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Reproduction and fertility life table of three aphid species (Macrosiphini) at different temperatures

Reprodução e tabela de vida de fertilidade de três espécies de afídeos (Macrosiphini) em diferentes temperaturas

Abstracts

Temperature is a key abiotic factor influencing the development and reproduction of aphids. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of three aphid species Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Aphididae, Macrosiphini) has been investigated and fertility life tables were determined. Nymphs were reared in climatic chambers at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 ± 1ºC, RH 70 ± 10% and 12 h photophase. Female adult aphids developed at these temperatures were then used in experiments in which pre-reproductive and reproductive periods were evaluated every 24 h. In addition, the number of nymphs produced and longevity were determined at each temperature. The reproduction period of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature, whereas that of U. ambrosiae was maintained between 19 and 25ºC. The total number of nymphs produced by the aphids decreased as the temperature increased. The longevities of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature but remained stable for U. ambrosiae between 19 and 25ºC. The largest survival rate (l x) and specific fertility (m x) values were found at 16 and 22ºC for all three species. The most favourable temperature for reproduction of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae was 22ºC, as demonstrated by the l x and m x profiles, the high values of net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of increase, and the short intervals between generation and doubling times.

Aphids; growing parameters; intrinsic rate of increase; lettuce; longevity


A temperatura é o fator abiótico chave influenciando o desenvolvimento e a reprodução dos afídeos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas na reprodução, assim como determinar a tabela de vida de fertilidade de Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) e Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Aphididae, Macrosiphini). Ninfas foram mantidas em placas de Petri (15 cm de diâmetro), sobre disco foliar de alface, suportado por uma camada de solução ágar/água a 1%, em câmaras climatizadas nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25 e 28±1ºC; UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 h, até atingirem o estágio adulto. Esses adultos foram avaliados nas mesmas temperaturas a cada 24 h sob microscópio estereoscópico quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos e longevidade. O período reprodutivo de A. solani e M. euphorbiae foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. U. ambrosiae apresentou período reprodutivo estável de 19 a 25ºC. A produção total de ninfas das três espécies de pulgões foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. A longevidade de A. solani e M. euphorbiae foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. As maiores taxas de sobrevivência (lx) e fertilidade específica (mx) foram observadas entre 16 e 22ºC para as três espécies de pulgões. A temperatura mais favorável para a reprodução e crescimento populacional de A. solani, M. euphorbiae e U. ambrosiae foi 22ºC, como demonstrado pelo conjunto dos valores de l x e m x, altos valores da taxa reprodutiva e taxa intrínseca de aumento, e curtos intervalos entre gerações e tempo de duplicação da população.

Afídeos; alface; longevidade; parâmetros de crescimento; taxa intrínseca de aumento


BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND DIVERSITY

Reproduction and fertility life table of three aphid species (Macrosiphini) at different temperatures

Reprodução e tabela de vida de fertilidade de três espécies de afídeos (Macrosiphini) em diferentes temperaturas

Bruno F. De ContiI; Vanda Helena P. BuenoI; Marcus V. SampaioII; Livia A. SidneyI

IDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 Lavras-MG, Brasil. bfdeconti@yahoo.com.br; vhpbueno@den.ufla.br; liviasidney@yahoo.com.br

IIInstituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlância, Caixa Postal 593, 38400-902 Uberlandia-MG, Brazil. mvsampaio@iciag.ufu.br

ABSTRACT

Temperature is a key abiotic factor influencing the development and reproduction of aphids. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of three aphid species Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Aphididae, Macrosiphini) has been investigated and fertility life tables were determined. Nymphs were reared in climatic chambers at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 ± 1ºC, RH 70 ± 10% and 12 h photophase. Female adult aphids developed at these temperatures were then used in experiments in which pre-reproductive and reproductive periods were evaluated every 24 h. In addition, the number of nymphs produced and longevity were determined at each temperature. The reproduction period of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature, whereas that of U. ambrosiae was maintained between 19 and 25ºC. The total number of nymphs produced by the aphids decreased as the temperature increased. The longevities of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature but remained stable for U. ambrosiae between 19 and 25ºC. The largest survival rate (lx) and specific fertility (mx) values were found at 16 and 22ºC for all three species. The most favourable temperature for reproduction of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae was 22ºC, as demonstrated by the lx and mx profiles, the high values of net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of increase, and the short intervals between generation and doubling times.

Keywords: Aphids; growing parameters; intrinsic rate of increase; lettuce; longevity.

RESUMO

A temperatura é o fator abiótico chave influenciando o desenvolvimento e a reprodução dos afídeos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas na reprodução, assim como determinar a tabela de vida de fertilidade de Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) e Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Aphididae, Macrosiphini). Ninfas foram mantidas em placas de Petri (15 cm de diâmetro), sobre disco foliar de alface, suportado por uma camada de solução ágar/água a 1%, em câmaras climatizadas nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25 e 28±1ºC; UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 h, até atingirem o estágio adulto. Esses adultos foram avaliados nas mesmas temperaturas a cada 24 h sob microscópio estereoscópico quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos e longevidade. O período reprodutivo de A. solani e M. euphorbiae foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. U. ambrosiae apresentou período reprodutivo estável de 19 a 25ºC. A produção total de ninfas das três espécies de pulgões foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. A longevidade de A. solani e M. euphorbiae foi decrescente com o aumento da temperatura. As maiores taxas de sobrevivência (lx) e fertilidade específica (mx) foram observadas entre 16 e 22ºC para as três espécies de pulgões. A temperatura mais favorável para a reprodução e crescimento populacional de A. solani, M. euphorbiae e U. ambrosiae foi 22ºC, como demonstrado pelo conjunto dos valores de lx e mx, altos valores da taxa reprodutiva e taxa intrínseca de aumento, e curtos intervalos entre gerações e tempo de duplicação da população.

Palavras-Chave: Afídeos; alface; longevidade; parâmetros de crescimento; taxa intrínseca de aumento.

Aphids are "r-strategists", i.e., a simple body structure allows the insect to feed and reproduce efficiently, with most of the nutrient intake being directed towards the production of nymphs (Rabasse & Steenis 1999). Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factor influencing the biology, individual behavior, and population dynamics of these insects (Campbell & Mackauer 1975; Eastop 1977). Temperatures above or below the optimum for reproduction result in deleterious effects on various biological parameters. Thus, excessively high temperatures reduce the reproductive period, the production of nymphs, longevity and population growth (Kuo et al. 2006; Mehrparvar & Hatami 2007).

Uroleucon Mordvilko, 1914 is one of the few genera of aphids with species native from South America, including Brazil. Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) represents the main pest of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cropped in greenhouses (Starý et al. 2007). The aphid species Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach, 1843) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878) constitute significant pests of various crops grown in protected systems (Bueno 2005), and may also attack lettuce plants cultivated hydroponically (Auad et al. 2002; Starý et al. 2007). Dense populations of these insect species have been observed on other crops in the field, but mainly during mild seasons. In hot seasons, populations of aphids decrease dramatically and may not even be detected in agroecosystems (Sanchez et al. 2007; Starý et al. 2007).

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of temperature on the reproduction, fertility and longevity of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae in order to enhance our understanding of the population dynamics of these aphid pests and to assist in the planning of strategies for their management in aphid susceptible crops.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Insects. All experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Biological Control of the Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, in climatic chambers operating under controlled conditions. Aphid colonies were collected from hydroponically-grown lettuce plants (cultivar Verônica) that were infested with A. solani, M. euphorbiae or U. ambrosiae. Following identification of the species (Peña-Martines 1992), the aphids were transferred to Petri dishes (15 cm diameter) containing lettuce leaf discs (14 cm diameter) and 1% agar solution. The leaf discs originated from pesticide-free plants that had been cultivated hydroponically. Prior to experimentation, leaf material was disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min, washed with tap water and finally rinsed with distilled water for 10 min. This procedure aimed to guarantee the quality of the lettuce leaves, which are very sensitive to water loss. The aphids were reared at 22 ± 1ºC and 70 ± 10% relative humidity under a 12 h photophase. As soon as the leaf discs presented signs of chlorosis or dehydration, the insect colonies were transferred with the aid of a paintbrush to new leaf discs and incubation continued as described.

Generation of pre-adapted adult female aphids. Individual females of each aphid species were transferred to separate Petri dishes (10 cm diameter) containing a lettuce leaf disc and 1% agar solution. The dishes were kept at 22 ± 1ºC and 70 ± 10% relative humidity for 6 h, after that the females and all the nymphs, except for one per dish, were removed. The dishes were then incubated in climatic chambers at 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 ± 1ºC at 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 h photophase until they developed into adult aphids, the females of which were then used in the fertility study described below.

Temperature trials. A simple random sampling design was used, which included five temperature variables (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28ºC) and, respectively, 54, 56, 54, 37, and 33 repetitions for A. solani, 50, 50, 51, 43, and 37 repetitions for M. euphorbiae, and 52, 57, 47, 39, and 22 repetitions for U. ambrosiae. Female adult aphids were incubated at the appropriate temperature in dishes containing leaf discs, maintained under a 12 h photophase, and were transferred to new dishes when necessary. The pre-reproductive and reproductive periods were evaluated under a stereomicroscope every 24 h, and the number of nymphs produced and their longevities were determined at each temperature.

Statistical analysis. The reproductive parameters for each species were evaluated by analysis of variance using SAS software. When parameters determined at different temperatures were statistically significantly different (ρ < 0.05), the data were compared using regression analysis. Population growth was estimated from the fertility life table using the parameters net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), mean generation (T), doubling time (DT) and finite rate of increase (λ). The Jackknife technique was used to calculate the variance of these parameters (Maia et al. 2000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pre-reproductive period. The relationship between temperature and the duration of the pre-reproductive period of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae was polynomial (Fig. 1). The estimated values of the pre-reproductive period determined at 16ºC were 3 days for A. solani, 2.8 days for M. euphorbiae and 1.8 days for U. ambrosiae. The duration of these period decreased to estimated minima of 1.8 days at 20.9ºC for A. solani, 2.0 days at 20.7ºC for M. euphorbiae and 1.6 days at 18.9ºC for U. ambrosiae, and then increased to 4.5, 3.8 and 5.9 days at 28ºC. A similar study for M. rosae showed that the duration of the pre-reproductive period increased at temperatures higher than 22ºC (Mehrparvar & Hatami 2007). According to Auad et al. (2002), the duration of the pre-reproductive period of U. ambrosiae were 3.90, 1.77 and 2.16 days when the female aphids were reared, respectively, at 15, 20 and 25ºC. In this regard, the present findings corroborate those of previous studies by demonstrating that at temperatures of approximately 20ºC the duration of the pre-reproductive period of aphids is shorter than at higher temperatures (> 25ºC).


Reproductive period. Figure 2 shows a polynomial relationship between temperature and the duration of the reproductive period of A. solani. The maximum number of reproductive days was estimated to be 20.0 at 17.8ºC, but as the temperature increased, the duration of this period decreased to an observed 1.6 days at 28ºC. Vasicek et al. (2002) previously reported that at 10ºC the reproductive period of this aphid varied between 20.41 and 27.76 days.


For M. euphorbiae, the relationship between the duration of the reproductive period and temperature was linear, with the length of the period decreasing as the temperature increased (Fig. 2). The maximum estimated number of reproductive days was 20.0 at 16ºC, and the minimum was 8.6 days at 28ºC. A similar pattern has been reported for M. rosae at temperatures between 15 and 25ºC (Mehrparvar & Hatami 2007).

The reproductive period of U. ambrosiae plotted as a function of temperature is described by a third order polynomial as shown on Fig. 2. At temperatures between 16 and 19ºC, the estimated duration of the period decreased from 19.9 to 11.2 days, respectively, but then remained relatively stable until 25ºC (estimated length 8.7 days), and finally decreased to 3.0 days at 28ºC. Auad & Moraes (2003) reported that the reproductive period of U. ambrosiae lasted 15.57 days at 15ºC, 12.23 days at 20ºC and 8.47 days at 25ºC, values that were similar to those reported here.

Nymph production. Polynomial relationships were established between temperature and the nymph production by A. solani and U. ambrosiae (Fig. 3). As the temperature increased above 16ºC, the nymph production by A. solani increased from an observed value of 67.9 to an estimated maximum of 71.3 per female at 18.1ºC, whereas by U. ambrosiae increased from 54.5 to an estimated maximum of 55.4 nymphs per female at 17.4ºC. Further increase in temperature led to sharp declines in nymph production for both species. Auad & Moraes (2003) reported that the highest production of nymphs of U. ambrosiae occurred at 20ºC when adults were feeding on lettuce. Vasicek et al. (2002) confirmed that at low temperature (10ºC), A. solani produced a number of nymphs that varied between 8.44 and 37.85 per insect depending on the cultivar of the lettuce host.


For M. euphorbiae, the relationship between temperature and nymph production was linear, with production decreasing as the temperature increased (Fig. 3). Maximum production was observed at 16ºC (80.3 nymphs per female) whilst minimum production occurred at 28ºC (14.4 nymphs per female). Mehrparvar & Hatami (2007) previously reported that M. rosae produces larger numbers of nymphs at 22ºC than at 25ºC.

Longevity. Figure 4 shows polynomial relationships between temperature and the longevities of A. solani and M. euphorbiae. The longevity of A. solani increased from an observed 26 days at 16ºC to an estimated maximum of 27 days at 18.4ºC, after which longevity decreased with increasing temperatures. In M. euphorbiae longevity decreased between 16ºC (29 days) and an estimated 25.1ºC (17 days), and subsequently increased as the temperature approached 28ºC (18 days). It is important to emphasize that the increase in one day of life of M. euphorbiae between 25.1 and 28 ºC is related to the values estimated by regression, thus reflecting the behavior of the polynomial curve. In U. ambrosiae, the relationship between temperature and longevity followed a third order polynomial (Fig.4): life time decreased between 16ºC (34 days) and 19ºC (15 days), remained stable up to 25ºC (14.5 days), and subsequently decreased to 7.5 days at 28ºC (8 days). Previous studies of aphids of the genera Macrosiphum and Uroleucon conducted under similar conditions demonstrated that longevity decreased with increasing temperatures (Auad & Moraes 2003; Mehrparvar & Hatami 2007).


U. ambrosiae was the most sensitive to high temperatures among the three aphid species studied, since the reproductive period and longevity decreased remarkably at temperatures higher than 16ºC and both were much shorter than those of A. solani and M. euphorbiae (Figs. 2 and 4).

Survival rate (lx) and specific fertility (mx) of aphids. It was not possible to analyse the data obtained at 28ºC due to high mortality and low fertility rates at this temperature and the fact that most adult aphids did not reproduce. Therefore, the lx and mx graphs, as well as the values corresponding to the fertility life table, are presented for temperatures of 16, 19, 22, and 25ºC. At higher temperatures (> 25ºC) there was a remarkable reduction in the lx value of A. solani, indicating the deleterious effect of temperature on the reproduction (Fig. 5). Based on principles established by Silveira Neto (1976), the profiles of the lx curves at temperatures of 16, 19 and 22ºC were type I, indicating a greater mortality amongst older individuals. At 25ºC, the lx curve profile was of type II, representing a continuous reduction in the survival rate of insects throughout the life cycle. Vasicek et al. (2003) reported that the survival of A. solani at 10ºC followed a type I profile when pea (Pisum sativum) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) provided the food source, and a type II profile when lettuce (L. sativa) and aubergine (Solanum melongena) were the hosts. The mx values during the reproductive period of A. solani were also negatively influenced by high temperatures, and especially above 25ºC (Fig. 5). At 22ºC, the mx values suggested that the largest production of nymphs occurred at the start of the reproductive period, a situation that is considered beneficial since aphids exhibit high mortality rates occasioned by environmental factors (Hayakawa et al. 1990).


In M. euphorbiae, the lx curves presented type I profiles at all temperatures tested (Fig. 6), in that there was a period of stability in the lx value at the beginning of the reproductive period, followed by a reduction towards the end of this period. The mx values indicated that there were intense reproductive activities between days 10 and 24 of the life cycle at 16ºC, between days 13 and 24 at 19ºC, and between days 7 and 24 at 22ºC. The lowest mx values were observed at 25ºC. A temperature of 22ºC was considered most favourable for M. euphorbiae since the production of nymphs was highest as indicated by the mx and lx values.


The species U. ambrosiae presented lx curves of type I at 16ºC and of type II at 19, 22 and 25ºC (Fig. 7), although in the latter case the survival rates at 25ºC were much smaller than at 22ºC. Auad & Moraes (2003) reported survival rates of > 80% at 15ºC for aphids up to 22 days old, whilst for older insects the lx values gradually declined. Additionally, these authors observed that at 20 and 25ºC the survival rates of this species fell away much more rapidly than at lower temperatures. During the reproductive period of U. ambrosiae, the largest mx values were observed between days 10 and 20 at 22ºC. In data reported by Auad & Moraes (2003), the largest mx among 15, 20 and 25ºC was observed at 20ºC.


Fertility life table. Aphid population growth was estimated on the basis of the fertility life table parameters (Table I). In the case of A. solani, there were no significant differences between net reproductive rates (R0) determined at temperatures 16, 19 and 22ºC, although a significant reduction in this parameter was recorded at 25ºC. The largest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was observed at 22ºC. The pattern of variation in the finite rate of increase (λ) with temperature was analogous to that presented by the rm values. The interval between each generation (T) decreased with increasing temperatures, the longest being observed at 16ºC and the shortest at 22 and 25ºC, whilst the shortest doubling time (DT) was recorded at 22ºC and the longest at 16 and 25ºC. Previously, Vasicek et al. (2002; 2003) reported that at 10ºC the growth rate of A. solani varied depending on the host plant, with the smallest R0 and rm values being observed, respectively, for pea (9.35 and 0.075) and lettuce (25.7 and 0.077), and the largest for aubergine (43.95 and 0.089, respectively). The best reproductive performance of A. solani is predicted to be attained at a temperature of 22ºC on the basis of the recorded lx and mx values, together with high values of R0, rm and λ and short T and DT times.

For M. euphorbiae, the largest R0 value was observed at 16ºC and the smallest at 25ºC (Table I). The values of rm and λ increased between 16 and 22ºC and decreased between 22 and 25ºC, with the smallest values being recorded at 25ºC. The T values decreased between 16 and 22ºC and increased between 22 and 25ºC with the largest value being measured at 16ºC and the smallest at 22 ºC. In a similar fashion, DT values decreased between 16 and 22ºC and increased between 22 and 25ºC, with the largest value being recorded at 25ºC and the smallest at 22ºC. The best reproductive performance of M. euphorbiae is expected to be attained at a temperature of 22ºC on the basis of high values of rm and λ with short T and DT times.

In the case of U. ambrosiae, the R0 values were not statistically different (ρ < 0.05) at 16, 19 and 22ºC, although all were significantly larger than the value measured at 25ºC. The values of rm and λ increased up to 22ºC and decreased between 22 and 25ºC, with the smallest value being recorded at 16ºC. T values decreased with increasing temperatures with the largest T value measured at 16ºC and the smallest at 25ºC. The largest DT value for U. ambrosiae was obtained at 16ºC and the smallest at 22ºC. Although the R0 value was high at 16ºC, at this temperature the mx values were more uniformly distributed throughout the reproductive period, resulting in a reduction in growth of the aphid population and a consequent increase in T value. Thus, a temperature of 16ºC was the most unfavourable condition for the reproduction of U. ambrosiae, whilst 22ºC was the most favourable. In a previous study (Auad & Moraes 2003), the largest fertility and life expectancy parameters reported were: R0 = 70.02 (at 20ºC) and rm = 0.25 and λ = 1.28 (at 20 and 25ºC). According to those authors, the T values of U. ambrosiae decreased between 15 and 25ºC.

The most favourable temperature for the reproduction of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae was 22ºC, as demonstrated by the lx and mx profiles, the relatively large values of R0, rm and λ and the small T and DT times recorded in the present study. At higher temperatures (25 and 28ºC) the reproductive capacity of these species was drastically reduced. Thus, the selection of natural enemies of these pests should consider its performance in these conditions.

Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamente de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the scholarship awarded to B.F. De Conti and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) for grant to the second and fourth authors and Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for financially supporting this project. The authors are grateful to Dr. Sinval Silveira Neto and Dr. Marineia de Lara Haddad for assistance regarding the analysis of the fertility life tables and to Dr. Joop Van Lenteren for the critical review of a preliminary version of this article.

Received 02/11/2009;

accepted 08/11/2010

Editor: Sonia Maria Noemberg Lázzari

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    27 Jan 2011
  • Date of issue
    2010

History

  • Received
    02 Nov 2009
  • Accepted
    08 Nov 2010
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