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Parvovirus B19 1A complete genome from a fatal case in Brazil

Abstract

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infects individuals worldwide and is associated with an ample range of pathologies and clinical manifestations. B19V is classified into three distinct genotypes, all identified in Brazil. Here, we report a complete sequence of a B19V genotype 1A that was obtained by high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. This genome provides information that will contribute to the studies on B19V epidemiology and evolution.

parvovirus B19; genotype 1 genome; fatal case


Primate erythroparvovirus 1, previously referred to as Parvovirus B19 (B19V), is a single-stranded linear DNA nonenveloped virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Erythroparvovirus (Adams et al. 2014Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Carstens EB 2014. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol 159: 2831-2841.). B19V infects individuals worldwide and is the etiological agent associated with erythema infectiosum, aplastic crisis, hydrops faetalis and arthritis; in rare cases it has been associated to co-infections in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients, acute leukaemias in children and generalised oedema in adults (Kerr et al. 2003Kerr JR, Barah F, Cunniffe VS, Smith J, Vallely PJ, Will AM, Wynn RF, Stevens RF, Taylor GM, Cleator GM, Eden OB 2003. Association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 56: 873-875., Pereira et al. 2014Pereira RFA, Garcia RCNC, de Azevedo KML, Setúbal S, de Siqueira MAMT, de Oliveira SA 2014. Clinical features and laboratory findings of human parvovirus B19 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109: 168-173., Vlaara et al. 2014Vlaara PJ, Mithoeb G, Janssen WM 2014. Generalized edema associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Int J Infect Dis 29: 40-41.).

The genome of B19V is about 5.6 kb with two major open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), that can be folded into hairpins and are involved in virus replication (Cotmore & Tattersall 2005Cotmore SF, Tattersall P 2005. A rolling-hairpin strategy: basic mechanisms of DNA replication in the parvoviruses. In J Kerr, SF Cotmore, ME Bloom, RM Linden, CR Parrish (eds.), Parvoviruses, Hodder Arnold, London, p. 171-181.). One ORF encodes a nonstructural protein (NS1) and the other one, two capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2). VP1 and VP2 share the same amino acid (aa) sequence, but VP1 has an unique region (VP1u) at the amino terminus represented by an additional 227 aas. Besides these major ORFs, there are three minor ORFs that encode NSs: 7.5 kDa, X and 11 kDa. All transcripts are expressed from a single promoter, the p6 promoter (Ozawa et al. 1987Ozawa K, Ayub J, Hao YS, Kurtzman G, Shimada T, Young N 1987. Novel transcription map for the B19 (human) pathogenic parvovirus. J Virol 61: 2395-2406., Zhi et al. 2006)Zhi N, Mills IP, Lu J, Wong S, Filippone C, Brown KE 2006. Molecular and functional analyses of a human parvovirus B19 infectious clone demonstrates essential roles for NS1, VP1, and the 11-kilodalton protein in virus replication and infectivity. J Virol 80: 5941-5950..

B19V was classified into three distinct genotypes (1, 2 and 3) based on NS1-VP1u region. Genotype 1 was segregated into subtypes 1a and 1b and genotype 3 into subtypes 3a and 3b (Servant et al. 2002Servant A, Laperche S, Lallemand F, Marinho V, de Saint Maur G, Meritet JF, Garbarg-Chenon A 2002. Genetic diversity within human erythroviruses: identification of three genotypes. J Virol 76: 9124-9134., Toan et al. 2006Toan NL, Duechting A, Kremsner PG, Song LH, Ebinger M, Aberle S, Binh VQ, Duy DN, Torresi J, Kandolf R, Bock CT 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of human parvovirus B19, indicating two subgroups of genotype 1 in Vietnamese patients. J Gen Virol 87: 2941-2949., Parsyan et al. 2007Parsyan A, Szmaragd C, Allain JP, Candotti D 2007. Identification and genetic diversity of two human parvovirus B19 genotype 3 subtypes. J Gen Virol 88: 428-431.). All three genotypes have been identified in Brazil (Sanabani et al. 2006Sanabani S, Neto WK, Pereira J, Sabino EC 2006. Sequence variability of human erythroviruses present in bone marrow of Brazilian patients with various parvovirus B19-related hematological symptoms. J Clin Microbiol 44: 604-606.) but, so far, there are only nearly full-length genome sequences of B19V, most of them are from patients in São Paulo, with different types of leukaemia (da Costa et al. 2013da Costa AC, Bendit I, de Oliveira AC, Kallas EG, Sabino EC, Sanabani SS 2013. Investigation of human parvovirus B19 occurrence and genetic variability in different leukaemia entities. Clin Microbiol Infect 19: e31-e43.).

In this study we revealed the first full genome of a B19V genotype 1A from a fatal case of a 12-year-old boy from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with suspected dengue infection. This genome was recovered from a serum sample by metagenomic approach using high-throughput sequencing performed in Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Taxonomic profiling programs found hits with similarity to B19V. de novo assembly was performed with SPAdes 3.5.0. Specific PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of B19V in the sample. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using NS1-VP1-VP2 regions and showed that the B19V/RJ2929 strain belongs to genotype 1A (data not shown).

The B19V/RJ2929 genome is 5,594 bp in length with overall 43.92% GC content (Figure). Contrasting, the ITRs (inferred from published sequence FN598217) have higher GC content (57.85%), resulting in a stable hairpins formation used as a self-primer to start genome replication. All binding sites for transcriptional factors of the p6 promoter are conserved. The comparison of B19V/RJ2929 with B19V 1A sequences available in GenBank revealed some aa substitutions in the major and minor proteins: in NS1, F444C and M452I, two conservative substitutions, in VP1-VP2, two nonconservative substitutions P740R and T741P and in 11 kDa there was one conservative substitution D65N.

This complete genome has been deposited in GenBank under accession KT268312.


Genomic map of Parvovirus B19 (B19V). The inner circle represents 5’-3’ sequence sense followed by percentual GC content and GC skew. B19V/RJ2929 genome is the purple circle. Major and minor open reading frames and inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) are labelled. Figure was performed using Blast Ring Image Generator (sourceforge.net/projects/brig). NS: nonstructural protein.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To the Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation high-throughput sequencing platform.

REFERENCES

  • Adams MJ, Lefkowitz EJ, King AM, Carstens EB 2014. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol 159: 2831-2841.
  • Cotmore SF, Tattersall P 2005. A rolling-hairpin strategy: basic mechanisms of DNA replication in the parvoviruses. In J Kerr, SF Cotmore, ME Bloom, RM Linden, CR Parrish (eds.), Parvoviruses, Hodder Arnold, London, p. 171-181.
  • da Costa AC, Bendit I, de Oliveira AC, Kallas EG, Sabino EC, Sanabani SS 2013. Investigation of human parvovirus B19 occurrence and genetic variability in different leukaemia entities. Clin Microbiol Infect 19: e31-e43.
  • Kerr JR, Barah F, Cunniffe VS, Smith J, Vallely PJ, Will AM, Wynn RF, Stevens RF, Taylor GM, Cleator GM, Eden OB 2003. Association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 56: 873-875.
  • Ozawa K, Ayub J, Hao YS, Kurtzman G, Shimada T, Young N 1987. Novel transcription map for the B19 (human) pathogenic parvovirus. J Virol 61: 2395-2406.
  • Parsyan A, Szmaragd C, Allain JP, Candotti D 2007. Identification and genetic diversity of two human parvovirus B19 genotype 3 subtypes. J Gen Virol 88: 428-431.
  • Pereira RFA, Garcia RCNC, de Azevedo KML, Setúbal S, de Siqueira MAMT, de Oliveira SA 2014. Clinical features and laboratory findings of human parvovirus B19 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109: 168-173.
  • Sanabani S, Neto WK, Pereira J, Sabino EC 2006. Sequence variability of human erythroviruses present in bone marrow of Brazilian patients with various parvovirus B19-related hematological symptoms. J Clin Microbiol 44: 604-606.
  • Servant A, Laperche S, Lallemand F, Marinho V, de Saint Maur G, Meritet JF, Garbarg-Chenon A 2002. Genetic diversity within human erythroviruses: identification of three genotypes. J Virol 76: 9124-9134.
  • Toan NL, Duechting A, Kremsner PG, Song LH, Ebinger M, Aberle S, Binh VQ, Duy DN, Torresi J, Kandolf R, Bock CT 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of human parvovirus B19, indicating two subgroups of genotype 1 in Vietnamese patients. J Gen Virol 87: 2941-2949.
  • Vlaara PJ, Mithoeb G, Janssen WM 2014. Generalized edema associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Int J Infect Dis 29: 40-41.
  • Zhi N, Mills IP, Lu J, Wong S, Filippone C, Brown KE 2006. Molecular and functional analyses of a human parvovirus B19 infectious clone demonstrates essential roles for NS1, VP1, and the 11-kilodalton protein in virus replication and infectivity. J Virol 80: 5941-5950.
  • Financial support: CNPq, FAPERJ (E-25/010.001558/2014)

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Sept 2015

History

  • Received
    13 July 2015
  • Accepted
    26 Aug 2015
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