Hymenoptera “Parasitica” in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Hymenoptera “Parasitica” no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT

A checklist composed of 105 species of parasitic Hymenoptera, which includes the non-aculeate Apocrita, recorded in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, is presented. A new list, containing 153 genera obtained in recent surveys is also presented; out of these 131 are new records. The major knowledge gaps for these organisms in the State and the prospects for future studies for these organisms are discussed.

KEYWORDS
Parasitoids; species checklist; distribution; biodiversity; new records; Biota-MS Program

RESUMO

Apresentamos o checklist com 105 espécies de Hymenoptera “Parasitica”, que inclui os Apocrita não aculeados, registradas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) e uma lista inédita com 153 gêneros obtidos em levantamentos recentes, dos quais 131 são novos registros. As principais lacunas do conhecimento para estes organismos no estado e as perspectivas para estudos futuros são discutidas.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Parasitoides; lista de espécies; distribuição; biodiversidade; novos registros; Programa Biota-MS

It is widely recognized, among the researchers of the area of invertebrates, that there is a lack of studies for the area in the Center-West region of Brazil, mainly in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul ( Lewinsohn & Prado, 2002). Lewinsohn et al. (2005) pointed out the wide scientific knowledge gap that exists about biological diversity of biomes in Brazil. According to them, the Amazonian and Atlantic Forests are the best studied ones, whereas the Pantanal and Caatinga are the least known, as seen on recent inventories of species. Brandão et al. (2000) reported that after the Northeast region, the Center-West region is classified as the second least known for the invertebrates. In the same study, the authors considered as inexistent the knowledge and collection status for parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera), represented by the Ichneumonoidea, in the Pantanal area, a biome whose largest portion is in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS).

The difficult access to the region in the past, as well as the low demographic rate and conflicts for land in the area are among the reasons that explain the gaps of knowledge in the region, facts that limited the visit of naturalists, mainly during the period of large expeditions which were common until the middle of the 20^th century. The entomological knowledge in Brazil was built based on specimens collected by those expeditions and by naturalists from Europe and USA, who concentrated their efforts in the exuberant wet forests of this country, such as the Atlantic and Amazon Rainforests. Henry W. Bates in the state of Amazonas and Fritz Plaumann in the state of Santa Catarina, are two well-known examples of this phase. The greatest efforts in sampling the fauna of the Center-West region occurred during the last years of the 19^th century, and were carried out by Herbert H. Smith, a naturalist from the USA, who spent four years in the state of Mato Grosso ( Smith, 1922; Kunzler et al., 2011). Apart from the geological work he performed, Herbert Smith collected vertebrates, insects and fossils. Although he concentrated his studies in the Chapada dos Guimarães, he also carried out collections in other regions, including Corumbá (MS). During the 20^th century, a relevant expedition in the region was the “Royal Geographical Society” in Nova Xavantina, state of Mato Grosso, which brought a large contribution for the knowledge of Hymenoptera, in particular eusocial wasps ( Richards, 1978).

With the establishment of research centers in the country, the Brazilian Entomology initiated a new phase. However, the concentration of these research centers in the South, Southeast and North regions were determinant for the lack of studies about the Hymenoptera parasitoids fauna in the Center-West region. Within this new context, the situation of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul was aggravated by its relative recent creation.

The Hymenoptera contain approximately 115,000 described species, being the third Order in number of species after Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. When considering the non-described species, it is possible that the Hymenoptera be the richest order in number of species ( Gaston, 1991; Stork, 1991; Grissell, 1999). Gaston et al. (1996) estimated that the number of species could reach as much as three million. More conservative estimates forecast a number of species ranging between 600,000 and 1,200,000 ( Grimaldi & Engel, 2005).

The traditional division of the Hymenoptera order into two suborders, Symphyta and Apocrita, is recognized to be artificial, since the former group composes an ancestral grade to the Apocrita + Orussoidea ( Sharkey et al., 2012). The latter compose a clade that theoretically has a common ancestral of ectoparasitoid habit, from which originated the large diversity of habits currently known to be present on the Apocrita, such as endoparasitism, cecidogenesis, predation and eusocial behavior ( Whitfield, 1992, 2003).

The Apocrita form a monophyletic group, which is also traditionally divided into two groups, the Aculeata (monophyletic) and the parasitoid wasps, also known as “Parasitica”. A large proportion of phylogenetic studies point “Parasitica” as a paraphyletic group, being Aculeata a sister group of Evanioidea ( Sharkey et al., 2012). Despite of the predominance of the parasitoid habit found in the non-aculeate Apocrita, some of the evolutionary lineages developed different habits, mainly the associations as and galls formations ( Whitfield, 2003; Zaldívar-Riverón et al., 2007).

Among the Apocrita, Aculeata and parasitoids have approximately the same number of described species. A large proportion of the non-described species, however, is of Hymenoptera parasitoids ( Sharkey, 2007). In the Neotropical region 24,000 species of Hymenoptera are known, out of which little less than half are of non-aculeate species ( Fernández & Sharkey, 2006). According to Fernández (2006), there is at least 80,000 species in the Neotropical region, although there is not an estimate account for the region.

From the 89 families of Hymenoptera recognized by Sharkey (2007), 76 occur in the Neotropical region, out of which 41 are within the “Parasitica” series ( i.e. Apocrita, except Aculeata) ( Fernández, 2006; Sharkey, 2007). Among the groups with the poorest degree of knowledge for the Neotropical region are the Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Evanioidea, Platygastroidea and Chalcidoidea. Considering the number of species, the Ichneumonoidea can also be included within those groups ( Fernández & Sharkey, 2006).

This work analyzed all families belonging to the “Parasitica” series, which includes all Apocrita but Aculeata ones (Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). A checklist is presented for the species recorded for the state, since most consulted catalogues do not consider, or were elaborated, before the creation of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Also, an unprecedented list, containing genera obtained through recent surveys is presented.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The composition of the list of species was carried out based on bibliographic material. As a starting point, available catalogues for families and superfamilies were used. The groups of parasitoid wasps with available catalogues are: Chalcidoidea ( Noyes, 2013), Ichneumonoidea ( Yu et al., 2012), Ichneumonidae ( Townes & Townes, 1966), Braconidae ( Shenefelt parts 1 to 16, published between 1965 and 1980), “Parasitica” (for Brazil) ( De Santis, 1980), Platygastridae ( Vlug, 1995), Proctotrupoidea sensu lato ( Johnson, 1992), Aulacidae ( Smith, 2001), Stephanidae ( Aguiar, 2004) and Trigonalidae ( Weinstein & Austin, 1991).

The locality of the occurrences of all species recorded for the state of Mato Grosso were designated, through the consultation to original descriptions and recent publications, in order to adequate its occurrence to the Brazilian current political division. The toponymies referring to localities within the current state of Mato Grosso do Sul are listed and the occurrences of species in those localities transferred.

A newly elaborated list of genera identified for the state was produced. The material examined was mainly collected in Pantanal area within the municipality of Corumbá, MS. The collection of this material was carried out under the Biota-MS Program (FAPESP 2010/52314-0) using Malaise traps. Material collected in Cerrado area within the municipality of Campo Grande (MS) was also identified. Also, material collected using Malaise traps by students from the Biological Sciences course at Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, under the supervision of Dr. Antonia Railda Roel, was identified. Additional material, deposited in the Coleção de Hymenoptera do Museu de Biodiversidade da Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais/Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (MuBio-Hym), is also included in the list, only for the Braconidae. This material was collected with Möericke traps in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena and in the Municipality of Porto Murtinho, both in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). In addition to the MuBio-Hym’s collection, the collected material is also deposited at the Coleção Entomológica do Museu de Zoologia da USP (MZUSP), at the Coleção Entomológica do Depto. de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UFSCar (DCBU) and at the Coleção de Invertebrados da Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB).

The identification was carried out based on current literature and keys for each family in addition to consultations with specialists. The identification in genus level is justified by the high diversity of the group and the lack of revisions that enable a reliable identification at the species level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

List of species. The list of species presented here includes only species with existing records in the literature which, given the precise information about the locality of their collection could be confirmed as belonging to the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. As much as 139 records for 105 species, belonging to 63 genera in 18 of the 41 known families of “Parasitica” Hymenoptera ( Tab. I), were accounted for. This information was obtained from 51 references published between 1904 and 2013. In addition to information taken from the literature, six species of Ichneumonidae are being recorded for the first time in this work.

Tab. I
Checklist of Hymenoptera “Parasitica” species recorded in Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS), Brazil (1, species recorded in Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States; 2, new record locality; 3, record in distribution map, municipality/locality not provided).

Species	Municipalities/localities* in MS	References
CHALCIDOIDEA
Aphelinidae
Encarsia porteri (Mercet, 1928)	Campo Grande	Andrade-Filho et al., 2012
Chalcididae
Brachymeria flavopicta ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Brachymeria implexa (Walker, 1862)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Brachymeria ovata (Say, 1824)	Ribas do Rio Pardo	Berti-Filho et al., 1980
Ceyxia flaviscapus Girault, 1911	Corumbá	Andrade & Tavares, 2009
Ceyxia concitator (Walker, 1862)	Corumbá	Andrade & Tavares, 2009
Ceyxia diminuta Andrade & Tavares, 2009	Corumbá	Andrade & Tavares, 2009
Ceyxia ventrispinosa Girault, 1911	Corumbá	Andrade & Tavares, 2009
Conura acuminata ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura acuta (Fabricius, 1804)1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura albomaculata ( Ashmead, 1904)1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura brancensis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Itaporã	Ashmead, 1904
Conura celsa (Walker, 1864)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura corumbensis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura costalimai ( De Santis, 1980)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904; De Santis, 1980
Conura flava (Fabricius, 1804)1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura fusiformis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Itaporã	Ashmead, 1904
Conura lineocoxalis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura media ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Conura mourei ( De Santis, 1980)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904; De Santis, 1980
Conura quadripunctata (Fabricius, 1804)	Corumbá, Itaporã	Ashmead, 1904
Conura timida ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Corumbichalcis corumbicola ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904; Delvare, 1992
Encyrtidae
Aenasius tachigaliae (Brues, 1922)	Corumbá	Mercet, 1926; Compere, 1937
Hexacladia smithii Ashmead, 1891	Dourados, Ponta Porã, Itaporã, Caarapó	Godoy et al., 2007; 2010
Eucharitidae
Orasema rapo (Walker, 1839)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Eulophidae
Alveoplectrus corumbae ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Aprostocetus diplodisis Crawford, 1907	Selvíria	Campos et al., 1998
Euderus brasiliensis ( Ashmead, 1904)1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Euplectrus brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904	Itaporã	Ashmead, 1904
Euplectrus floryae Schauff, 2001	Dourados	Bellon et al., 2013
Horismenus corumbae Ashmead, 1904	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Sympiesis obscura ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893)	Dourados	Vargas et al., 2011
Eupelmidae
Anastatus auriceps Ashmead, 1904 1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Brasema corumbae ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Eupelmus compressiventris Ashmead, 1904	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Eupelmus persimilis Ashmead, 1904	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Eurytomidae
Axima brevicornis Ashmead, 1904 1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Isosomodes gigantea (Ashmead, 1886)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Mymaridae
Anagrus urichi Pickles, 1932	Campo Grande	Valério & Oliveira, 2005
Pteromalidae
Chalcedectus annulipes Ashmead, 1904 1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Lelaps abdominalis Ashmead, 1904	Itaporã	Ashmead, 1904
Leptofoenus westwoodi (Ashmead, 1895)1	Itaporã, Campo Grande2	Ashmead, 1904
Lycisca ignicaudata Westwood, 18741	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Psilocera brasiliensis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Psilocera clavicornis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Spalangia endius Walker, 1839	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo, Corumbá, Parnaíba	Silveira et al., 1989; Sereno, 2000; Sereno & Sereno, 2000; Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003
Spalangia gemina Boucek, 1963	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003
Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, 1839	Corumbá, Parnaíba	Silveira et al., 1989; Sereno 2000; Sereno & Sereno, 2000
Spalangia plaumanni Gibson, 2009	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Gibson, 2009
Torymidae
Plesiostigmodes brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Torymus aprilis ( Ashmead, 1904)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Torymus holcaspoideus ( Ashmead, 1904)1	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Torymus nonacris (Walker, 1842)	Corumbá	Ashmead, 1904
Trichogrammatidae
Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988	Brasilândia	Zucchi & Monteiro, 1995; Botelho et al., 1999
Trichogramma manicobai Brun, Moares & Soares, 1984	Ivinhema	Oliveira et al., 2010; Gomez et al., 2006
Trichogramma marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1986	Dourados, Itaquiraí, Ivinhema	Oliveira et al., 2010; Gomez et al., 2006
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879	Dourados, Glória de Dourados, Ivinhema	Fernández et al., 1999; Oliveira et al., 2010; Gomez et al., 2006
CYNIPOIDEA
Figitidae
Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003a, 2003b
Ganaspis fulvocincta Kieffer, 1909	Selvíria	Díaz & Gallardo, 1996; Díaz et al., 2000
Kleidotoma nigra (Hartig, 1840)	Selvíria	Díaz & Gallardo, 1996; Díaz et al., 2000
Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower, 1919)	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Guimarães et al., 1999; Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003b
Neralsia fossulata (Kieffer, 1909)	Selvíria	Díaz & Gallardo, 1996; Díaz et al., 2000
Odontosema anastrephae (Borgmeier, 1935)	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Guimarães et al., 1999; Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003 a, 2003b
Paraganaspis egeria Díaz & Gallardo, 1996	Selvíria	Díaz & Gallardo, 1996; Díaz et al., 2000
Triplasta atrocoxalis (Ashmead, 1895)	Selvíria	Díaz & Gallardo, 1996; Díaz et al., 2000
Trybliographa infuscata Gallardo, Díaz & Uchôa- Fernandes, 2000	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Gallardo et al., 2000; Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003a, 2003b
DIAPRIOIDEA
Diapriidae
Trichopria haematobiae (Ashmead, 1893)	Corumbá	Sereno, 2000; Sereno & Sereno, 2000
EVANIOIDEA
Aulacidae
Pristaulacus petiense Smith, 2010	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Smith, 2001
ICHNEUMONOIDEA
Braconidae
Aivalykus flavus ( Marsh, 1993)	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Marsh, 1993
Alabagrus mojos Sharkey, 1988 1	Dourados (Itaum)	Sharkey, 1988
Alabagrus nigritulus Szepligeti, 1902	MS (map)3	Sharkey, 1988
Aleiodes melanopterus (Erichson, 1848)1	Campo Grande, Dourados, Serra da Bodoquena2	Shimbori & Penteado-Dias, 2011
Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, 1960	Dourados	Gomez & Rumiatto, 1989; Starý et al., 2007
Asobara anastrephae (Muesebek, 1958 )	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003a,b
Bohartiellus cornutus Marsh,1983	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Marsh, 1983
Cotesia flavipes (Cameron, 1891)	Brasilândia,	Botelho et al., 1999
Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh, 1855)	Dourados	Mussury & Fernandes, 2002; Gomez & Rumiatto, 1989; Starý et al., 2007
Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911)	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003
Doryctobracon fluminensis (Costa Lima, 1937)	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003
Doryctopambolus pilcomayensis (Achterberg & Braet, 2004)	Bodoquena	Nunes et al., 2012
Exasticolus fuscicornis (Cameron, 1887)	Dourados, Itaporã	Figueiredo et al., 2006
Gnathopleura astarte (Haliday, 1838)1	Dourados	Arouca & Penteado Dias, 2009
Gnathopleura semirufa (Brullé, 1846)1	Campo Grande, Corumbá	Arouca & Penteado Dias, 2009
Opius anastrephae Viereck, 1913	Anastácio, Aquidauana, Miranda, Terenos, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003; Caires et al., 2009
Opius bellus Gahan, 1930	Anastácio, Terenos, Aquidauana, Rochedo	Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003a,b
Pharpa dubiosum (Szépligeti,1914)	MS (map)3	Sharkey, 1986
Praon gallicum Starý, 1971	Dourados	Gomez & Rumiatto, 1989; Starý et al., 2007
Rinamba platyfemur ( Marsh,1993)	Rio Caraguatá*	Braet & van Achterberg, 2001
Sharkeyella pilosus Marsh, 1993	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Marsh, 1993
Verae peculya Marsh, 1993	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Marsh, 1993
Ichneumonidae
Digonocryptus diversicolor (Viereck, 1913)	Dourados (Itaum)	Aguiar & Ramos, 2011
Eiphosoma dentator (Fabricius, 1804)	Bodoquena, Corumbá2	Costa Lima, 1953
Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa Lima, 1953	Corumbá2	First record
Eiphosoma macrum (Enderlein, 1921)	Corumbá2	First record
Eiphosoma matogrossense Costa Lima, 1953	Salobra	Costa Lima, 1953
Eiphosoma nigrovittatum Cresson, 1865	Corumbá2	First record
Enicospilus flavoscutellatus (Brullé, 1846)	Corumbá2	First record
Enicospilus glabratus (Morley, 1913)	Campo Grande2	First record
Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846	Rio Brilhante2	First record
PLATYGASTROIDEA
Platygastridae
Telenomus pachycoris (Costa Lima, 1928)	Dourados	Oliveira & Silva, 2011
Telenomus podisi (Ashmead, 1893)	Dourados, Caarapó, Rio Brilhante, Ponta Porã, São Gabriel do Oeste, Itaporã	Godoy & Ávila, 2000; Godoy et al., 2005, 2007; Carvalho, 2007; Arce, 2007
Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858)	São Gabriel do Oeste	Godoy et al., 2005
STEPHANOIDEA
Stephanidae
Aguiarina adustus (Aguiar, 1998)	Rio Caraguatá* (21°48’S, 52°27’W)	Aguiar, 1998; 2004

Taxonomic works are 22 and the remaining 29 were concerned with insects’ natural enemies, mostly of economic relevance. The papers on natural enemies were published after the state of Mato Grosso do Sul was established; from all the taxonomic works available, only four were published before this date ( Fig. 1). Ashmead (1904), for instance, contributed with 39 records of species of Chalcidoidea from a total of 59 records of this superfamily for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This valuable contribution was carried out based on specimens collected by Herbert Smith, most of them in Corumbá (MS) (see Fig. 2). Taxonomic works present more species number as expected, but works on natural enemies contain valuable information about the host-parasitoid association, useful not only for biological control programs, also for a better understanding of their interaction patterns at the ecological and evolutionary scale.

Fig. 1.
Number of publications with Hymenoptera “Parasitica” species recorded, grouped by decade. Works are classified according to its subject: taxonomy or natural enemies (see text).

Fig. 2.
Number of newly recorded Hymenoptera “Parasitica” species grouped by decade. Works are classified according to its subject: taxonomy or natural enemies (see text).

The checklist comprises a majority of species with previous record for the state of Mato Grosso, transferred here for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Hence, the number of species presented in this list exceeds the sum of the numbers in previous catalogs for this state. However, this number can be at least as three times as bigger considering the number of genera identified in the present study.

In order to avoid possible misunderstandings between the two states, the species with records of occurrence in both states are indicated in Table I. Therefore, all species without indication do not have records for the state of Mato Grosso. Records in other states and countries were not considered.

List of genera obtained from recent surveys. A total of 153 genera of “Parasitica” Hymenoptera were identified, out of which 131 (85%) are new records ( Tab. II). These genera belong to 20 families, out of which seven are recorded for the first time in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The Ceraphronoidea is recorded here for the first time. Most of the identified material was collected in Pantanal area at the municipality of Corumbá.

The families Aulacidae, Diapriidae, Stephanidae and Trichogrammatidae were not found in the examined material. Platygastroidea was relatively commonly collected, although the family was not identified because the lack of keys to genera and specialists in Brazil. Therefore it is not present in the genera list.

Tab. II
List of Hymenoptera “Parasitica” genera identified from recent surveys in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil (*, new record for taxon in Mato Grosso do Sul State).

Taxa	Locality in MS
CERAPHRONOIDEA*
Ceraphronidae*
Aphanogmus Thomson, 1853*	Corumbá
CHALCIDOIDEA
Chalcididae
Aspirrhina Kirby, 1883*	Corumbá
Brachymeria Westwood, 1829	Corumbá
Conura Spinola, 1837	Corumbá
Dirhinus Dalman, 1818 *	Corumbá
Haltichella Spinola, 1811 *	Corumbá
Hockeria Walker, 1834*	Corumbá
Melanosmicra Ashmead, 1904*	Corumbá
Notaspidium Dalla Torre, 1897 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Stypiura Kirby, 1883 *	Corumbá
Encyrtidae
Aenasius Walker, 1846	Corumbá
Anagyrus Howard, 1896 *	Corumbá
Blepyrus Howard, 1898 *	Corumbá
Encyrtus Latreille, 1809 *	Corumbá
Gahaniella Timberlake, 1926 *	Corumbá
Hemencyrtus Ashmead, 1900 *	Corumbá
Leptomastix Föerster, 1856 *	Corumbá
Metaphycus Mercet, 1917 *	Corumbá
Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900 *	Corumbá
Eucharitidae
Kapala Cameron, 1884 *	Corumbá
Lophyrocera Cameron, 1884*	Campo Grande
Obeza Heraty, 1985 *	Corumbá
Pseudochalcura Ashmead, 1894 *	Corumbá
Eulophidae
Chrysocharis Föerster, 1856 *	Corumbá
Closterocerus Hartig, 1847 *	Corumbá
Elasmus Westwood, 1833 *	Corumbá
Euplectrus Westwood, 1832	Corumbá
Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916 *	Corumbá
Eupelmidae
Arachnophaga Ashmead, 1896*	Corumbá
Eupelmus Dalman, 1820	Corumbá
Eurytomidae
Bephrata Cameron, 1884 *	Corumbá
Eurytoma Illiger, 1807 *	Corumbá
Neorileya Ashmead, 1904 *	Corumbá
Prodecatoma Ashmead, 1904 *	Corumbá
Sycophila Walker, 1871 *	Corumbá
Mymaridae
Alaptus Westwood, 1839*	Corumbá
Gonatocerus Nees, 1834*	Corumbá
Neomymar Crawford, 1913 *	Corumbá
Omyomymar Schauff, 1983*	Corumbá
Ormyridae*
Ormyrus Förster, 1856 *	Corumbá
Perilampidae*
Perilampus Latreille, 1809 *	Corumbá
Pteromalidae
Chalcedectus Walker, 1852	Corumbá
Spalangia Latreille, 1805	Corumbá
Signiphoridae*
Thysanus Walker, 1840*	Campo Grande
Tanaostigmatidae*
Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 1896 *	Corumbá
Torymidae
Podagrion Spinola, 1811 *	Corumbá
Torymus Dalman, 1820	Corumbá
CYNIPOIDEA
Figitidae
Dieucoila Ashmead, 1903 *	Corumbá
Ganaspis Föerster, 1869	Corumbá
Neralsia Cameron, 1883	Corumbá
Nordlandiella Díaz, 1982 *	Corumbá
Rhabdeucoela Kieffer, 1907 *	Corumbá
Tropideucoila Ashmead, 1903 *	Corumbá
Trybliographa Föerster, 1869	Corumbá
DIAPRIOIDEA
Diapriidae
Coptera Say, 1836 *	Corumbá
EVANIOIDEA*
Evaniidae*
Evaniella Bradley, 1905 *	Corumbá
Hyptia Illiger, 1807 *	Corumbá
Semaeomyia Bradley, 1905 *	Corumbá
Gasteruptiidae*
Gasteruption Latreille, 1796 *	Corumbá
ICHNEUMONOIDEA
Braconidae
Acrophasmus Enderlein, 1912 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Alabagrus Enderlein, 1920	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Aleiodes Wesmael, 1838	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Allobracon Gahan, 1915 *	Corumbá
Allorhogas Gahan, 1912 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Alphomelon Mason, 1981 *	Corumbá
Apanteles Föerster, 1862 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Porto Murtinho
Aphaereta Föerster, 1862 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Aridelus Marshall, 1887 *	Campo Grande, Serra da Bodoquena, Porto Mutinho
Ascogater Wesmael, 1835 *	Porto Mutinho
Bassus Fabricius, 1804 *	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Blacozona van Achterberg, 1976 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Blacus Nees, 1819 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Bracon Fabricius, 1804	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Porto Murtinho, Serra da Bodoquena
Bulborogas van Achtergberg, 1995*	Campo Grande
Capitonius Brullé, 1846 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Cardiochiles Nees, 1819 *	Campo Grande, Porto Mutinho
Centistidea Rohwer, 1914 *	Corumbá
Chelonus Panzer, 1906 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Porto Murtinho
Choreborhogas Whitfield, 1990 *	Corumbá
Coiba Marsh, 1993 *	Corumbá
Compsobraconoides Quicke, 1989 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Cotesia Cameron, 1891	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Cystomastax Szepligeti, 1904 *	Corumbá
Dentigaster Zettel, 1990 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Digonogastra Viereck, 1912 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Dinotrema Föerster, 1862 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Dolichozele Viereck, 1911 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Doryctobracon Enderlein, 1920	Corumbá
Doryctopambolus Nunes & Zaldívar-Riverón, 2012	Corumbá
Earinus Wesmael, 1837 *	Campo Grande, Porto Mutinho
Eubazus Nees, 1814 *	Corumbá
Exasticolus van Achterberg, 1979	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Glyptapanteles Ashmead, 1905 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Porto Murtinho, Serra da Bodoquena
Gnamptodon Haliday, 1833*	Campo Grande
Gnathopleura Wharton, 1980	Serra da Bodoquena
Heteropteron Brullé, 1846 *	Corumbá
Heterospathius Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 1999 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Heterospilus Haliday, 1836 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Hormius Nees, 1818 *	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Iconella Mason, 1981 *	Corumbá
Liopisa Enderlein, 1920 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Lissodoryctes Marsh, 2002 *	Corumbá
Megabracon Szépligeti, 1906 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Megaloproctus Schulz, 1906 *	Corumbá
Microctonus Wesmael, 1835*	Campo Grande
Microplitis Föerster, 1862 *	Campo Grande, Serra da Bodoquena
Nealiolus Mason, 1974 *	Corumbá, Porto Murtinho
Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, 1973 *	Campo Grande, Serra da Bodoquena
Oligoneurus Szépligeti, 1902 *	Corumbá
Opius Wesmael, 1835	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Porto Murtinho, Serra da Bodoquena
Orgilus Haliday, 1833	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Pambolus Haliday, 1836 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Papanteles Mason, 1981 *	Porto Murtinho
Peristenus Foerster, 1862*	Campo Grande
Phaenocarpa Föerster, 1862 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Phanerotoma Wesmael, 1838 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Pioscelus Muesebeck & Walkley, 1951*	Campo Grande
Platydoryctes Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 2000 *	Corumbá
Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson, 1913*	Campo Grande
Protapanteles Ashmead, 1898 *	Serra da Bodoquena, Porto Murtinho
Pseudapanteles Ashmead, 1898 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Pseudognamptodon Fischer, 1964 *	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Rhaconotus Ruthe, 1854 *	Corumbá
Rogas Nees, 1818 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Semirhytus Szépligeti, 1902 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Snellenius Westwood, 1882 *	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Stantonia Ashmead, 1904 *	Corumbá
Stiropius Cameron, 1911	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Streblocera Westwood, 1833 *	Serra da Bodoquena
Triaspis Haliday, 1835 *	Corumbá
Urosigalphus Ashmead, 1888 *	Campo Grande, Corumbá
Zelomorpha Ashmead, 1900 *	Corumbá, Serra da Bodoquena
Ichneumonidae
Anomalon Panzer, 1804 *	Corumbá
Brachycyrtus Hoffer, 1957*	Campo Grande
Casinaria Holmgren, 1859 *	Corumbá, Campo Grande
Colpotrochia Holmgren, 1855 *	Corumbá
Dusona Cameron, 1900 *	Corumbá
Eiphosoma Cresson, 1865	Corumbá, Campo Grande
Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 *	Corumbá, Rio Brilhante
Labena Cresson, 1864 *	Corumbá
Lycorina Holmgren, 1859*	Campo Grande
Microcharops Roman, 1910 *	Corumbá, Campo Grande
Neotheronia Krieger, 1898 *	Corumbá
Netelia Gray, 1860 *	Corumbá, Campo Grande
Ophion Fabricius, 1798*	Rio Brilhante
Ophionellus Westwood, 1874*	Campo Grande
Pimpla Fabricius, 1804 *	Corumbá
Podogaster Brullé, 1846 *	Corumbá
Pristomerus Curtis, 1863 *	Corumbá
Trieces Townes, 1946 *	Corumbá
Venturia Schrottky, 1902	Campo Grande

Main research groups. The main research groups in Hymenoptera parasitoids are concentrated in the Southeast region. A list of these groups, together with their researcher leaders follows: (1) Alexandre Pires Aguiar, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES; groups of interest: Stephanoidea and Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae); (2) Alice Fumi Kumagai, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG; group of interest: Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae); (3) Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP; group of interest: Ichneumonoidea; (4) Ayres de Oliveira Menezes Júnior, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR; group of interest: Chalcidoidea (Encyrtidae and Leucospidae); (5) Celso Oliveira Azevedo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES; group of interest: Bethylidae; (6) Jorge Anderson Guimarães, Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, DF; group of interest: Figitidae (Eucoilinae); (7) Marcelo Teixeira Tavares, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES; group of interest: Chalcididae; (8) Nelson Wanderley Perioto, APTA Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP; group of interest: Chalcidoidea (Eurytomidae, Eulophidae and Tanaostigmatidae); (9) Ranyse Barbosa Querino da Silva, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina, PI; group of interest: Chalcidoidea (Trichogrammatidae); (10) Roberto Antonio Zucchi, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. Piracicaba, SP; group of interest: Trichogrammatidae; (11) Valmir Antonio Costa, Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP; group of interest: Chalcidoidea (Eulophidae).

There are not yet research groups in taxonomy and systematic of parasitic Hymenoptera in Mato Grosso do Sul. Regarding the inventory of the Hymenoptera parasitoids in MS, only one M.Sc. dissertation was found, produced by Vander Carbonari under the Graduate Program in Entomology and Biology Conservation at UFGD (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados). Carbonari carried out collections during two years in the Serra da Bodoquena (MS) collecting 1,243 specimens of the Hymenoptera parasitoids; however, the deposited material in the MuBio-UFGD’s collection is identified only at the family level ( Carbonari, 2009). Under-graduate and Graduate students at the Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB) have been carrying out a survey of the entomofauna in the region of Campo Grande (MS), under the supervision of Dr. Antonia Railda Roel with the collaboration of the research group headed by Dr. Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias. Those students are being trained in the collection, preservation and identification of Hymenoptera, mainly the parasitoid ones.

Publications, locally produced, containing records of parasitoid Hymenoptera species were carried out by Dr. Manoel Araécio Uchôa-Fernandes research group at UFGD, in Dourados (MS), whose main group of interest are the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea) and their interaction with eventual parasitoids. More recently, the research groups leaded by Dr. Fabrício Fagundes Pereira from UFGD and by Dr. Harley Nonato de Oliveira from Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, both in Dourados (MS), are researching biological aspects of parasitoid species with a focus on their use as biological controllers.

Main holdings. As happens with the research groups, the main holdings in Brazil are mostly concentrated in the Southeast region of the country, such as: DCBU, São Carlos (SP); MZUSP, São Paulo (SP); UFES, Vitória (ES); FIOC, Rio de Janeiro (RJ); MNRJ, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). In the South region, the DZUP and DCMP are both in Curitiba (PR); and in the North region are INPA, Manaus, (AM) and MPEG, Belém (PA). In the Center-West region holdings of insect collections are found in the following institutions: Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, Brasília (DF); Depto. de Zoologia da UNB, Brasília (DF); EMBRAPA-CPAC, Planaltina (DF); UNEMAT campus Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina (MT); UCDB, Campo Grande (MS); UFMS, Campo Grande (MS); UFGD, Dourados (MS).

Main knowledge gaps. As identified by Fernández & Sharkey (2006), the Neotropical region lacks studies for Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Evanioidea, Platygastroidea and Chalcidoidea. This list could be added with the Proctotrupoidea and Diaprioidea, currently with no specialists in Brazil. In despite of the 105 species listed with occurrence in the state, it is possible to notice that according to the list of genera presented here, little is known about the fauna in the region for all groups studied. The large taxonomic knowledge gap is not a particularity of the state. Among the more urgent efforts in need for research of the group, taxonomic revisions of the Neotropical genera are recognized to be the main ones. This is the first step for any other research program concerned with biodiversity, e.g. conservation, evolution and biogeography.

Efforts like the Biota-MS Program are primary to fulfilling this gap through surveys over this region. Considering the regions and vegetal formations, the need for surveys seems more evident in areas of Pantanal, Chaco and on the state’s remaining forest fragments. Our results point that the best sampled is the Pantanal area that belongs to the Municipality of Corumbá (MS), containing even endemic groups. We believe that there is a need for the integration of local researchers with specialists from the different taxonomic groups in order to establish research lines in that knowledge area.

Research perspectives for the next ten years. By analyzing the publications, it can be observed that since the state’s creation a significant increase occurred on the number of works involving this fauna. This increase could be even more significant if the country’s main research groups on “Parasitica” and local researchers could reach integration. If the gaps being pointed out here could be filled up during the following years, it is possible that a large number of species could be known and described and the distribution of species already known could be extended throughout the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. With a better knowledge about the species and their distribution, it is possible that this group could become useful as a means for the evaluation of priority areas for environmental conservation, since they include a significant percentage of the biota and show quick response to environmental changes.

Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciências e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Fundect) e Superintendência de Ciências e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Sucitec/MS) for the invitation to participate in this special issue of Iheringia, Série Zoologia and financial support for publication. To Dr. Nelson Wanderley Perioto for his help on the identification of the Chalcidoidea. To the students at the Biological Science and Graduate Program in Entomology and Biology Preservation at Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, for the collection and availability of the material, in particular to Vander Carbonari and Rosália Azambuja. To Dr. Antonia Railda Roel for her encouragement to carry out research on parasitoids in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and the availability of entomological material. To the fostering institutions that provided the financial support for the realization of this work, namely: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Finally, to Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Hymenoptera Parasitoides da Região Sudeste Brasileira (HYMPAR/Sudeste - CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES) .

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2017

History

• Received
  22 Nov 2016
• Accepted
  06 Feb 2017