o estado de São Paulo. Atualidades Ornitológicas (154):12.
• SMITH, J. 2002. A Franklin's Gull at Eilat - new to Israel and the Middle East. Birding World 16:281.
• SOARES, M. &. SCHIEFLER, A. F. 1995. Ocorrência da "pomba-antártica" Chionis alba (Aves, Chionididae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina. Biotemas 8:119-121.
• SOTO, J. & FILIPPINI, A. 2003. Documentação da ocorrência da perdiz-do-mar, Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766) (Charadriiformes: Glareolidae), no Brasil. Ararajuba 11:136.
• SOUZA, E. A.; NUNES, M. F. C.; ROOS, A. L. & ARAÚJO, H. F. P. 2008. Aves do Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange: guia de campo Amapá, ICMBio & CEMAVE. 80p.
• SOUZA, M. C. 1993. Sobre as aves marinhas no litoral dos estados de Sergipe e Alagoas. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, 3ş. Pelotas, Educat. Abstracts... p.19.
• TEBB, G.; VERON, P. K. & CRAIG, M. 2003. Laughing Gull Larus atricilla in Malaysia: the first record for Asia. Forktail (19):131-133.
• TEIXEIRA, D. M.; NACINOVIC, J. B. & LUIGI, G. 1989. Notes on some birds of northeastern Brazil (4). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 109:152-157.
• TEIXEIRA, D. M.; NACINOVIC, J. B.; SCHLOEMP, I. M. & KISCHLAT, E. E. 1988. Notes on some Brazilian seabirds (3). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 108:136-139.
• TELINO-JR, W. R.; NEVES, R. M. L.; FARIAS, G. B.; BRITO, M. T.; PACHECO, G. & SIQUEIRA, S. A. O. 2006. Ocorrência e aspectos comportamentais da pomba-antártica, Chionis alba (Charadriiformes: Chionididae), em Pernambuco, Brasil. Tangara 1:26-29.
• TOSTAIN, O. & DUJARDIN, J. L. 1988. Nouvouix oiseaux de mer en Guyane Française. Alauda 56:67-68.
• VOOREN, C. M. & BRUSQUE, L. F. 1999. Avaliação e ações prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade da Zona Costeira e Marinha: diagnóstico sobre aves do ambiente costeiro do Brasil Available at: http://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round8/round8/guias_r8/perfuracao_r8/%C3%81reas_Priorit%C3%A1rias/Aves.pdf Accessed on: 09.2010.
• VOOREN, C. M. & CHIARADIA, A. 1990. Seasonal abundance and behaviour of coastal birds on Cassino Beach, Brazil. Ornitología Neotropical 1:9-24.

New records, distribution and status of six seabird species in Brazil

Novos registros, distribuição e status de seis espécies de aves marinhas no Brasil

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 May 2011
• Date of issue
  Dec 2010