Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Práticas integrativas e complementares para controle de náuseas e vômitos em gestantes: revisão sistemática* ASSOCIATE EDITOR Maria Luiza Gonzalez Riesco

RESUMO

Objetivo:

sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre os efeitos das práticas integrativas e complementares no tratamento de náusea e vômito em gestantes.

Método:

revisão sistemática, relatada conforme o PRISMA e registrada no PROSPERO. A busca pelos estudos foi realizada em 11 bases/bancos de dados. Para avaliação do risco de viés dos ensaios clínicos randomizados, utilizou-se a ferramenta Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2).

Resultados:

a amostra final foi composta por 31 artigos, divididos em três categorias: aromaterapia, fitoterapia e acupuntura. Observou-se que a aromaterapia com óleo essencial de limão, cápsulas de gengibre, acupressão no ponto pericárdio 6 foram as intervenções que se provaram eficazes. Menos da metade dos estudos relatou efeitos adversos, sendo que predominaram sintomas de leve intensidade e transitórios. A maioria dos artigos foi classificada como “alguma preocupação” na avaliação do risco de viés.

Conclusão

as três intervenções mais eficazes para controle de náusea e vômito gestacional foram aromaterapia, fitoterapia e acupuntura, com resultados significativos na avaliação dos estudos individuais.

DESCRITORES
Gravidez; Náusea; Vômito; Terapias Complementares; Revisão Sistemática

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to synthesize the evidence available in the literature on the effects of integrative and complementary practices in nausea and vomiting treatment in pregnant women.

Method:

a systematic review, reported according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO. The search for studies was carried out in 11 databases. To assess risk of bias in randomized clinical trials, the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2) was used.

Results:

the final sample consisted of 31 articles, divided into three categories: aromatherapy, phytotherapy and acupuncture. It was observed that aromatherapy with lemon essential oil, ginger capsules, pericardial 6 point acupressure were the interventions that proved to be effective. Less than half of studies reported adverse effects, with mild and transient symptoms predominating. Most articles were classified as “some concern” in risk of bias assessment.

Conclusion:

the three most effective interventions to control gestational nausea and vomiting were aromatherapy, herbal medicine and acupuncture, with significant results in the assessment of individual studies.

DESCRIPTORS
Pregnancy; Nausea; Vomiting; Complementary Therapies; Systematic Review

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

sintetizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre los efectos de las prácticas integradoras y complementarias en el tratamiento de náuseas y vómitos en gestantes.

Método:

revisión sistemática, reportada según PRISMA y registrada en PROSPERO. La búsqueda de estudios se realizó en 11 bases/bases de datos. Para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo en los ensayos clínicos aleatorios, se utilizó la herramienta Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2).

Resultados:

la muestra final estuvo compuesta por 31 artículos, divididos en tres categorías: aromaterapia, fitoterapia y acupuntura. Se observó que la aromaterapia con aceite esencial de limón, las cápsulas de jengibre, la acupresión en el punto 6 del pericardio fueron las intervenciones que demostraron ser efectivas. Menos de la mitad de los estudios reportaron efectos adversos, predominando los síntomas leves y transitorios. La mayoría de los artículos se clasificaron como “cierta preocupación” en la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo.

Conclusión:

las tres intervenciones más efectivas para controlar las náuseas y los vómitos gestacionales fueron la aromaterapia, la fitoterapia y la acupuntura, con resultados significativos en la evaluación de los estudios individuales.

DESCRIPTORES
Embarazo; Náusea; Vómitos; Terapias Complementarias; Revisión Sistemática

INTRODUÇÃO

O processo gravídico é acompanhado por diversas alterações fisiológicas que possibilitam o desenvolvimento fetal e, consequentemente, acarretam sinais e sintomas para a mulher(11. Kjeldgaard HK, Vikanes Å, Benth JŠ, Junge C, Garthus-Niegel S, Eberhard-Gran M. The association between the degree of nausea in pregnancy and subsequent posttraumatic stress. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(4):493-501. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0909-z. PubMed PMID: 30225528.
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). Dentre as alterações, destacam-se náuseas e vômitos, que possuem patogênese multifatorial e normalmente ocorrem entre a sexta e a décima segunda semana de gestação(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
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), e atingem cerca de 50% a 80% das gestantes(11. Kjeldgaard HK, Vikanes Å, Benth JŠ, Junge C, Garthus-Niegel S, Eberhard-Gran M. The association between the degree of nausea in pregnancy and subsequent posttraumatic stress. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(4):493-501. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0909-z. PubMed PMID: 30225528.
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).

Essas alterações estão frequentemente associadas a efeitos negativos para a mãe, afetando a qualidade de vida e as relações conjugais, maternas e sociais, que podem ser decisivas para depressão pós-parto, independente do estado emocional materno pré-gravídico(33. Bray N, Grasby KL, Lind PA, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Medland SE. The psychosocial impact of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy as a predictor of postpartum depression. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(7):1061-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105319859048. PubMed PMID: 31244342.
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). Podem ocorrer, ainda, sentimentos de inadequação, ansiedade e estresse, maior probabilidade de apresentar dor intensa na cintura pélvica, hipertensão, pré-eclâmpsia e proteinúria(44. Chortatos A, Haugen M, Iversen PO, Vikanes Å, Eberhard-Gran M, Bjelland EK, et al. Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes among women experiencing nausea only or nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15(1):138. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0580-6. PubMed PMID: 26100060.
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).

Atualmente, o tratamento convencional é, prevalentemente, baseado nas alterações alimentares e medicamentos antinauseantes, antieméticos e anti-histamínicos(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
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). O tratamento considerado padrão-ouro é o uso da piridoxina (vitamina B6) isolada ou associada à doxilamina(55. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(1):e15-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456. PubMed PMID: 29266076.
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). No entanto, pode haver relutância da gestante em utilizar esses medicamentos, já que foram relacionados a alguns efeitos colaterais(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.). Soma-se isso ao fato que a maioria das gestantes afirma possuir medo dos possíveis efeitos teratogênicos pelo uso repetitivo de fármacos no período gestacional(77. Schürger N, Klein E, Hapfelmeier A, Kiechle M, Paepke D. Demand for integrative medicine among women in pregnancy and childbed: a German survey on patients’ needs. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2249-y. PubMed PMID: 29907100.
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).

Abordagem que poderia contribuir para redução do consumo de medicamentos nessa população e, consequentemente, dos efeitos colaterais, refere-se às Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (PICS), que possuem potencial redutor de despesas médicas, economia de custos, medicamentos e serviços de saúde(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,77. Schürger N, Klein E, Hapfelmeier A, Kiechle M, Paepke D. Demand for integrative medicine among women in pregnancy and childbed: a German survey on patients’ needs. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2249-y. PubMed PMID: 29907100.
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). Essas são definidas como “Práticas de saúde baseadas no modelo de atenção humanizada e centrada na integralidade do indivíduo, que buscam estimular os mecanismos naturais de prevenção de agravos, promoção e recuperação da saúde por meio de tecnologias eficazes e seguras”(88. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria-Executiva. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Glossário temático: práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2018. [cited 2021 Nov 9]. Available from: http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab/publicacoes/glossario_pics.pdf
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/portaldab...
). Enfocam no modelo assistencial biopsicossocial, que engloba fatores, por vezes, negligenciados na prática biomédica, proporcionando atendimento holístico e integral(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,77. Schürger N, Klein E, Hapfelmeier A, Kiechle M, Paepke D. Demand for integrative medicine among women in pregnancy and childbed: a German survey on patients’ needs. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2249-y. PubMed PMID: 29907100.
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).

Em 2006, com o objetivo de garantir a integralidade na atenção à saúde, aprovou-se a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC) no Sistema Único de Saúde. Atualmente, a PNPIC oferta 29 PICS, de maneira gratuita, em 54% dos municípios brasileiros, principalmente na área de Atenção Primária à Saúde (78%), o que tornou o Brasil referência na área de PICS nesse nível de atenção(99. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Gabinete do Ministro. Portaria nº 702, de 21 de março de 2018. Altera a Portaria de Consolidação nº 2/GM/MS, de 28 de setembro de 2017, para incluir novas práticas na Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares – PNPIC [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União; Brasília; 2018. [cited 2021 Nov 9]. Available from: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2018/prt0702_22_03_2018.html
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegi...
).

O uso das PICS tem se tornado cada vez mais popular na sociedade ocidental(1010. Fjær EL, Landet ER, McNamara CL, Eikemo TA. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Europe. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):108. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02903-w. PubMed PMID: 32252735.
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). No que concerne ao universo da obstetrícia, observa-se o mesmo cenário, conforme aponta pesquisa que buscou mapear a prevalência desse uso, identificando que 45%(77. Schürger N, Klein E, Hapfelmeier A, Kiechle M, Paepke D. Demand for integrative medicine among women in pregnancy and childbed: a German survey on patients’ needs. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2249-y. PubMed PMID: 29907100.
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) das gestantes utilizaram algum tipo de PICS.

Ao considerar, então, que um alto número de gestantes é acometido por náuseas e vômitos e as PICS apresentam potencial para controlar náuseas e vômitos nesse público, o objetivo central deste estudo foi sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre os efeitos das PICS no tratamento de náuseas e vômitos em gestantes.

MÉTODO

Revisão sistemática de literatura, reportada segundo o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)(1111. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):n71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. PubMed PMID: 33782057.
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), registrada no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020221570.

Desenvolvimento da Pergunta de Pesquisa

A estratégia PICO (P (population) – gestantes; I (intervention) – PICS; C (comparison) – placebo, tratamento de rotina e intervenção farmacológica; O (outcomes) – controle de náusea e vômito e efeitos adversos provenientes do tratamento)(1212. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 [Internet]. Cochrane; 2021. [cited 2021 Nov 9]. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.2
https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/a...
) norteou a pergunta de pesquisa: em gestantes, as PICS têm efeito no controle de náuseas e vômitos em comparação ao placebo, ao tratamento de rotina ou à intervenção farmacológica?

Critérios de Elegibilidade

Incluíram-se Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECR) com gestantes saudáveis, em qualquer idade gestacional (IG), que apresentassem náusea e vômito. Excluíram-se parturientes e puérperas. Trabalhos que envolveram sintomas caracterizados como hiperêmese gravídica não foram incluídos, já que essa representa a forma patológica de náuseas e vômitos gravídicos(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

Analisaram-se estudos que buscaram o controle de náuseas e vômitos em gestantes, por meio das PICS, e se provaram previamente eficazes para grávidas, advindos de revisões sistemáticas atuais, mesmo que para outros fins de estudo, a saber: a aromaterapia com limão impactou significativamente no controle de náuseas e vômitos na gestação(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
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); a hipnoterapia provou ser eficaz para melhorar as perspectivas e experiências emocionais das gestantes em relação ao parto(1414. Catsaros S, Wendland J. Hypnosis-based interventions during pregnancy and childbirth and their impact on women’s childbirth experience: a systematic review. Midwifery. 2020;84:102666. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102666. PubMed PMID: 32087396.
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); a homeopatia e a fitoterapia foram testadas quanto à segurança do uso durante a gestação(1515. Boltman-Binkowski H. A systematic review: are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe? Curationis. 2016;39(1):1514. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1514. PubMed PMID: 27246791.
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); a acupuntura demonstrou eficácia para controle de insônia na gravidez(1616. Bacaro V, Benz F, Pappaccogli A, De Bartolo P, Johann AF, Palagini L, et al. Interventions for sleep problems during pregnancy: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;50:101234. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101234. PubMed PMID: 31801099.
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); a acupuntura auricular (AA) foi efetiva para dor lombar relacionada à gestação em comparação ao placebo(1717. Koukoulithras I Sr, Stamouli A, Kolokotsios S, Plexousakis M Sr, Mavrogiannopoulou C. The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions upon pregnancy-related low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e13011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13011. PubMed PMID: 33728108.
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); a musicoterapia foi capaz de reduzir, de forma significativa, a ansiedade gestacional(1818. Corbijn van Willenswaard K, Lynn F, McNeill J, McQueen K, Dennis CL, Lobel M, et al. Music interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):271. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1432-x. PubMed PMID: 28750631.
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); e a yoga foi eficiente para redução dos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos de gestantes(1919. Sheffield KM, Woods-Giscombé CL. Efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of perinatal yoga on women’s mental health and well-being: a systematic literature review. J Holist Nurs. 2016;34(1):64-79. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010115577976. PubMed PMID: 25896571.
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). Salienta-se que a intervenção foi considerada se utilizada sozinha ou como adjuvante de outros métodos.

Como controle, consideraram-se qualquer método de placebo (específico para cada PICS), vitamina B6 isolada ou associada à doxilamina, considerada padrão-ouro no controle de náuseas e vômitos na gestação(55. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea And Vomiting Of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(1):e15-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456. PubMed PMID: 29266076.
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), outras intervenções farmacológicas e outras intervenções não farmacológicas. Os resultados primários avaliados foram náuseas e vômitos em gestantes em qualquer IG. O resultado secundário tratou-se de possíveis eventos adversos oriundos da utilização dessas terapias.

Enfatiza-se que, atualmente, não há Core Outcome Set (COS) que padronize as formas de avaliação e, na ausência deste, optou-se por avaliar todos os instrumentos propostos pelos estudos incluídos.

Fontes de Informação

A busca dos estudos, compreendida nos meses de dezembro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021, foi feita a partir das bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, EMBASE (via Embase.com), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Scopus, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Centro Nacional de Informação de Ciências Médicas de Cuba (CUMED), Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol de Ciências de Saúde (IBECS), Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC) e China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Não houve restrições quanto ao ano de publicação e idioma.

Estratégia de Busca

A partir da questão de pesquisa e com auxílio de um bibliotecário, selecionaram-se termos nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), que continham os descritores adequados para busca nas bases de dados. Para combinação desses, empregaram-se os operadores booleanos OR e AND, conforme Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Estratégias de busca utilizadas conforme a base de dados selecionada – Alfenas, MG, Brasil, 2021.

Seleção e Avaliação eos Artigos

A busca pelos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados supracitadas e, em seguida, carregada no EndNote®, cujos estudos duplicados foram identificados e removidos. Em seguida, esse banco de dados foi exportado para o software Rayyan®, pelo qual ocorreu o processo de seleção dos estudos. Essa ferramenta permite a seleção dos artigos por revisores independentes, com opção de cegamento entre eles.

Os artigos foram selecionados por dois revisores, de forma independente, e, ao final, as discordâncias foram resolvidas por terceiro pesquisador, após discussão mútua. O processo de seleção dos artigos foi realizado em três etapas. A primeira se tratou da leitura do título para encontrar as palavras-chave que sinalizassem o uso de algum tipo de PICS em gestantes. A segunda fase envolveu a leitura do resumo, a fim de filtrar os estudos que abordavam controle de náusea e vômitos. Por fim, na terceira etapa, os artigos já pré-selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e verificados quanto aos critérios de elegibilidade pré-definidos. O processo de busca, triagem e seleção dos estudos foi apresentado pelo diagrama de fluxo PRISMA(1111. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):n71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. PubMed PMID: 33782057.
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).

Análise e Tratamento dos Dados

Após o processo de seleção dos estudos, realizou-se a coleta de dados, por meio de formulário de extração de dados, adaptado para esta revisão, a partir do modelo proposto pelo Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions(1212. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 [Internet]. Cochrane; 2021. [cited 2021 Nov 9]. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.2
https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/a...
). Esse foi baseado na identificação, no desenho e nos métodos do estudo. Coletaram-se, também, informações a respeito dos participantes, da intervenção, medidas de desfecho utilizadas e dos resultados obtidos pelos estudos(2020. McGlinchey MP, James J, McKevitt C, Douiri A, McLachlan S, Sackley CM. The effect of rehabilitation interventions on physical function and immobility-related complications in severe stroke-protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2018;7(1):197. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0870-y. PubMed PMID: 30447698.
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).

Realizaram-se treinamentos a respeito do preenchimento do formulário, revisto e discutido pelos autores, a partir da extração de dados de um estudo, a fim de unificar o entendimento e minimizar as incongruências. Dois pesquisadores independentes realizaram a extração de dados, e um terceiro pesquisador foi consultado em caso de discordância. Outro revisor foi responsável pelo cruzamento dessas informações.

Quando a exibição de dados estava incompleta, os autores correspondentes dos estudos foram contatados por e-mail (máximo de três tentativas) para complementação da informação.

Os artigos elegíveis foram avaliados quanto à qualidade do relato, mediante o checklist Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), que objetiva auxiliar o relato de ECR, possibilitando maior transparência e reprodutibilidade das pesquisas(2121. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med. 2010;8:18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18. PubMed PMID: 20334633.
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). Quanto ao risco de viés, por meio da ferramenta Cochrane de avaliação de risco de viés (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool ROB2)(2222. Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898. PubMed PMID: 31462531.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), instrumento que avalia seis domínios diferentes para cada estudo em relação ao risco de viés, classificando os riscos em “alto”, “algumas preocupações” e “baixo”, viabilizando a visualização da confiabilidade dos resultados dos estudos analisados. Essa avaliação foi realizada por dois autores independentes, e um terceiro foi consultado para solucionar possíveis divergências.

RESULTADOS

Os resultados quantitativos das etapas de seleção dos estudos estão no fluxograma a seguir (Figura 1), conforme o PRISMA(1111. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):n71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. PubMed PMID: 33782057.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

Figura 1
Fluxograma PRISMA.

Ao avaliar a amostra final de artigos incluídos, observa-se que os cinco países que mais publicaram a respeito do tema foram Irã (n = 9)(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.

25. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

26. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

27. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

28. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

29. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), Tailândia (n = 4)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1515. Boltman-Binkowski H. A systematic review: are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe? Curationis. 2016;39(1):1514. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1514. PubMed PMID: 27246791.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), Estados Unidos da América (n = 4)(3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.

34. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9.

35. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3636. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.), Austrália (n = 4)(3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

38. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

39. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-4040. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...
) e Canadá (n = 4)(4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.

43. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.
-4444. O’Brien B, Relyea MJ, Taerum T. Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(2):708-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70454-4. PubMed PMID: 8623811.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Um artigo não foi publicado no idioma inglês(2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), e os estudos foram publicados entre 1988 e 2020.

A idade das participantes variou entre 16 e 44 anos, e a IG diversificou de quatro a 23 semanas, sendo que a maioria dos estudos considerou IG mínima de seis semanas (n = 11)(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

28. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-2929. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3636. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) e máxima de 12 (n = 8)(3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4848. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Os estudos analisados utilizaram a alocação aleatória. No entanto, a maior parte dos estudos (n = 21)(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,1515. Boltman-Binkowski H. A systematic review: are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe? Curationis. 2016;39(1):1514. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1514. PubMed PMID: 27246791.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

26. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

27. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

28. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

29. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9. ,3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

40. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...

41. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.,4848. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

49. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

50. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-5151. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(11):1633-8. PubMed PMID: 19127781.) relatou parcialmente o modo de execução da alocação (e.g., software), e não descreveu o modo como esta foi ocultada (n = 18)(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2424. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.

25. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

26. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

27. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

28. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-2929. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

48. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-4949. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5151. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(11):1633-8. PubMed PMID: 19127781.) (e.g., envelope opaco). Acrescenta-se, ainda, que seis estudos detalharam alguma forma de realização do mascaramento(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). A maior parte dos ensaios clínicos (n = 19) informou alguma forma de cegamento(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1515. Boltman-Binkowski H. A systematic review: are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe? Curationis. 2016;39(1):1514. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1514. PubMed PMID: 27246791.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

28. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

29. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9.

35. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

36. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.

37. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

38. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4949. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), seja dos aplicadores da intervenção ou dos avaliadores.

Identificaram-se 20 instrumentos diferentes utilizados para mensuração dos desfechos. Mesmo diante de tamanha variabilidade de instrumentos, alguns foram utilizados com maior frequência: Likert Scale (n = 4)(1515. Boltman-Binkowski H. A systematic review: are herbal and homeopathic remedies used during pregnancy safe? Curationis. 2016;39(1):1514. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1514. PubMed PMID: 27246791.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
); Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea (PUQE) (n = 5)(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.); Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (n = 9)(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9. ,4040. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...
,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5050. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
); Rhodes Index of Nausea, Vomiting and Retching (n = 12)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

38. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4444. O’Brien B, Relyea MJ, Taerum T. Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(2):708-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70454-4. PubMed PMID: 8623811.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4848. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5050. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5151. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(11):1633-8. PubMed PMID: 19127781.); e variações de diários (n = 12)(2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4040. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...

41. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-4242. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.,4444. O’Brien B, Relyea MJ, Taerum T. Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(2):708-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70454-4. PubMed PMID: 8623811.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4949. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

50. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-5151. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(11):1633-8. PubMed PMID: 19127781.).

Das oito PICS pesquisadas, aromaterapia, fitoterapia, acupuntura e AA apresentaram resultados. Para apresentação dos dados, os estudos foram agrupados conforme a PICS utilizada: aromaterapia, fitoterapia e acupuntura (Quadro 2). Em relação à aromaterapia, em 67% (n = 2)(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) dos estudos, esse grupo obteve resultados superiores, se comparado ao controle, e 33% (n = 1)(2424. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.) não apresentaram diferença entre os grupos. Os resultados positivos foram alcançados pelo uso do óleo essencial de limão. Com relação aos efeitos adversos, 67% (n = 2)(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) dos estudos relataram não ter havido, e em 33% (n = 1)(2424. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.), observou-se a ocorrência de cefaleia, vertigem e dispneia. Esses foram de leve intensidade, transitórios e não afetaram a continuidade do estudo.

Quadro 2
Resumo dos principais achados dos estudos incluídos na amostra final (n = 31). Alfenas, MG, Brasil, 2021.

Nas intervenções fitoterápicas, foi possível observar que 90% (n = 9)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

27. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) dos estudos apresentaram resultados superiores ao controle, sendo que 88,8% desses (n = 8)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) utilizaram alguma forma de gengibre, e os outros, 11,1% (n = 1)(2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), o marmelo. Acerca dos efeitos adversos, 10% (n = 1)(2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) não citaram esse tópico no estudo; 30% (n = 3)(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.) não identificaram efeitos adversos atribuídos à intervenção; e 60% (n = 6)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) relataram a ocorrência de cefaleia(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), desconforto abdominal(3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.), azia(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), diarreia(3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), aborto espontâneo(2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), intolerância ao tratamento(3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), piora do quadro(3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), reação alérgica(3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), problemas para deglutir(3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), sedação(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.), arritmia(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.), e xerostomia(4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.). A maioria dos estudos(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) explicitou que os participantes não descontinuaram a participação, devido a esses eventos adversos, e não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a essas variáveis.

Em relação à acupuntura, 77,7% dos estudos (n = 14)(2929. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
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,3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
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,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9.

35. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-3636. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.,3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

40. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
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41. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
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42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
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48. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
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49. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-5050. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) obtiveram resultado superior ao grupo controle. Esses resultados foram alcançados pela acupressão no ponto pericárdio ou circulação sexo (CS) 6 (Nei-Guan) (n = 11)(3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9. ,3636. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.,3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

40. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...

41. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4949. Dundee JW, Sourial FBR, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. J R Soc Med. 1988;81(8):456-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100813. PubMed PMID: 3418660.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5050. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) e no ponto rim (R) 21 (n = 1)(3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), da AA (n = 1)(2929. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), da acupuntura sistêmica (n = 1)(3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) e estimulação nervosa (n = 2)(3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4848. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Destaca-se que alguns estudos avaliaram mais de um tipo de intervenção. É oportuno mencionar que parte significativa dos estudos (44,2%, n = 8)(2929. Negarandeh R, Eghbali M, Janani L, Dastaran F, Saatchi K. Auriculotherapy as a means of managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101177. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101177. PubMed PMID: 32891268.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3434. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(9):835-9. ,3636. Kirca AS, Gul DK. Effects of acupressure applied to P6 point on nausea vomiting in pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020;26(6):12-7. PubMed PMID: 32857730.,3939. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med. 2002;10(4):210-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9. PubMed PMID: 12594971.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4040. Robertshawe P. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. J Aust Tradit-Med Soc. 2008 [cited 2021 Nov 9];14(2):85. Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA183317481&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1⁢=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13263390&p=HRCA&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E36e49a14
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA1...
,4444. O’Brien B, Relyea MJ, Taerum T. Efficacy of P6 acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(2):708-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70454-4. PubMed PMID: 8623811.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4848. Ghule SB, Sureshkumar T. Effect of accu tens with accu band on nausea, vomiting, retching and quality of life in early pregnancy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2020;14(1):233-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijpot.v14i1.3471.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5050. Can Gürkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008;14(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.07.002. PubMed PMID: 18243942.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) não abordou os efeitos adversos da intervenção. Porém, 16,6% (n = 3)(2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3030. Galeshi M, Ghanbarpour A, Naeimi Rad M, Asghari S. A comparison of the effect of pressure on the KID21 (Youmen) and P6 (Neiguan) points on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Complement Integr Med. 2020;17(2):1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0035. PubMed PMID: 31971914.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5151. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(11):1633-8. PubMed PMID: 19127781.) informaram que estes não aconteceram, e 38,8% (n = 7)(3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) mencionaram ter observado efeitos adversos, sendo atribuídos a algum desconforto com as pulseiras de acupressão(4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Também foram relatados cansaço(4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), cefaleia(4242. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), ansiedade(4242. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.), distúrbios do sono(4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), peso nos braços(4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), paladar alterado(4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), hematomas(4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), pressão no nariz(4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), e irritação(3232. Jamigorn M, Phupong V. Acupressure and vitamin B6 to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276(3):245-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-007-0336-2. PubMed PMID: 17318558.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3535. Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, Stewart L, Rebarber A, Slotnick RN. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):129-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00375-2. PubMed PMID: 12850618.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Apesar disso, a maioria dos estudos(4141. Hyde E. Acupressure therapy for morning sickness: a controlled clinical trial. J Nurse Midwifery. 1989;34(4):171-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(89)90077-3. PubMed PMID: 2769441.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

42. de Aloysio D, Penacchioni P. Morning sickness control in early pregnancy by Neiguan point acupressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(5):852-4. PubMed PMID: 1407927.
-4343. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245-8. PubMed PMID: 8041539.,4646. Knight B, Mudge C, Openshaw S, White A, Hart A. Effect of acupuncture on nausea of pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):184-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200102000-00005. PubMed PMID: PMid:11165579.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4747. Norheim AJ, Pedersen EJ, Fønnebø V, Berge L. Acupressure treatment of morning sickness in pregnancy. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2001;19(1):43-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028134301300034666. PubMed PMID: 11303547.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
) não sofreu com desistências dos participantes relacionadas aos efeitos adversos percebidos.

A avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos incluídos na amostra final se encontra apresentada na Figura 2. A maioria dos estudos (n = 18; 58,1%) apresentou algumas preocupações, enquanto 38,7% foram classificados como alto risco de viés, e 3,2% (n = 1), baixo risco de viés.

Figura 2
Avaliação do risco de viés, divididos por domínios, dos artigos incluídos na revisão sistemática.

A análise dos artigos, a partir da ferramenta, permitiu a avaliação e a visualização do risco de viés e, parcialmente, da qualidade metodológica. Como sugerido pela Cochrane, o parecer do risco de viés dos ensaios clínicos incluídos na revisão sistemática está sumarizado na Figura 3.

Figura 3
Avaliação do risco de viés dos artigos incluídos na revisão sistemática.

DISCUSSÃO

Os resultados obtidos por meio da revisão sistemática, mediante a análise individual dos estudos incluídos, refletem que as PICS mais utilizadas para o controle de náusea e vômito gestacional são a aromaterapia, realizada com óleo essencial de limão, a fitoterapia, com uso de cápsulas de gengibre e a acupuntura, com acupressão no ponto CS6.

Tratando-se dos critérios de inclusão dos artigos, a idade das participantes entre 16 e 44 anos, possivelmente, está relacionada ao consenso estabelecido para idade fértil/reprodutiva, entre 15 e 49 anos(5252. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Manual dos comitês de mortalidade maternal [Internet]. 3ª ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2009. (Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos) [cited 2021 Nov 9]. Available from: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_comites_mortalidade_materna.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
). A IG de seis a 12 semanas corrobora os achados de que náuseas e vômitos gestacionais normalmente ocorrem entre a sexta e a décima segunda semana de gestação(22. Fejzo MS, Trovik J, Grooten IJ, Sridharan K, Roseboom TJ, Vikanes Å, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3. PubMed PMID: 31515515.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

Em relação ao uso de instrumentos de avaliação, notou-se grande variabilidade para mensuração dos desfechos, pelo fato de não existir um COS estabelecido para estudos de náuseas e vômitos. O COS busca padronizar minimamente quais resultados devem ser mensurados e relatados em determinada área de pesquisa, sendo associado aos instrumentos que serão utilizados para avaliar os desfechos(5353. Williamson PR, Altman DG, Bagley H, Barnes KL, Blazeby JM, Brookes ST, et al. The COMET Handbook: version 1.0. Trials. 2017;18(Suppl 3):280. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1978-4. PubMed PMID: 28681707.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Assinala-se que essa heterogeneidade pode resultar em medidas repetidas de desfecho e inconstância de qualidade dos instrumentos no que tange à confiabilidade e à validade. Desse modo, existe impasse de comparação dos resultados, o que dificulta estudos de revisão sistemática e metanálises. O consenso em relação aos instrumentos e resultados para determinada área temática de pesquisa tem relevância para aprimorar a qualidade de ensaios clínicos, impactando diretamente na prática baseada em evidências(5454. Prinsen CA, Vohra S, Rose MR, King-Jones S, Ishaque S, Bhaloo Z, et al. Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative: protocol for an international Delphi study to achieve consensus on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a ‘core outcome set’. Trials. 2014;15(1):247. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-247. PubMed PMID: 24962012.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

Nos estudos que aplicaram a aromaterapia, observou-se a tendência de utilizar o óleo de amêndoa como carreador no preparo do óleo essencial(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2424. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.), recomendando-se que se pingue de duas a cinco gotas dessa solução em algodão(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2424. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.), e seja respirado três vezes(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
), repetindo a cada cinco minutos, se necessário(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
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), por quatro dias, conforme a necessidade percebida(2323. Yavari Kia P, Safajou F, Shahnazi M, Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(3):e14360. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.14360. PubMed PMID: 24829772.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

24. Joulaeerad N, Ozgoli G, Hajimehdipoor H, Ghasemi E, Salehimoghaddam F. Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint oil on the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(1):32-8. PubMed PMID: 29850445.
-2525. Arasteh FE, Shobeiri F, Mafakheri B, Mohamadi Y, Parsa P. The effect of lemon aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2019;22(1):46-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/IJOGI.2019.12852.
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). Encontraram-se evidências prévias na literatura para alguns desses tópicos estabelecidos. A National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy recomenda que, para inalação direta, deve-se usar de três a cinco gotas do óleo em questão e inspirar cerca de duas vezes, sugerindo-se três inspirações lentas e profundas(5555. Lane B, Cannella K, Bowen C, Copelan D, Nteff G, Barnes K, et al. Examination of the effectiveness of peppermint aromatherapy on nausea in women post C-section. J Holist Nurs. 2012;30(2):90-104, quiz 105-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010111423419. PubMed PMID: 22034523.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Destaca-se que a aromaterapia obteve 67% (n = 2) de resultados superiores ao controle, alcançados com o uso de óleo essencial de limão. Quando comparado com a literatura atual, nota-se que já havia sido observada a eficácia da ação antiemética desse composto, por meio da aromaterapia(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
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). Outros estudos averiguaram sobre essa PICS para controle de náuseas e vômitos, porém, no contexto pós-operatório, concluíram que ela pode ser eficaz para esse fim(5656. Asay K, Olson C, Donnelly J, Perlman E. The use of aromatherapy in postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. J Perianesth Nurs. 2019;34(3):502-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2018.08.006. PMid:30600134.
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).

Em relação à fitoterapia, na maioria dos estudos, ofertaram-se cápsulas de gengibre, com dosagem em torno de um grama ao dia(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
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,3333. Keating A, Chez RA. Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):89-91. PubMed PMID: 12233808.,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.), por quatro dias(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
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). Em metanálise que incluiu 508 participantes, divididos em seis estudos de qualidade metodológica satisfatória, observou-se que um grama de gengibre ao dia por, pelo menos, quatro dias resultou em uma melhora de cinco vezes nos escores de náuseas e vômitos gestacionais(5757. Thomson M, Corbin R, Leung L. Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27(1): 115-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.01.130167.
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). Outra metanálise, envolvendo 1.278 mulheres grávidas, com náuseas e vômitos e hiperêmese gravídica, constatou que, na dosagem de até um grama e meio ao dia, por quatro dias, foi uma intervenção segura e eficaz para náuseas gestacionais(5858. Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 2014;13:20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-20.
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). Assinala-se que as intervenções com essa PICS obtiveram 90% (n = 9)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...

27. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
-2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) de resultados superiores ao controle, sendo que 88,8% desses (n = 8)(66. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007;90(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 17621727.,1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2626. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MAC. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009;25(6):649-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013. PubMed PMID: 18272271.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,2828. Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(19):2509-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1344965. PubMed PMID: 28629250.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3131. Vutyavanich E, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri RA. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(4):577-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200104000-00017. PubMed PMID: 11275030.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3737. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(2):139-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x. PubMed PMID: 14712970.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,3838. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, Hotham N, McMillian V. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):639-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec. PubMed PMID: 15051552.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,4545. Rukh L, Nazar H, Usmanghani K. Efficacy of gingocap as compared to pyridoxine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(6):1937-43. PubMed PMID: 28375108.) utilizaram alguma forma de gengibre. Pesquisas apontam eficácia do gengibre para controle de náuseas e vômitos na gestação, principalmente se tratando de sintomas leves, e ainda discorrem sobre efeitos adversos mínimos(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
,5959. Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Interventions for treating nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(11):1143-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1530108. PubMed PMID: 30261764.
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). Metanálise conduzida a respeito da temática concluiu que gengibre é um tratamento eficaz para esse propósito(5757. Thomson M, Corbin R, Leung L. Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27(1): 115-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.01.130167.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

Em relação à eficácia do xarope de marmelo, o estudo incluído nesta revisão(2727. Jafari-Dehkordi E, Hashem-Dabaghian F, Aliasl F, Aliasl J, Taghavi-Shirazi M, Sadeghpour O, et al. Comparison of quince with vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37(8):1048-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322046. PubMed PMID: 28631509.
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) foi o primeiro a estudar este fruto para finalidade de controle de náuseas e vômitos, de modo que são necessárias mais pesquisas, a fim de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre esse fitoterápico. Informalmente, esse é utilizado para distúrbios gastrointestinais, evidenciando na literatura as propriedades antirrefluxo, antinauseante e antiemética(6060. Aliasl F, Toliyat T, Mohammadi A, Minaee B, Samadi N, Aliasl J, et al. Medicinal properties of Cydonia oblonga Mill Fruit (Pulp and Peel) in Iranian traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy. Trad Integr Med. 2016 [cited 2021 Nov 9];1(3):122-8. Available from: https://jtim.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jtim/article/view/45
https://jtim.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jtim/a...
). Mais recentemente, o marmelo se provou tão eficaz quanto à ranitidina para tratamento da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico na gravidez(6161. Shakeri A, Hashempur MH, Mojibian M, Aliasl F, Bioos S, Nejatbakhsh F. A comparative study of ranitidine and quince (Cydonia oblonga mill) sauce on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in pregnancy: a randomised, open-label, active-controlled clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;38(7):899-905. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2018.1431210. PubMed PMID: 29553843.
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).

A acupuntura foi a mais heterogênea em relação ao protocolo de intervenção. Nota-se que a acupressão, por meio de pulseiras no ponto CS6, de uso contínuo, por quatro dias, foi a configuração de intervenção mais frequente. No entanto, não se encontraram estudos precedentes de relevância que embasem esse protocolo de tratamento. Esse achado possivelmente está relacionado ao fato de que a padronização de tratamentos é um nó crítico para técnicas da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa, já que essa é contrária ao princípio da individualidade, que preza pela terapêutica planejada, de acordo com as características de cada indivíduo(6262. Moura CC, Chaves ECL, Chianca TCM, Ruginsk SG, Nogueira DA, Iunes DH. Effects of auricular acupuncture on chronic pain in people with back musculoskeletal disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2019;21;53:e03418. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2018009003418.
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).

As técnicas de acupuntura no ponto CS6 estão vastamente relatadas na literatura para náuseas e vômitos em diversos públicos(6363. Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yan M, Wang N, Liu J, Wu A. The effectiveness of PC6 acupuncture in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020;30(5):552-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pan.13860. PubMed PMID: 32198961.
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,6464. Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(8):1405-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1519540. PubMed PMID: 30173590.
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). Outra metanálise que buscou evidenciar a eficácia de diversas técnicas de acupuntura nesse ponto, para prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios em crianças, concluiu que essa intervenção reduz a incidência desses sintomas, bem como o uso de antieméticos(6363. Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yan M, Wang N, Liu J, Wu A. The effectiveness of PC6 acupuncture in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020;30(5):552-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pan.13860. PubMed PMID: 32198961.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Outra metanálise evidenciou que a acupressão e a acupuntura foram associadas ao melhor controle dos sintomas de hiperêmese gravídica do que o tratamento medicamentoso padrão(6464. Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(8):1405-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1519540. PubMed PMID: 30173590.
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).

Quanto à acupressão no ponto CS6, estudo que sumarizou as conclusões da Cochrane mostrou que essa intervenção se provou tão eficaz quanto às drogas antieméticas, porém com menores efeitos adversos e mais transitórios no pós-operatório(6565. Stott A. Examining the efficacy of stimulating the PC6 wrist acupuncture point for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a Cochrane review summary. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;64:139-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.004. PubMed PMID: 27817841.
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). Outra pesquisa concluiu que a acupressão nos pontos CS6 e R21 pode ser recomendada para esse fim, assegurando eficácia e segurança(1313. Ozgoli G, Saei Ghare Naz M. Effects of complementary medicine on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Prev Med. 2018;9:75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_430_16. PubMed PMID: 30319738.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
).

A estimulação nervosa de baixo nível neste mesmo ponto (CS6) foi recomendada por metanálise, desenvolvida para prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórias em cirurgias de mamas(6666. Sun R, Dai W, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Gong Y, et al. Non-needle acupoint stimulation for prevention of nausea and vomiting after breast surgery: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(10):e14713. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014713. PubMed PMID: 30855464.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Um ECR, conduzido com mulheres submetidas à cesariana sob anestesia combinada raqui-epidedural, verificou que a estimulação no ponto CS6 foi tão eficaz quanto o tratamento antiemético intravenoso profilático de rotina(6767. Levin D, Cohen S, Mellender S, Shah U, Kang P, Mohiuddin A, et al. Effectiveness of P6 stimulation for reduction of nausea and vomiting during caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2019;47(2):120-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/TJAR.2019.08830. PubMed PMID: 31080953.
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).

Em relação à avaliação da validade dos resultados dos estudos envolvidos nesta revisão, destaca-se que foram empregados o CONSORT(2121. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med. 2010;8:18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18. PubMed PMID: 20334633.
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) e a ferramenta Cochrane de avaliação de risco de viés. Por meio desses, buscou-se refletir sobre o risco de viés, observando que a maioria dos estudos (n = 18; 58,1%) se enquadrou na categoria “alguma preocupação”. Desse modo, entende-se que existem possíveis falhas nas evidências resumidas, o que contribui para a incerteza das evidências gerais(2222. Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898. PubMed PMID: 31462531.
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). Salienta-se que esse resultado se relaciona com o fato de o risco geral de viés corresponder ao julgamento mais baixo em qualquer um dos domínios e não ao resultado obtido na maioria dos domínios.

Ante o exposto, observa-se que ainda são necessárias mais evidências científicas bem delineadas nessa temática. Essas devem buscar aprimorar a qualidade de relatos, preferencialmente aqueles que utilizam instrumentos recomendados, como o CONSORT(2121. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med. 2010;8:18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18. PubMed PMID: 20334633.
https://doi.org/doi: http://dx.doi.org/1...
). Outro benefício do delineamento e relato claro é o reflexo na diminuição do risco de viés em estudos de revisões posteriores, favorecendo a certeza das evidências encontradas. Acrescenta-se, ainda, que é vital que um COS para estudos de náusea e vômito gestacional seja construído, a fim de padronizar os desfechos mensurados e os instrumentos utilizados, minimizando a heterogeneidade das variáveis avaliadas, possibilitando estudos de revisões mais coesos e, consequentemente, a realização de metanálises.

Ressaltam-se, ainda, algumas limitações do estudo, como a não condução da metanálise e, consequentemente, a não avaliação da qualidade da evidência, devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos incluídos em relação a: método, desenho amostral, método de avaliação de desfecho e análise estatística, mesmo entre aqueles que versam sobre a mesma PICS; não inclusão nas fontes de informação da literatura cinzenta, devido ao quantitativo de artigos identificados a princípio; e incerteza das conclusões obtidas, em razão do risco de viés dos estudos incluídos. Entretanto, esta revisão apresenta dados de artigos individuais com significância clínica para manejo de gestantes com sintomas de náuseas e vômitos, com achados úteis para os profissionais de saúde que prestam cuidados a essa clientela.

CONCLUSÃO

As evidências sintetizadas e analisadas apontam três categorias de PICS utilizadas para o controle de náusea e vômito gestacional, aromaterapia, fitoterapia e acupuntura. Especificamente, aromaterapia com óleo essencial de limão (pingar duas a cinco gotas e respirar três vezes, repetir a cada cinco minutos se necessário, por quatro dias e conforme necessidade), cápsulas de gengibre (um grama ao dia, por quatro dias) e acupressão no ponto CS6 (por meio de pulseiras, continuamente por quatro dias) foram as intervenções que se provaram mais eficazes na avaliação individual dos estudos. Contudo, não foi possível realizar metanálise para afirmar o efeito global de cada uma dessas intervenções no desfecho avaliado.

Os efeitos adversos foram relatados em 45,2% dos estudos. A maioria dos sintomas foi de leve intensidade e transitória, e não se observou diferença estatística entre os grupos de intervenção e controle, de modo que esses não resultaram em desistência dos participantes.

Os resultados desta revisão podem subsidiar reflexões dos profissionais de saúde e, especialmente, de enfermeiros obstetras, sobre o uso dessas PICS no tratamento de gestantes com náuseas e vômitos, com vistas a contribuir para utilização baseada em evidências e desmistificação dessas práticas, promovendo, sobretudo, melhor qualidade de vida a essa população tão específica.

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Editado por

EDITOR ASSOCIADO

Maria Luiza Gonzalez Riesco

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    21 Out 2022
  • Data do Fascículo
    2022

Histórico

  • Recebido
    09 Nov 2021
  • Aceito
    23 Ago 2022
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E-mail: reeusp@usp.br