Use and records of child health handbook focused on growth and development

Uso y llenado de la libreta de salud infantil con el foco en el crecimiento y el desarrollo

Abstracts

Objective

To evaluate the use and records of the Child Health Handbook (CHH), especially growth and development.

Method

Cross-sectional study with 358 mother-child pairs registered in 12 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) of a small municipality. Mothers were interviewed at the PHC from February to April 2013 using a questionnaire. Data analysis was done using WHO Anthro software, Epi InfoTM and Stata.

Results

Fifty-three percent of the mothers were carrying the CHH at the time of the interview, similar to the proportion of mothers who were instructed to bring the CHH to health appointments. Annotations in the CHH during the visits were reported by 49%. The vaccination schedule was completed in 97% of the CHH, but only 9% and 8% of the CHH, respectively, contained growth charts and properly completed developmental milestones.

Conclusion

Low rates of use and unsatisfactory record-keeping in the CHH reinforce the need for investment in professional training and community awareness for the CHH to become an effective instrument of promotion of child health.

Child health; Growth and development; Health Promotion; Primary Health Care

Objetivo

Evaluar el uso y llenado de la Libreta de Salud Infantil (LSI), especialmente el crecimiento y el desarrollo.

Método

Estudio transversal con 358 pares de madres e hijos matriculados en 12 Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de una ciudad pequeña. Las madres fueron entrevistadas en el UBS desde febrero a abril 2013 mediante un cuestionario. Se utilizó Epi-info y software SPSS.

Resultados

53% de las madres estaban llevando LSI durante la entrevista, proporción similar a las madres que recibieron instrucciones para llevar el LSI a la atención de la salud. Anotaciones en LSI durante las visitas se registraron en un 49%. Calendario de vacunas fue completa en el 97% de LSI, pero sólo el 9% y el 8% de LSI tenido, respectivamente, las curvas de crecimiento y desarrollos debidamente cumplimentados.

Conclusión

El uso y el relleno satisfactorio de LSI refuerzan la necesidad de inversión en la formación profesional y el acercamiento a la comunidad para la LSI se convierte efectivamente en un instrumento de promoción de la salud infantil.


Salud del niño; Crecimiento y desarrollo; Promoción de la Salud; Atención Primaria de Salud

Objetivo

Avaliar uso e preenchimento da Caderneta de Saúde da Criança (CSC), especialmente crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Método

Estudo transversal com 358 pares mãe-criança atendidos em 12 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de município de pequeno porte. As mães foram entrevistadas nas UBS, de fevereiro a abril de 2013, com o uso de questionário. Utilizou-se softwares Epi-info e Stata.

Resultados

No momento da entrevista, 53% das mães portavam a CSC, proporção similar à de mães que referiram orientação para levar a CSC aos atendimentos de saúde. Anotações na CSC durante os atendimentos foram referidos por 49%. Esquema vacinal estava completo em 97% das CSC, mas apenas 9% e 8% das CSC tinham, respectivamente, gráficos de crescimento e desenvolvimento adequadamente preenchidos.

Conclusão

O uso e o preenchimento insatisfatório da CSC reforçam a necessidade de investimentos na capacitação dos profissionais e na sensibilização da comunidade para que a CSC se torne efetivamente um instrumento de promoção da saúde infantil.

Saúde da criança; Crescimento e desenvolvimento; Promoção da Saúde; Atenção Primária à Saúde

Introduction

The Child Health Handbook (CHH) is provided for all children born in Brazilian territory and its purpose is to gather records of the most important events related to child health. The records must start at birth, with the registering of information regarding childbirth, the baby’s condition at the time of discharge, first vaccinations and exams or tests performed; and its continuity must be maintained, preferably by the professionals in the primary health centers (PHCs), where analysis of the CHH must be the first care provided for newborns(¹).

Nevertheless, studies concerning the use of the CHH are still scarce and all publications note important flaws mainly involving the quality of its records(²-⁶). A review of literature published in Brazil between 2005 and 2011 concerning the factors that hinder adequate use of the CHH by health professionals shows as main factors lack of appreciation and knowledge regarding the CHH by mothers/family members and lack of training for the professionals concerning its correct use(⁷).

It is thought that appreciation and sense of ownership of the CHH by mothers/family members are strongly linked to adequate use of the CHH by health professionals, which includes the records of the following evaluations: weight, height, nutritional and developmental status, and vaccinations and complications, as well as guidance during all appointments for the mother/family/caregiver in regard to feeding, hygiene, stimulation and vaccinations(⁸).

With these considerations in mind, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of and records in the CHH, especially regarding growth and development, in PHCs , with the aim of promoting use of this important instrument for monitoring health, growth and development, as well as improving the child’s health care.

Method

This observational, cross sectional study is part of a larger project titled Effects of nutritional counseling based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) program on feeding practices, nutritional status and child development, approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Process no. 193.468). It was conducted in a small municipality in the state of São Paulo, with a population around 45,000 people, which has 12 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) where there are 13 physicians, 12 nurses, 26 nursing assistants and 32 community health agents.

The size of the sample was calculated using the Epi InfoTM software, taking into account an estimate that 50% of children show inadequate feeding practices(⁹-¹²); a population of 3,904 children under the age of three, registered in the PHCs; a confidence level of 95%; and a margin of error of 5%. The calculation showed the need for 350 mother-child pairs. The sampling selection was representative and proportional to the number of children registered in each PHC. From a total of 399 mothers approached in the PHCs, 35 did not agree to participate in the research and six did not meet the criteria for inclusion: three had twins, two had neurological disease and one had a child that was not her biological child. Therefore, there were 358 mother-child pairs in the study.

Data were gathered from February to April 2013, by 11 nurses and one undergraduate nursing student, properly trained. The mothers were interviewed in the PHCs with a pre-tested questionnaire. The use of the CHH was evaluated with the following questions: Did the mother have the CHH at the time of the interview? Does the mother take the CHH to the child’s appointments? Was she instructed to take the CHH to health appointments? Does the mother observe health professionals making annotations in the CHH? To evaluate the records, direct inspection of the CHH was carried out concerning the child’s identification, information about childbirth, recordings of anthropometric measurements, weight and height curves, records of the chart for development and vaccination. We considered incomplete any CHH that was missing one of the items related to each topic, respecting age and the calendar of the child’s follow-ups(¹³).

For this article, the mothers were classified according to age, education level, parity and work outside of the household. The children were classified according to age, sex, weight and length at birth, attendance at day care, main caregiver and nutritional and child development status. In order to evaluate nutritional status, weight and length/height of the children were analyzed according to techniques standardized by the Brazilian Ministry of Health(¹⁴). For children under the age of two, a digital pediatric scale (manufactured by Welmy) and a wooden anthropometer were used. For children from two to three years of age, an anthropometric platform scale (manufactured by Welmy) was used. The nutritional status was evaluated by the Body Mass Index (BMI) according to age expressed in a z-score and classified as: low weight (accentuated thinness <-3; thinness ≥-3 and <-2), normal weight (≥-2 and <+1) and excessive weight (at risk of overweight >+1 and <+2; overweight >+2 and <+3; obesity >+3)(¹⁵). For the analysis of nutritional status the WHO Anthro software, version 3.1.0, was used. Child development was evaluated with the Development Monitoring Form, adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health(¹⁶), with the categories Normal development (presence of all the signs of development in accordance with the analyzed age group) and Development alert (absence of one or more signs of development)(¹³).

Data were inserted in a bank created using Epi InfoTM 6.04 software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America), with double digitalization for consistency check. For statistical analysis, the chi-squared test and the Fisher’s exact test were used with Stata software.

Results

Table 1 presents the maternal and children’s characteristics. Most mothers were over the age of 19 (87.5%), had more than 8 years of education (64.9%) and did not work outside the household (61.3%). As for the children, there was a predominance of children under the age of 1 (59%), males (54.7%), and with a birth weight over 2,500 grams (88.3%). Most did not attend daycare centers (87.1%) and had their mothers as main caregivers (88.3%). Underweight was present in 7.2% of the children, and excessive weight was present in almost a third.

Table 1
Distribuição das características maternas e infantis - Município do Estado de São Paulo, 2013

Variablesa	N	%
Maternal characteristics
Age (years)
≤ 19	43	12.5
> 19	302	87.5
Education level (years in school)
≤ 8	124	35.1
> 8	229	64.9
Parity
Primiparous	153	42.7
Multiparous	205	57.3
Works outside of the household
Yes	137	38.7
No	217	61.3
Children's characteristics
Age (months)
< 6	129	36.2
6├ 12	81	22.8
12├ 18	51	14.3
18├ 24	40	11.2
24├ 30	26	7.3
≥ 30	29	8.2
Gender
Male	196	54.7
Female	162	45.3
Birth weight (grams)
< 2,500	42	11.7
≥ 2,500	315	88.3
Birth length (centimeters)
< 47	69	21.4
≥ 47	253	78.6
Attends day care center (full time or part time)
Yes	46	12.9
No	311	87.1
Main caregiver (except for children who attend full-time day care centers)
Mother	279	88.3
Others	37	11.7
Nutritional status
Underweight	25	7.2
Normal weight	213	61.2
Excess weight	110	31.6
Child Development
Normal	165	49.4
Alert	169	50.6

• ^a
  There were no data for the total sample

As for development, half of the children presented absence of one or more signs of development, 56.8% (n=96) of them had absence of two or more signs of development (data not presented in Table 1).

It is concluded from Table 2 that only about half of the mothers had the CHH at the time of the interview. A proportion similar to that had been instructed to take the CHH to the child’s appointment. The same proportion observed the professionals making annotations in the CHH. Concerning the records, the child’s identification and the information about birth were absent or incomplete in more than half of the CHHs analyzed. Only a third (33.8%) of the CHHs presented a complete record of anthropometric measurements, and the weight and height charts were adequately recorded in less than 10% of the CHHs, with the same for the development chart. However, the vaccination scheme was complete in 96.6% of the CHHs (Table 2).

Table 2
Information regarding the use of and records on the CHH - Municipality of the State of São Paulo, 2013

Variables	N	%
Use of the CHH
The mother had the CHH at the time of the interview	185	53.2
The mother reported having been instructed to take the CHH to health appointments	183	52.0
The mother reported taking the CHH to health appointments	271	76.6
The mother observed the health professional making annotations in the CHH	173	49.0
Complete records of the CHH items
Child identification	85	48.0
Information about birth	84	47.5
Anthropometric measurements record sheet	53	33.8
Height chart	14	8.9
Weight chart	14	8.9
Development chart	13	8.3
Vaccination scheme	169	96.6

• ^a
  There was no information for the whole sample

Regardless of whether or not they had a CHH at the time of the interview, all of the mothers were questioned about the use of this instrument by the health professionals. Having the CHH at the time of the interview was statistically associated with having been informed of the importance of taking the CHH to the child’s health appointments, having being informed of the child’s growth, having observed the professional making annotations in the CHH, and the child being one year of age or less (Table 3).

Table 3
Characteristics of use of the CHH, nutritional status, development and age group of the children according to mothers who had the CHH at the time of the interview - Municipality of the State of São Paulo, 2013

Characteristicsa	Mother with CHHa				pb
	Yes		No
	n	%	n	%
Mother instructed to take the CHH to the appointments
Yes	112	61.9	67	41.9	0.000
No	69	38.1	93	58.1
Mother observed that the professional made annotations
Yes	125	68.7	85	52.8	0.012
No	57	31.3	76	47.2
Mother was informed of the weight gain and height of the child
Yes	161	88.0	126	78.8	0.029
No	22	12.0	34	21.2
Nutritional status
Underweight	12	6.5	13	8.4	0.788
Normal weight	112	60.9	93	60.4
Excess weight	60	32.6	48	31.2
Adequate development
Normal	84	51.2	87	54.0	0.611
Alert	80	48.8	74	46.0
Age Group
≤1 year of age	122	66.0	75	50.7	0.005
>1 year of age	63	34.0	73	49.3

• ^a
  There is no information for the whole sample
• ^b
  Chi-squared test

No association was observed between the items being completed in the CHH and the nutritional status, development and age group of the children (Table 4).

Table 4
Preenchimento dos itens da CSC segundo estado nutricional, desenvolvimento e faixa etária das crianças - Município do Estado de São Paulo, 2013

CHH item annotationa	Nutritional statusa			Developmenta			Age Group
	Adeqb	Inadeqc	pd	Normal	Alert	pd	≤1 year	>1 year	pd
	n	n		n	n		n	n
	(%)	(%)		(%)	(%)		(%)	(%)
Registration sheet
Complete	29	24	0.300	27	22	0.160	36	17	0.384
	(30.5)	(39.3)		(40.3)	(28.6)		(36.7)	(28.8)
Incomplete	66	37		40	55		62	42
	(69.5)	(60.7)		(59.7)	(71.4)		(63.3)	(71.1)
Weight Chart
Complete	8	6	0.576	6	7	1.000	11	3	0.255
	(8.0)	(10.5)		(9.1)	(8.7)		(11.1)	(5.0)
Incomplete	92	51		60	73		88	56
	(92.0)	(89.5)		(90.9)	(91.3)		(88.8)	(94.9)
Height chart
Complete	9	5	1.000	6	7	1.000	10	4	0.576
	(8.9)	(8.9)		(9.0)	(8.7)		(10.0)	(6.9)
Incomplete	92	51 (91.1)		61	73		90	54
	(91.1)			(91.0)	(91.3)		(90.0)	(93.1)
Development chart
Complete	7	6	0.550	5	6	1.000	9	4	0.768
	(53.9)	(10.5)		(7.7)	(7.5)		(9.1)	(6.7)
Incomplete	92	51		60	74		89	55
	(64.3)	(89.5)		(92.3)	(92.5)		(90.8)	(93.2)

• ^a
  There was no information for the whole sample
• ^b
  Adeq = adequate
• ^c
  Inadeq = inadequate (low weight and overweight)
• ^d
  Fisher’s exact test

Discussion

The Child Health Handbook (CHH) was created by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2005 to replace the Child Card (Cartão da Criança), initially promoted in the 1970s to monitor the child’s growth. With the establishment of the Comprehensive Child Healthcare Program (Programa de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Criança) in 1984, the CHH became crucial for the care directed at children, considering that growth and development became the referential axis for all child health care activities(¹⁷).

Despite of this history, only half of the mothers receiving attention at the PHC had the CHH at the time of the interview (53.2%). This is a low percentage in comparison to other inquiries performed in PHCs, where 81%(¹⁸) and 77%(¹⁹) of the interviewed mothers had the CHH. These percentages are more similar to the percentage of mothers who reported being in the habit of taking the CHH to health appointments (76.6%), but did not do so on the day of the interview.

The percentage of mothers without the CHH in the health appointments at the PHCs (46.8%) is noticeable; however, it is notable that there is an association between the age group below or equal to one year and the possession of the CHH by the mothers at the time of the interview. Children under the age of one are in a more vulnerable stage, when the monitoring must be more frequent. The Brazilian Ministry of Health proposes a minimum of seven medical consultations in the child’s first year of life(¹³). Moreover, the current vaccination schedule imposes monthly returns for children under one year old, and at least in this kind of service the mother must have the CHH at hand. Regardless of reason, each contact between child and health service should be seen as an opportunity for a comprehensive and resolutive evaluation of health, and the CHH could be even more beneficial as an instrument for this service.

Lack of appreciation and knowledge by the mothers regarding the use of the CHH have been reported as some of the main challenges to effective use of this instrument in health actions(⁷). This may be related to historical and cultural aspects, because health actions were always handed over to the professionals; active interference by the mothers was not allowed or stimulated in the process(⁵). However, health professionals also do not appreciate this important instrument for monitoring health, nutrition and child development(¹).

The weight and height charts presented a low percentage of recordings (8.9%), confirming the results of similar studies(²-⁴,¹⁹-²⁰).

The low percentage of recorded weight and height charts is extremely worrying when taking into account the nutritional status of the children analyzed in this study, since the anthropometric extremes (underweight in 7.2% and excess weight in 31.6% of the children) are over the national averages. Data from the National Demography and Child and Female Health Research (Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher) showed that weight deficits in relation to height, which are signs of acute cases of malnutrition, do not go beyond 2% of the children in any region or social level of the population. Meanwhile, excess weight affects 7.4% of Brazilian children(¹²). Certainly, if the CHH were being used adequately, it would fulfill its role in the monitoring and promotion of children’s health.

A recent study showed that the themes of growth and development are analyzed in 90% of nursing consultations(²¹); however, lack of preparation by health professionals to handle the new concepts incorporated in the handbook, such as the reference curves in z-scores and the BMI-for-age chart, could justify, in part, the low percentage of growth chart records found in this study(⁷).

However, a review of the literature that analyzed the practice of integrality in publications that addressed child health in basic care made it clear that inadequate use of the CHH is a constant, which led the authors to reinforce the need to invest in the organization of the services and in the development of the professionals, since the CHH is an essential instrument to guarantee integrality in childcare(²²).

The low percentage of children with recorded development charts is also noticeable, especially because half of the children analyzed presented absence of one or more signs of development, which marks an alert situation(¹³).

We emphasize that the fact that the health professional is the one who records the development chart is fundamental in guiding the mothers/families in relation to the importance of observing and stimulating the child for the acquisition of new skills. This simple care action acquires a vital role in the promotion of adequate development and prevention of possible delays(²³).

Similar to other studies that analyzed CHH records(²-³), data referring to vaccination were complete in almost all of the analyzed CHHs (96.6%). This result is certainly due to the excellence of the Brazilian National Program of Immunization (Programa Nacional de Imunização), which has mobilized the entire population for more than 40 years around nationwide vaccination campaigns(²⁴). Moreover, the National Program of Immunization has a continued development of structures for human resources, surveillance and supervision of activities in vaccination rooms that standardize the procedures and bring stability to the actions directed at vaccination.

The lack of records or incomplete records of the other items in CHHs make the families think that CHHs have little importance in the child’s monitoring; thus, they are not taken to the PHC, they are not properly kept, and they lose their character as health documents. Adequate use of CHHs consists of correct recording of monitoring information on the child’s health and of instructing families regarding annotation and contents, enabling appreciation and appropriation of the CHH by families(³). If families understood the function of this instrument, they would appreciate it more and demand its adequate recording. In addition, the lack of conscientiousness by health professionals regarding the importance of the CHH suggests that it is just one more form to fill out(³).

Nutritional status and development were analyzed in this study with the objective of verifying the following hypotheses: 1) Children with adequate nutritional and development status would have a higher proportion of growth and/or development charts recorded, making it evident that the CHH fulfills its role in the monitoring and promotion of the child’s health; 2) Children with inadequate nutritional and development status would have a higher proportion of growth and/or development charts recorded, showing the priority in these children’s monitoring by the health professionals; and 3) Children of one year or less would have a higher proportion of the growth and/or development charts recorded, showing the priority in the monitoring of these children by the health professionals. None of these hypotheses could be confirmed because, in addition to the small number of recorded charts, the growth and development conditions and the age group of the children were not statistically associated to adequate recording of the CHH.

Although studies of the CHH are scarce, all are unanimous in saying that it is necessary to promote raised awareness and educate professionals, strengthening the use of the CHH in an integral approach to the child’s health(⁷).

Conclusion

Considering that the evaluations were conducted in PHCs, it is a big concern the low percentage of mothers who had the CHH at the time of the interview and the elevated proportion of children with altered nutritional and development status .

Moreover, the poor quality of the records in the CHH reaffirms the importance of health professionals’ qualification in relation to the correct use of the handbook. The need for investment in organization of services is also emphasized, as well as the importance of raising the awareness of the entire community so that the CHH truly contributes to the promotion of growth, development and improvement of children’s health.

• Financial

  Financed by the São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Process no. 2011/509309)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2014

History

• Received
  19 Mar 2014
• Accepted
  05 July 2014