Anxiety, stress and depression in family members of patients with heart failure^*

Ansiedad, estrés y depresión de familiares de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

Identifying the level of anxiety, stress and depression symptoms in family members of patients with heart failure; identifying the relationship between these feelings with sociodemographic and clinical variables.

METHOD

A cross-sectional study carried out with 100 family members. Depression, anxiety, and stress were evaluated by the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and the Perceived Stress Scale - 10. The relationship between feelings and variables was performed through the t-test, Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis.

RESULTS

Mean depression was 8.24, anxiety was 77.95, and stress was 17.43. The correlation coefficient between depression and anxiety and depression and stress was 0.53, and it was 0.66 between anxiety and stress. Females (p=0.002, p=0.031), smoking (p=0.05, p=0.011) and sedentary lifestyle (p=0.023, p=0.001) were related to anxiety and stress, respectively. Family income lower than five minimum wages (p=0.012) was related to depression, and regular/poor self-perceived health status related to the three feelings.

CONCLUSION

Family members did not present high levels of these feelings. The scales were directly correlated with each one another and some variables were related to stress, anxiety and depression.

Descriptors
Heart Failure; Family; Anxiety; Stress, Phychological; Depression; Cardiovascular Nursing

Resumen

OBJETIVO

Identificar el nivel de ansiedad, estrés y síntomas de depresión de familiares de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca; identificar la relación entre dichos sentimientos con las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas.

MÉTODO

Estudio transversal compuesto de 100 familiares. La depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés fueron evaluados por los Inventarios de Depresión y Ansiedad de Beck y la Escala de Estrés Percibido ‒ 10. La relación de los sentimientos con las variables fue realizada por la prueba t, Mann-Whitney o Kruskal-Wallis.

RESULTADOS

El promedio de depresión fue de 8,24, ansiedad, 7,95 y estrés, 17,43. El coeficiente de correlación entre depresión y ansiedad y depresión y estrés fue de 0,53 y de 0,66 entre ansiedad y estrés. Sexo femenino (p=0,002; p=0,031), tabaquismo (p=0,05; p=0,011) y sedentarismo (p=0,023; p=0,001) se relacionaron con ansiedad y estrés respectivamente. Renta familiar menor que cinco salarios mínimos (p=0,012) se relacionó con depresión, y autoevaluación de salud regular/mal se relacionó con los tres sentimientos.

CONCLUSIÓN

Los familiares no presentaron niveles elevados de esos sentimientos. Las escalas estuvieron directamente correlacionadas entre sí y algunas variables se relacionaron con estrés, ansiedad y depresión.

Descriptores
Insuficiencia Cardíaca; Familia; Ansiedad; Estrés Psicológico; Depresión; Enfermería Cardiovascular

Resumo

OBJETIVO

Identificar o nível de ansiedade, estresse e sintomas de depressão de familiares de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca; identificar a relação entre esses sentimentos com as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas.

MÉTODO

Estudo transversal composto por 100 familiares. A depressão, a ansiedade e o estresse foram avaliados pelos Inventários de Depressão e Ansiedade de Beck e pela Escala de Estresse Percebido ‒ 10. A relação dos sentimentos com as variáveis foi realizada pelo teste t, Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis.

RESULTADOS

A média de depressão foi de 8,24, ansiedade, 7,95 e estresse, 17,43. O coeficiente de correlação entre depressão e ansiedade e depressão e estresse foi de 0,53 e de 0,66 entre ansiedade e estresse. Sexo feminino (p=0,002; p=0,031), tabagismo (p=0,05; p=0,011) e sedentarismo (p=0,023; p=0,001) se relacionaram com a ansiedade e estresse respectivamente. Renda familiar menor que cinco salários mínimos (p=0,012) se relacionou com a depressão, e autoavaliação de saúde regular/ruim se relacionou com os três sentimentos.

CONCLUSÃO

Os familiares não apresentaram níveis elevados desses sentimentos. As escalas foram diretamente correlacionadas entre si e algumas variáveis se relacionaram com estresse, ansiedade e depressão.

Descritores
Insuficiência Cardíaca; Família; Ansiedade; Estresse Psicológico; Depressão; Enfermagem Cardiovascular

Introduction

Heart failure (HF) is the final pathway for various heart diseases representing a major public health problem. According to data from DataSUS, circulatory system diseases were the third leading cause of hospital admission in 2015¹.

HF is a chronic disease responsible for the greatest number of hospitalizations within the group of circulatory system diseases¹. An individual affected by a chronic disease such as HF experiences changes in their daily life which are caused by the disease itself², such as changes related to the use of medicines (start taking, changing or increasing number of medications), frequent consultations and recurrent hospitalizations.

Such changes to a patient’s lifestyle directly influence their family members' living habits, who represent necessary support to the patient for better coping with the disease. It is known that caregivers directly and indirectly contribute to monitoring, maintenance and management of patient self-care³. Therefore, understanding psychosocial factors (depression, anxiety and stress) that may be present in family members and understanding the context in which the patient and family are inserted becomes important.

It is known that family members may experience negative experiences/situations arising from care which encompass physical and psychological aspects. A study showed that family member caregivers present musculoskeletal and sleep disorders, fatigue, increased levels of stress, anxiety and social isolation due to the care (provided)². Worse quality of life⁴, depression⁵ and increased burden⁶ are other negative aspects found in family members.

Negative experiences associated with time spent providing care may lead the caregiver to neglect their own health. A meta-analysis of 168 studies found that different impacts are experienced by spouses, children and stepchildren caregivers. Spouses report greater financial and physical burden, more symptoms of depression and lower psychological well-being compared to children and stepchildren⁷. A review of the literature concluded that among the main factors generating burden in family member caregivers of adults and older adults were physical and psychological exhaustion, lack of support from other family members, patient’s degree of dependency, and the role of caregiver⁸.

The interest in focusing studies on families has been increasing, especially at an international level. In Brazil, this interest mainly involves family members of patients with mental disorders. To the best of our knowledge, there are no national Brazilian studies specifically evaluating depression, anxiety or stress in family members of patients with heart failure receiving outpatient care, who in their majority are in functional classification (FC) I and II, differing from those hospitalized who are FC III and IV. We emphasize that in order to carry out an intervention in any given population, it is necessary to understand it first, since the aspects involved in the act of caring vary according to the social and cultural context of these individuals.

Thus, the present study aimed at analyzing the anxiety, stress and depression symptom levels in accompanying family members of outpatients with HF; with specific objectives aimed at identifying the relationship between these feelings and each other, and the relationship of sociodemographic and clinical variables with the level of such feelings.

Method

This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study carried out at the Cardiomyopathy Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital São Paulo (HSP).

The sample consisted of family members of HF patients attended at the Cardiomyopathy Outpatient Clinic. Sample calculation was based on the standard deviation of anxiety, depression and stress of a pilot sample of five patients from this same outpatient clinic, using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. A 5% level of significance, power of 95% and standard deviation of 4.73 (standard deviation of depression, considering that this was the highest standard deviation found in comparison to stress and anxiety) were adopted, and the sample to collect from was at least 87 family members. Considering the possibility of losses, the sample size was increased by 10%, equaling a minimum of 96 subjects.

The following inclusion criteria were considered: accompanying family members of HF patients of functional class I and II, older than 18 years, and being literate and with at least four years of education. Criteria for exclusion were: family members with chronic diseases such as HF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or terminal stage diseases, family members with prior medical diagnosis of psychic diseases and making use of anxiolytics and/or benzodiazepines.

Data collection covered the period from April 2014 to February 2015. During this period, all family members accompanying patients who suffered HF and who were present on the day of the medical appointment at the outpatient clinic that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Data collection was performed in the waiting room of the outpatient clinic on the day of the medical follow-up and prior to the consultation so as not to influence the anxiety, stress and depression assessment. A validated instrument for patients with Coronary Insufficiency and modified by the researchers of this study was used for collecting demographic and general clinical data⁹. The instruments for evaluating depression, anxiety and stress were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), respectively. All instruments were self-administered, except for the sociodemographic information instrument which was conducted through an interview. After application, the questionnaires were checked to ensure all questions of the instruments had been filled in, and in the absence of any response the family member was asked to answer the question.

Variables included in the sociodemographic and clinical data instrument were gender, age, degree of relation with the patient, race, education level, marital status, family income, professional occupation, smoking habits, alcoholism, physical activity, leisure activity, body mass index (BMI), personal history (comorbidities) and self-perceived health status. The choice for these variables was determined by their association with stress, anxiety and/or depression in previous studies^6,10-15.

Self-perceived health status was determined by the question: How is your overall health? The World Health Organization uses the following categories: 1: very good; 2: good; 3: regular; 4: poor 5: very poor¹⁶.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-administered instrument composed of 21 items, each containing four alternatives that express levels of severity of depression symptoms, ranging from 0 to 63. The score for each category ranges from zero to three, with zero representing the absence of depression symptoms and three the presence of intense symptoms, and the individuals choose only one of the alternatives. The symptoms are evaluated in relation to their last week. The Portuguese scale presents internal consistency of 0.81 among the sample of students, and 0.88 among the sample of depressed patients¹⁷. The following categorization was used to assess the symptoms of depression: scores ranging from 0 to 14 - no symptoms of depression; scores ranging from 15 to 19 - symptoms of dysphoria; scores of 20 or more - symptoms of depression¹⁸.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is an assessment tool for characterizing symptoms of anxiety. It was developed to meet the needs of an instrument which can reliably discriminate anxiety from depression¹⁹. The scale consists of 21 items that reflect somatic, cognitive and affective manifestations characteristic of anxiety, and refers to the symptoms that affected the individual in the last week, ranging from 0 to 63. For each question, the individual should choose one of four anxiety levels on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. The level of anxiety is classified into normal anxiety when the total score varies between 0 and 9 points, as mild to moderate anxiety when the total score obtained is between 10 and 18 points, as moderate to severe anxiety when it ranges from 19 to 29 points, and as severe anxiety from 30 to 63 points²⁰. Evaluation of psychometric properties was carried out on samples of psychiatric, medical-clinical and non-clinical patients. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.71 to 0.92 in the non-clinical sample and from 0.75 to 0.92 in the medical-clinical sample²¹.

Stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale - 10 (PSS-10). The Perceived Stress Scale is composed of 10 questions and was validated in Brazil in 2010²². PSS-10 is composed of 10 questions which correlate events and situations that occurred in the last 30 days with a score of 0 (never) to 4 (very frequent), where the individual only chooses one of the alternatives. The total score varies from 0 to 40, and the higher the score, the greater the perception of stress²³. The Portuguese version of the PSS-10 was tested in adult and older adult samples, demonstrating satisfactory reliability and validity data. The scale obtained coefficient of internal consistency of 0.86²² and 0.83²³ respectively.

The present study was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo, under number 521.916/2014. This project was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of Good Clinical Practices and Resolution 466 of 2012 of the National Health Council/Ministry of Health. Prior to inclusion, the subjects were duly informed about the study objectives, signed the Clear and Informed Consent Form, were guaranteed confidentiality and the possibility of withdrawal of consent at any time, if desired.

Absolute and relative frequencies were used for qualitative variables and mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), median, interquartile range (IR), maximum and minimum for quantitative variables in order to describe sample characterization. The Spearman Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the three scales (Depression, Stress and Anxiety). The following values of r were considered to classify the strength of the correlation: 0.00-0.19 (very weak), 0.20-0.39 (weak), 0.40-0.59 (moderate), 0, 60-0.79 (strong) and 0.80-1.0 (very strong)²⁴.

The relationship between the scales and the qualitative variables with only two categories was tested using the two-tailed t-test or the Mann-Whitney test. The relationship between the scales and the qualitative variables with three or more categories was verified by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, and in cases where a significant relation was found, multiple comparisons of the two to two categories were performed by Tukey's non-parametric test. The relationship between the quantitative variables and the scales was tested using the Spearman Correlation Coefficient. The level of significance used was 0.05 and statistical analyses were carried out using R 3.1.2 free software.

Results

The study sample consisted of 100 family members of patients with heart failure, having a mean age of 45.43±13.53 years. Most family members were females (81%), white (63%) and married (61%). Regarding their degree of relation with the patient, 40% were spouses, 36% were children and 24% were other relatives, such as siblings or daughter-in-laws/son-in-laws. They presented a mean of 9.99±3.91 years education level, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 19 years, 62% were economically active at the moment of data collection and 50% survived on less than three minimum wages as family income.

Regarding the clinical data, 66% of the interviewees had no comorbidities, 88% did not smoke and 82% even refused to alcoholic beverages socially. Concerning BMI, 2% were underweight, 34% were in the normal range, 39% were overweight, and 25% were obese. Only 32% reported practicing physical activity and 47% practiced leisure activities. When asked how they would rate their overall health, 67% rated it as very good/good, and 33% as regular/poor.

Depression score presented a mean of 8.24±7.14, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 32 points (85% did not present depression symptoms, 8% had dysphoria symptoms and 7% had depression symptoms). Anxiety score presented a mean of 7.95±7.61, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 36 points (68% presented normal anxiety level, 23% mild to moderate anxiety, 8% moderate to severe anxiety and 1% severe anxiety). The Stress Scale presented a mean of 17.43±7.15, with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 35 points (65% had lower levels of stress and 35% had higher levels of stress). A moderate correlation was observed between depression and anxiety, between depression and stress, and a strong correlation between anxiety and stress (Table 1).

Table 1
Assessment of depression, anxiety, stress and correlation between scales - São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014/2015.

Scale	Scale	Mean/SD	Minimum	Maximum	Correlation	p-value
Depression	-	8.24/7.14	0	32	-	-
Anxiety	-	7.95/7.61	0	36	-	-
Stress	-	17.43/7.15	2	35	-	-
Depression	Anxiety				0.53	< 0.001
Depression	Stress				0.53	< 0.001
Anxiety	Stress				0.66	< 0.001

• ^SD
  standard deviation.
• ^Note
  (n=100)

Depression had a significant relationship with self-perceived health and family income, while anxiety and stress had a significant relationship with gender, smoking habit, physical activity and self-perceived health Tables (2 and 3).

Table 2
Relation between depression, anxiety and stress and sociodemographic and clinical variables - São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014/2015.

Table 3
Multiple comparisons (non-parametric Tukey test) for variables with more than three categories that had significant relationship between the scales - São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2014/2015.

Scale	Variable	Category 1 vs Category 2	p-value
Depression	Family income	more than 5 MW vs 3 to 5 MW	0.019
		less than 3 MW vs 3 to 5 MW	0.996
		less than 3 MW vs more than 5 MW	0.007
Depression	Self-perceived health	very good vs good	0.693
		regular vs good	0.115
		poor vs good	0.067
		regular vs very good	0.095
		poor vs very good	0.019
		poor vs regular	1
Anxiety	Self-perceived health	very good vs good	0.202
		regular vs good	0.235
		poor vs good	0.968
		regular vs very good	0.006
		poor vs very good	0.061
		poor vs regular	0.598
Stress	Self-perceived health	very good vs good	0.382
		regular vs good	0.12
		poor vs good	0.015
		regular vs very good	0.023
		poor vs very good	0.983
		poor vs regular	0

• ^Legend
  MW - Minimum wage
• ^Note
  (n=100)

It was observed that females, smokers and sedentary individuals had more anxiety and stress, while individuals with a family income lower than five minimum wages presented higher levels of depression. Regarding self-perceived health, those who perceived it as poor are more depressed than those who reported it as very good, and less stressed than those who perceived it as good or regular. Those who referred to health as regular are more anxious and stressed than those who reported it as very good.

Discussion

Family members evaluated in the present study for the most part showed an absence of depression symptoms and normal anxiety. This same result was not found in another study in which 56.9% of family members presented depression symptoms and 46.6% presented anxiety²⁵; these are high levels when compared to the current study. However, these symptoms were only evaluated in spouses considered by the patients as their main caregivers. Greater affection closeness and the over-responsibility for being primary caregivers may justify the levels of depression and anxiety. The mean stress level found in the present study was 17.43, a result close to that found in caregivers of dependent older adults (18.5±9.9) who reported a relationship between stress levels and poor or very poor self-perceived health, difficulty sleeping, and high levels of burden related to care, among others²⁶.

Low depression, anxiety and stress scores found in the majority of family members evaluated in the present study can be justified by the fact that the patients were not hospitalized and because they had FC I and II HF, so they were not dependent on their family member for carrying out their (daily life) activities. A study showed that family members of HF patients with FC III/IV reported higher levels of anxiety, more time spent performing care activities, more difficulty with these activities and worse quality of life when compared to caregivers of patients who presented less symptoms of the disease (FC I/II) ⁽¹⁰.

Another result found was the correlation between anxiety, stress and depression. This relationship has been studied by different areas, and can be explained by the alteration that occurs in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) due to stress, which would imply in depression²⁷ and anxiety²⁸⁾ physiopathologies. In addition to the HPA axis, this relationship can also be determined by other factors such as the occurrence of stressful events in early life and by genetic factors²⁷.

An association between depression and lower family income was found in the present study. Although studies evaluating this relationship in family members of HF patients were not found, the association of anxiety and depression symptoms with low family income was found in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease¹¹. Depression was related to self-perceived health, a relationship also found with anxiety and stress. Family members who reported their health as regular or poor showed more depression symptoms and higher levels of anxiety and stress. A systematic review of 11 Brazilian articles identified a variation in the negative prevalence of self-perceived health between 12.6% and 51.9%, and found that family income, difficulties or inability to perform activities of daily living, presence of depression and anxious symptoms, and others were among the dependent variables associated with negative self-perceived health¹².

In this study, we found that women presented higher levels of anxiety and stress. The presence of stress and psychiatric disorders in women has been reported in the literature, and may be related to female hormones, their reproductive cycle phase²⁹ and domestic activities¹³. Another factor that should be considered in the analysis is the accumulation of tasks performed by women, which can increase stress levels.

As determined in the literature, anxiety and stress were related to the smoking. A study has shown that quitting smoking is associated with reduced depression, anxiety and stress when compared to smokers¹⁴. The causal relationship between anxiety, stress and smoking is still not well defined, but it is known that substances present in cigarettes such as nicotine can promote changes in the body that range from the neurotransmitter system to mitochondrial dysfunction. These changes would predispose a person to develop and/or increase anxiety³⁰. Regarding physical activity, a study with European youth identified that the frequency of exercise performance is associated with levels of depression, anxiety and well-being; knowing that the higher the frequency of physical activity, the lower the depression symptoms and the anxiety levels, in addition to improving general well-being¹⁵.

We emphasize that the family member sample did not present high levels of stress, anxiety or depression; the relational results of the evaluated variables cannot be exacerbated to include family members with very high degrees of these feelings, which would require further studies on the subject.

Considering that family members contribute to patients' self-care³ and that anxiety, depression and stress of these family members influence the care of these individuals, it is suggested that nurses include an evaluation of these feelings in planning their interventions. Despite high levels of anxiety, stress and depression not having been found, we believe that this evaluation may contribute to distinguishing family members who require interventions to reduce those feelings in order to improve their quality of life, and to identify patients who need further support beyond that provided by family members.

This study presented limitations that refer to aspects of the collection environment and the research subjects. Data collection was performed in the waiting room of the outpatient clinic while the patient and their family members waited to be seen by the doctor. Using a common area for all patients may have influenced the subject’s concentration, since other patients were also in the waiting room. Moreover, conducting the study in a single center may have compromised generalizing the results. With regard to the subjects, it was not well established whether they were only companions or if they were also the patients’ caregiver; thus, the results may have been influenced by the fact that family members are only companions and not necessarily caregivers. Also, the cognitive status and understanding level of the family members were not evaluated, which may have influenced their filling out questionnaires.

Conclusion

The study concluded that the family members of patients with HF attended at the outpatient clinic did not present high levels of stress, anxiety or depression. The scales were directly correlated with each other and those for stress and anxiety were the most correlated. Self-perceived health, physical activity, smoking and gender were the factors that were related to stress and anxiety, and family income and health self-assessment were the factors related to depression symptoms. Although the present study makes it possible to identify the profile of family members of patients with FC I and II HF, thereby facilitating possible interventions aimed at this population, pertinent new studies are necessary in order to evaluate anxiety, stress and depression levels prospectively, and to identify if the levels of these feelings in this population change over time. Conducting new studies to evaluate these feelings in family members of heart failure patients with functional classes III and IV is also necessary.

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• *
  Extracted from the dissertation “Ansiedade, estresse e depressão de familiares de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca”, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2015.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2017

History

• Received
  28 Apr 2016
• Accepted
  30 Oct 2016