Ultrastructure of Endogenous Stages of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Yakimoff & Rastegaieff, 1930 Emend. Levine, 1961 in Experimentally Infected Goat

Ultrastructure of Endogenous Stages of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Yakimoff & Rastegaieff, 1930 Emend. Levine, 1961 in Experimentally Infected Goat

Vol. 92 (4): 533-538

Luiz S Vieira/⁺, José D Lima*, Múcio FB Ribeiro*, Ivete A Bozzi**,

Elizabeth RS Camargos**

Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos, EMBRAPA, Fazenda Três Lagoas, Caixa Postal D-10, 62011-970 Sobral, CE, Brasil ^* Departamento de Parasitologia ^** Departamento de Morfologia, ICB/UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

The ultrastructure of endogenous stages of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae was observed in epithelial cells of cecum and colon crypts from a goat experimentally infected with 2.0 x 10 ⁵ oocysts/kg. The secondary meronts developed above the nucleus of the host cell. The nucleus first divides and merozoites then form on the surface of multinucleated meronts. Free merozoites in the parasitophorous vacuole present a conoid, double membrane, one pair of rhoptries, micronemes, micropore, anterior and posterior polar ring, a nucleus with a nucleolus and peripheral chromatin. The microgamonts are located below the nucleus of the host cell and contain several nuclei at the periphery of the parasite. The microgametes consist of a body, a nucleus, three flagella and mitochondria. The macrogamonts develop below the nucleus of the host cell and have a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. The macrogametes contain a nucleus, wall-forming bodies of type I and type II. The young oocysts present a wall containing two layers and a sporont.

Key words: goat - Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae - ultrastructure - Coccidia - Eimeria

The ultrastructure of Eimeria species infecting domestic animals has been extensively studied (Scholtyseck 1973, Chobotar & Scholtyseck 1982), but the coccidia of goats have been less contemplated in studies of this nature.

Light microscopy studies of the endogenous cycle of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in goats have been partially described in naturally (Sayin 1964, Qadir 1980) and experimentally (Balozet 1932, Norton 1986) infected animals. The ultrastructure of this species is still unknown. In the present report it is described the ultrastructure of endogenous stages of E. ninakohlyakimovae in a goat experimentally infected at two days of age.

Oocysts of E. ninakohlyakimovae were obtained by the inoculation of coccidia-free kids with oocysts collected from naturally infected goats. The pure culture was selected, after serial inoculations in coccidia-free kids, using morphological and biological characteristics to separate the E. ninakohlyakimovae from other species. Oocysts collected were sporulated in 2.5% potassium dicromate solution and stored at 4 ^o C until use.

A two day old crossbred goat was inoculated orally with 2.0 x 10 ⁵ sporulated oocysts of E. ninakolyakimovae /kg and killed 15 days after infection. Cecum and colon fragments were collected and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, diluted in the same buffer. The material was then dehydrated in ethyl alcohol and embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections, stained with uranyl acetate (Watson 1958) and lead citrate solution (Reynolds 1963), were examined under a Zeiss EM 10 transmission electron microscope.

Development and ultrastructure of secondary meronts and merozoite formation - Secondary meronts were observed in the epithelial cells of cecum and colon crypts, where they were located above the nucleus of the host cell inside a parasitophorous vacuole. Trophozoites contained a nucleus with peripheral chromatin and electron-lucent vacuoles. Meront development started with nuclear division and merozoites develop from an elongation of a region close to each nucleus, forming the apical complex of the merozoite ( Fig. 1A ). During this stage, the anterior region of the merozoite is free and the posterior region is linked to the meront. Finally, the posterior end of the merozoite is released from the meront ( Fig. 1B ).

 

Electron-micrographs of second generation merogony and of merozoites of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in the large intestine epithelial cells of experimentally infected goat, 15 days after infection. A: division and migration of meront nuclei (arrow), scale bar = 2.1 mm; host cell nucleus (HN). B: formation and liberation (arrows) of merozoites, scale bar = 0.8 mm; residual body (RB). C: merozoite, scale bar = 0,4 mm; conoid (C), rhoptrie (R). D: merozoite, scale bar = 0.3 mm; micronemes (MI), micropore (MP), elecron-dense bodies (CED).

Merozoite ultrastructure - Merozoites, bounded by a double membrane, were detected free inside parasitophorous vacuoles. They contain a nucleus with a nucleolus and peripheral chromatin. The apical complex consists of the conoid, a pair of rhoptries and several micronemes ( Figs 1C, 1D ). The ducts of the rhoptries run towards the anterior end and extend as far as the conoid and the posterior region, which is wider and club-shaped, extends in a caudal direction as far as approximately half the length of the merozoite ( Figs 1C, 1D ). The anterior polar ring was not easily observed, but the posterior ring was clearly visible. The micropore is located above the nucleus in the anterior region ( Fig. 1D ). Two to four spherical electron-dense bodies are usually located in the anterior region ( Fig. 1D ).

Microgamont ultrastructure and microgamete formation - The microgamonts inside the parasitophorous vacuoles developed below the nucleus of epithelial cells of the cecum and colon crypts ( Fig. 2A ). They were round or slightly oval in shape and were bounded by a membrane. Immature microgamonts contained 2 to 19 nuclei distributed through the cytoplasm or localized at the periphery of the parasite, with a nucleolus and peripheral chromatin ( Fig. 2B ). The microgametes develop in two phases: nuclear division occurs first and then the microgametes differentiate. After nuclear division, the nuclei migrate toward the periphery of the parasite and chromatin concentrates in one half of the nucleus ( Fig. 2C ). The nucleus presents two regions, an electron-dense one that develops toward the parasite membrane and a less dense one that remains attached to the microgamont ( Fig. 2D ). After maturation, the posterior portion of the microgamete is released from the micro-gamont.

 

Electron-micrographs of microgamonts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in the large intestine epithelial cells of experimentally infected goat, 15 days after infection. A: microgametogenesis localization; microgamont (M) with microgametes (MG) situated below the host cell nucleus (HN), scale bar = 1.6 mm. B: microgamont in process of nuclear division, scale bar = 2.1 mm; host cell mitochondria (arrow). C: microgamont (M), scale bar = 1.6 mm; chromatin (arrow). D: nuclei migration (arrows) of microgamont to formation of microgametes; scale bar = 0.6 mm.

Microgamete ultrastructure - The microgametes were detected free inside parasitophorous vacuoles. They are elongated or slightly curved in shape, and cross-sections are rounded. They consist of a body associated with an elongated mitochondrion and an electron-dense nucleus bounded by two membranes. They have two flagella originating from the anterior end which are longer than the microgamete ( Fig. 3A ). In cross-sections of the flagella, nine pairs of microtubules localized at the periphery were observed, as well as a central pair ( Fig. 3B ).

 

Electron-micrographs of microgamete, macrogamete and oocyst formation of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in the large intestine epithelial cells of experimentally infected goat, 15 days after infection. A: microgamete, scale bar = 0.6 mm; flagellum (F), parasite nucleus (PN). B: transversal section of flagellum (F), scale bar = 0.4 mm. C: macrogamete, scale bar = 2.5 mm; parasite nucleus (PN), wall-forming body type I (1), wall-forming body type II (2), host cell nucleus (HN). D: formation of the oocyst wall, scale bar = 0.4 mm; coalescence of WFB II (arrow).

Development and ultrastructure of macrogametes and oocysts - Macrogamonts were detected below the nucleus of epithelial cells of cecum and colon crypts. They are ovoidal in shape and are located inside a parasitophorous vacuole bounded by only one membrane. They have a large nucleus, with a prominent nucleolus. The wall-forming bodies of type II (WFB II) are the first to be formed; they contain a scarcely electron-dense structure with a spongy aspect and are usually close to organelles resembling rough endoplasmic reticulum. Wall-forming bodies of the type I (WFB I) were observed only in more advanced stages. They are electron-dense, spherical and smaller than WFB II. In macrogametes, WFB I are arranged in a row at the periphery of the parasite and WFB II are concentrated in the central part ( Fig. 3C ). Young oocysts ( Fig. 3D ) are bounded by a double wall, formed by coalescence of WFB I (outer) and WFB II (inner).

The ultrastructural development of secondary meronts and the formation of merozoites of E. ninakolyakimovae are similar to those of E. bovis (Sheffield & Hammond 1967, Dubremetz & Elsner 1979), E. ovinoidalis (Kelley & Hammond 1973) and E. praecox (Lee & Millard 1971a).

The electron-lucent vacuoles detected in the trophozoites of E . ninakolyakimovae are comparable to those of E. acervulina , described by Michael (1975) as alimentary vacuoles.

The ultrastructure of E. ninakolyakimovae merozoites is similar to that of other Eimeria species (Sheffield & Hammond 1966, Kelley & Hammond 1973, Fernando 1974).

The dense bodies observed in the anterior region of E. ninakohlyakimovae merozoites are comparable to those of E. acervulina, described by Michael (1975) as protein granules.

The microgametogenesis of E. nina-kolyakimovae , characterized by nucleus multiplication and by microgamete differentiation, is similar to the general pattern reported for other Eimeria species (Scholtyseck et al. 1972, Ball et al. 1988). The microgametes of E. ninakolyakimovae have the same structure as the microgametes of other Eimeria species (Scholtyseck et al. 1972, Ball & Pittilo 1988, Ball et al. 1988).

The ultrastructural aspects of macrogamete development and oocyst wall formation of E. ninakolyakimovae generally present the same sequence as described for other Eimeria species infecting mammals (Scholtyseck et al. 1971) and birds (Scholtyseck et al. 1971, Michael 1975, Wheat et al. 1976, Elwasila 1984, Pittilo & Ball 1984).

The WFB I and WFB II observed in the macrogametes of E . ninakolyakimovae are shared by most Eimeria species (Scholtyseck et al. 1971). The WFB II of E. ninakolyakimovae are formed before the WFB I, as also occurs for other Eimeria species (Lee & Millard 1971a,b, Scholtyseck et al. 1971), except E. truncata (Gajadhar & Stockdale 1986), in which WFB I are formed before WFB II. The size of WFB I and WFB II varies among the different Eimeria species. The WFB I of E. ninakolyakimovae are smaller than the WFB II, as is the case for E. bovis and E. auburnensis (Scholtyseck et al. 1966, 1971), but differ from those of E. perforans, E. tenella and E. maxima (Scholtyseck et al. 1971, Elwasila 1984).

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  Eimeria bakuensis

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⁺ Corresponding author. Fax: [phone]

Received 9 October 1996

Accepted 14 March 1997

• Ball SJ, Pittilo RM 1988. Ultrastructural observations of microgametogenesis in Eimeria bakuensis (Syn. E. ovina ) of sheep. Parasitol Res 74 : 431-435. Ball SJ, Hutchison wm, pittilo rm 1988. Ultrastructure of microgametogenesis of Eimeria stiedai in rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ). Acta Vet Hung 36 : 229-232. Balozet L 1932. Les coccidies du mouton et de la chévre. Cycle évolutif de Eimeria nina-kohl-yakimovi Yakimoff et Rastegaieva 1930. Arch Inst Past Tunis 21 : 88-118.
• Chobotar B, Scholtyseck OE 1982. Ultrastructure , p. 101-165. In PL Long. The Biology of the Coccidia . University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
• Dubremetz JF, Elsner YY 1979. Ultrastructural study of schizogony of Eimeria bovis in cell cultures. J Protozool 26 : 367-376.
• Elwasila M 1984. Fine structure of process of oocyst wall formation of Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa: Eimeriina). Acta Vet Hung 32 : 159-163.
• Fernando AM 1974. Fine structure of the schizonts and merozoites of Eimeria acervulina in the chicken . J Parasitol 60 : 149-159. Gajadhar AA, Stockdale PHG 1986. Ultrastructural studies of microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose. J Protozool 33 : 345-351.
• Kelley GL, Hammond DM 1973. Fine structural aspects of nuclear division and merogony of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in cultured cells . J Parasitol 59 : 1071-1079.
• Lee DL, Millard BJ 1971a. Fine structure of the schizonts of Eimeria praecox. Int J Parasitol 1 : 37-41. Lee DL, Millard BJ 1971b. The structure and development of the macrogamete and oocyst of Eimeria acervulina . Parasitol 62 : 31-34.
• Michael E 1975. Fine structure and development of schizonts, merozoites and macrogamonts of Eimeria acervulina in the goblet cells of the duodenal epithelium of experimentally infected birds. Parasitol 70 : 223-229.
• Norton CC 1986. Coccidia of the domestic goat Capra hircus , with notes on Eimeria ovinoidalis and E. bakuensus (Syn, E. ovina ) from the sheep Ovis aries. Parasitol 92 : 279-289. Pittilo RM, Ball SJ 1984. Electron microscopic of Eimeria acervulina macrogametogony and oocyst wall formation. Parasitol 89 : 1-7.
• Qadir ANMA 1980. A case report on the fatal Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff and Rastegaieff, 1930) infection in a naturally infected goat, Capra hircus . Bangladesh Vet 14 : 31-33.
• Reynolds ES 1963. The use lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17 : 208.
• Sayin F 1964. Eimeria nina-kohl-yakimovi Yakimoff and Rastegaieff, 1930 in an angora goat. Ankara Univer Fak Derg 11 : 136-141.
• Scholtyseck EO 1973. Ultrastructure , p. 81-144. In DM Hammond, PL Long (eds). The coccidia . University Park Press, Baltimore. Scholtyseck E, Hammond DM, Ernst JV 1966. Fine structure of the macrogamete of Eimeria perforans, E. stiedai, E. bovis, and E. auburnensis. J Parasitol 52 : 975-987.
• Scholtyseck E, Mehlhorn H, Hammond DM 1971. Fine structure of macrogametes and oocysts of coccidia and related organisms. Z Parasitenk 37 : 1-43.
• Scholtyseck EO, Mehlhorn H, Hammond DM 1972. Electron microscope studies of microgametogenesis in coccidia and related groups. Z Parasitenk 38 : 95-131.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Oct 1998
• Date of issue
  July 1997

History

• Accepted
  14 Mar 1997
• Received
  09 Oct 1996