A revision of the subgenera Euhyboma Kolbe, 1893, Parahyboma Paulian, 1938, and Rubrohyboma Paulian, 1939 of Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a revision of the three smallest subgenera of Deltochilum, all endemic to the Atlantic Forest of South America. Deltochilum (Euhyboma) and D. (Rubrohyboma) are monospecific taxa, composed of D. brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840) and D. rubripenne (Gory, 1831), respectively, whereas D. (Parahyboma) is composed of two allopatric species, D. furcatum (Castelnau, 1840) and D. granulosum Paulian, 1933. Lectotypes for D. brasiliense and D. rubripenne are designated. Each species is analyzed as follows: a detailed literature review, a diagnosis, description, illustrations of key morphological characters, list of material examined, and geographic distribution. An improved identification key to the subgenera of Deltochilum is presented.

Keywords:
Atlantic rainforest; Deltochilini; Dung beetles; Taxonomy; Identification key

Introduction

Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822 is one of the most diverse dung beetle genera, including 107 valid species and 4 subspecies (Schoolmeesters, 2020). It is distributed from the south of the United States of America to the north of Argentina (Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011; Schoolmeesters, 2020), and its greatest diversity is associated with tropical forests (Vaz-de-Mello, 1999). Currently, the genus is divided into eight subgenera: Aganhyboma Kolbe, 1893, Calhyboma Kolbe, 1893, Deltochilum s. str., Deltohyboma Lane, 1946, Euhyboma Kolbe, 1893, Hybomidium Shipp, 1897, Parahyboma Paulian, 1938 and Rubrohyboma Paulian, 1939 (Shipp, 1897; Paulian, 1938, 1939; Pereira and Martínez, 1956; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964; Génier, 2012).

The subgenus Deltochilum (Euhyboma) was described by Kolbe (1893) for Deltochilum brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840), type species of the subgenus by monotypy (Lane, 1946). This species has been previously recorded in Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina (Kolbe, 1893; Paulian, 1938; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964), being historically diagnosed by the following characters: large body size, elytra with short lateral carina and epipleural carina absent (Kolbe, 1893; Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011).

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) was described by Paulian (1938) for the species Deltochilum furcatum (Castelnau, 1840) and D. granulosum Paulian, 1933. The author originally designated D. furcatum as the type species. The subgenus has only been recorded from Brazil (Paulian, 1938; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964). The following diagnostic characters were provided by Paulian (1938) for the subgenus: small body size, convex, with short legs; clypeus quadridentate; and metaventrite with a single posterior pit, without tubercles.

Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) was described by Paulian (1939) for Deltochilum rubripenne (Gory, 1831). Its specimens have been recorded from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay (Paulian, 1939; Pessôa and Lane, 1941; Martínez, 1959; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964). The characters defined by Paulian (1939) for the diagnosis of the subgenus are the small and rounded body, clypeus bidentate, carina of ninth elytral interstria and protarsi absent.

An examination of collections revealed new distribution data for the species of these subgenera. Furthermore, the available species descriptions are not sufficient for species identification purposes, and they do not include modern taxonomic techniques, such as the use of high-quality images with illustration of the aedeagus and its endophallites. This paper aims to present a taxonomic revision of the subgenera Euhyboma, Parahyboma, and Rubrohyboma, providing information on species identities, identification and geographical distributions. In this study, endophallites of the male genitalia of D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840), D. (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840), D. (Parahyboma) granulosum Paulian, 1933 and D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831) are also described and illustrated for the first time.

Material and methods

A total of 834 adult specimens of Deltochilum were examined. The examined material was kindly provided as follows: specimens from CEMT and MZUFPA were examined by us; the type material of all species names was examined from photos provided by Dr. Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello; MSc. Mario Cupello kindly provided data from CEIOC, DZUP, and MNRJ.

CEIOC – Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Jane Costa)

CEMT – Seção de Entomologia da Coleção Zoológica, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil (Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello)

DZUP – Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (Lucia Massuti de Almeida)

IRSN – Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Alain Drumont)

MNRJ – Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Miguel A. Monné and Marcela L. Monné)

MZUFPA – Coleção de Scarabaeinae do Setor de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil (Fernando A.B. Silva).

MNHN – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (Olivier Montreuil, Antoine Mantilleri; only types studied)

OUMNH – Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom (Darren Mann; only types studied).

Examination of the tegmen and its structural components (parameres and phallobase) as well as of the endophallus and its endophallites was undertaken to clarify differences among species. The terminology used to describe these structures followed Tarasov and Solodovnikov (2011) and Tarasov and Génier (2015), with modifications by Silva et al. (2015) and Génier (2019).

The dissection of the male genitalia followed the preparation technique suggested by Zunino (1978). The endophallus was removed from the tegmen through the basal foramen of the phallobase, and its endophallites were illustrated. The Axial and Subaxial (A+SA) and the Frontolateral Peripheral endophallites (FLP) were illustrated in dorsal view. The Superior Right Peripheral (SRP) endophallite was illustrated in ventral view. The lamella copulatrix (LC) is composed of two parts in all species addressed here, named the left lobe and the right lobe by Silva et al. (2015). The left lobe was illustrated in ventral view, and the right lobe in dorsal view.

Photographs were taken with a Leica stereomicroscope M205A, using image stacking software (Leica Application Suite, version 4.2). The images were edited using Adobe Photoshop CC 2019. Species distribution were represented through maps using the software Quantum gis (Qgis, version 3.4). Geographic distribution for each species was given according the biogeographic dominions and provinces as defined by Morrone (2014).

Type specimens labels were transcribed ipsis litteris in quotation marks (“”). Labels were separated with a double slash (//) and line breaks in the same label with a single slash (/). Italic text indicates labels handwritten.

Results

Key to the subgenera of Deltochilum and species of Parahyboma (modified from Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011).

1. Head (between clypeogenal sutures) prolonged anteriorly, similar to a “muzzle” (Fig. 1A). Mexico to Argentina, except Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Aganhyboma) Kolbe, 1893

Fig 1
Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822. (A) Head in Deltochilum (Aganhyboma) trisignatum Harold, 1881. (B) Head in D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840). (C) Surface of third elytral interstria in D. brasiliense (arrows indicate details of microsculpture. Yellow: foveiform punctures; white: microtubercles; green: granulation). (D–F) Lateral view of elytra in species of Deltochilum (white arrows indicate carina of ninth elytral interstria; yellow arrow indicate pseudoepipleural carina lacking at basal part of elytra). (D) D. brasiliense. (E) D. (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840). (F) D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831). (G–H) Details of elytral surface. (G) D. (Parahyboma) furcatum. (H) D. (Parahyboma) granulosum. Figures scale: A, B, G, H (1 mm); C (0,5 mm); D–F (2 mm).

- Head not prolonged anteriorly (Fig. 1B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 (1). Ninth elytral interstria lacking carina basally, or carina inconspicuous (Fig. 1F) . . . . 3 - Ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate basally (Fig. 1D–E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 (2). Protarsi absent. Elytral interstriae 1–7 with a longitudinal row of tubercles (Fig. 5A). Atlantic Forest from Southeastern of Brazil to northeastern Argentina (Fig. 8C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831) (Fig. 5A–B)

Fig. 5
Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Metafemur of females (arrow indicates posterior edge not expanded). (D) Metafemur of males (arrow indicates posterior edge expanded). (E) Protibia of females, ventral view. (F) Protibia of males, ventral view. Figures scale: A–B (5 mm); C–F (1 mm).

Fig. 8
Type specimens in Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822 and label data. (A) Lectotype of D. brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840). (B) Lectotype of D. rubripenne (Gory, 1831). (C) Holotype of D. granulosum Paulian, 1933. (D) Potencial syntype of D. furcatum (Castelnau, 1840). Photos by Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello.

- Protarsi small, but present. Elytral interstriae 1–7 lacking tubercles, or with tubercles not arranged longitudinally. Mexico to Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Calhyboma) Kolbe, 1893

4 (2). Carina of ninth interstria present at least on the basal 3/4 of interstria. USA to Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Deltochilum) s. str. Eschscholtz, 1822

- Carina of ninth interstria extending at most to half the length of interstria . . . . . . . . . 5

5 (4). Pseudoepipleural carina lacking at basal part of elytra (Fig. 1D). Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil to northeastern Paraguay and Argentina (Fig. 8A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840) (Fig. 2A–B)

Fig. 2
Deltochilum (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Details of abdominal ventrites of females. (D) Details of abdominal ventrites of males (diagonal carina pointed). (E) Metatibia of females (F) Metatibia of males (lobes pointed). (G) Protibia of females, ventral view. (H) Protibia of males, ventral view. Figures scale: A–B (5 mm); C–H (1 mm).

- Pseudoepipleural carina distinct basally (Fig. 1E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6 (5). Clypeus bidentate. Mexico to Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946

- Clypeus quadridentate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7 (6). Metaventrite bituberculate posteriorly. USA to Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Hybomidium) Shipp, 1987

- Metaventrite lacking posterior tubercles . . . D. (Parahyboma) Paulian, 1938 . . . . . . 8

8 (7). Dorsal surface of the body black and opaque (Fig. 3A). Microtubercles of elytral interstriae elliptical and spaced approximately by one diameter (Fig. 1G). Parameres with apical projection shorter and pointed in lateral and ventral view (Fig. 6B). Mid-apical region of the SRP cable strongly curved outward (Fig. 7B). Left lobe of the lamella copulatrix “water drop”-shaped; right lobe subtriangular, shorter than left lobe (Fig. 7B). Atlantic Forest from southeastern Brazil to Argentina and Paraguay (Fig. 8B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840) (Fig. 3A–B)

Fig. 3
Deltochilum (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840). (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Protibia of females, ventral view. (D) Protibia of males, ventral view. (E) Metatibia of females (arrow indicates longitudinal carina). (F) Metatibia of males (arrow indicates longitudinal row of tubercles). Figures scale: A–B (5 mm); C–F (1 mm).

Fig. 6
Aedeagus in species of Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. (A) D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840). (B) D. (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840) (arrows indicate apical projection of paramere shorter and more pointed in comparison to that of D. granulosum). (C) D. (Parahyboma) granulosum Paulian, 1933 (arrows indicate apical projection of parameres slightly rounded). (D) D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831) (arrows indicate a tuft of setae at the parameres apex). Figures scale: A (2 mm); B–D (1 mm).

Fig. 7
Endophallites in species of Deltochilum Eschscholtz, 1822. Lamella Copulatrix (LC). Frontolateral Peripheral (FLP) sclerite. Superior Right Peripheral (SRP) sclerite. Complex of Axial and Subaxial (A+SA) sclerite. (A) D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840). (B) D. (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840) (arrow indicates mid-apical region of the SRP cable strongly curved outward). (C) D. (Parahyboma) granulosum Paulian, 1933. (D) D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831). Figures scale: A–D (0,5 mm).

- Dorsal surface of the body light brown and shiny (Fig. 4A). Microtubercles of elytral interstriae in general, rounded, denser with microsculpture almost confluent (Fig. 1H). Parameres with apical projection slightly rounded in lateral and ventral views (Fig. 6C). Mid-apical region of the SRP cable curved in approximately 90 degrees (Fig. 7C). Left lobe of the lamella copulatrix comma shaped (Fig. 7C); right lobe subrectangular, curved, with approximately the same length as the left lobe (Fig. 7C). Atlantic Forest in Bahia and Espírito Santo (Brazil) (Fig. 8B) . . . . . . . . . D. (Parahyboma) granulosum Paulian, 1933 (Fig. 4A–B)

Fig. 4
Deltochilum (Parahyboma) granulosumPaulian, 1933. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Protibia of females, ventral view. (D) Protibia of males, ventral view. (E) Elytral apex of females (arrow indicates seventh elytral interstria lacking carina). (F) Elytral apex of males (carina of seventh elytral interstria pointed). Figures scale: A–B (5 mm); C–F (1 mm).

Deltochilum (Euhyboma) Kolbe, 1893

Deltochilum (Euhyboma) Kolbe, 1893: 191 (original description); Paulian, 1938: 243, 257, 258 (identification key and redescription); Blackwelder, 1944: 202 (checklist); Lane, 1946: 174 (taxonomic remarks); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 121, 122 (catalogue and identification key); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 646 (catalogue); Halffter and Matthews, 1966: 261 (checklist and distribution); Halffter and Edmonds, 1982: 139 (checklist and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Krajcik, 2006: 47 (checklist); González-Alvarado et al., 2009: 254 (identification key); Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011: 5, 11, 18, 26, 33, 41, 44, 56 (checklist and identification key); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Euhyboma Shipp, 1897: 195 (taxonomic remarks)

Deltochilum (Euhyboma) brasiliense (Castelnau, 1840)

(Fig. 1B–D, 2A–H, 6A, 7A, 8A)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3C695DDF-888C-4DC1-8FBB-5CF8CC17A314

Hyboma brasiliense Castelnau, 1840: 73 (original description); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 122 (cited as type species)

Deltochilum brasilienseBurmeister, 1848: 135 (distribution and redescription); Redtenbacher, 1868: 54 (checklist and distribution); Harold, 1869: 995 (catalogue and distribution); Harold, 1875: 60 (taxonomic remarks); Gillet, 1911: 35 (catalogue); Pessôa and Lane, 1941: 428, 432 (catalogue, description, distribution, identification key, and taxonomic remarks); Blackwelder, 1944: 202 (checklist and distribution); Vulcano et al., 1980: 116 (checklist); Medina et al., 2001: 136 (checklist); Krajcik, 2006: 48 (checklist); Silva et al., 2011: 336, 339 (identification key); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist).

Deltochilum (Euhyboma) brasiliense: Kolbe, 1893: 192 (redescription); Paulian, 1938: 258, 259 (distribution and redescription); Lane, 1946: 174 (taxonomic remarks); Lange, 1947: 307 (checklist and distribution); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 646 (catalogue and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011: 44 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Euhyboma brasiliense: Shipp, 1897: 195 (taxonomic remarks)

Type material. Hyboma brasiliense Castelnau Lectotype ♀ (here designated; examined from photo; OUMNH): “Hyboma/ Brasiliense De Laporte/ hist. nat. / Lacordairei D4/ Brasilia” // “G” // “Deltochilum/ brasiliense, / Cast. / J. J. E Gillet/ t. 1910-1912” // “standing over/ Deltochilum brasiliense/ Cast, 1840 ex. Gory/ OX. UNI. MUS. NAT. / HIST. (OUMNH)” // “A. Gory coll/ purchased 1849-1850/ From H. L. Gory” // “LECTOTYPE ♀/ Hyboma/ brasiliense Cast. / des. F. Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013”.

Remarks. In the original description, Castelnau (1840) said that the material examined by him was from Gory’s collection. According to Cambefort (2006), Gory’s personal collection was scattered throughout different museums in Europe. Specimens from Gory’s collection can be generally recognized by the presence of a small red square label handwritten ‘G’ attached to them (Maldaner et al., 2017). A specimen bearing such a ‘G’ label and that, at the same time, matches the definition of Hyboma brasiliense given by Castelnau (1840) in the original description (“Long. 9 lig. Larg. 7 lig.; élytres avec une carène oblique, et partagée en cinq petites côtes, placée prés de l'extrémité”), and from the original type locality (Brazil) was found in OUMNH collection (Fig. 8A), one of the main museums where Gory’s specimens can be found (Maldaner et al., 2017). Therefore, we are confident in considering this specimen a syntype and designate it as the lectotype of D. brasiliense in accordance with Article 74 (specifically 74.1.1 and 74.7) of the ICZN (1999), with the purpose of maintaining nomenclatural stability.

Non-type material examined. ARGENTINA: MISIONES, Caianguás, Dos de Mayo, [27,036284° S – 54,675559° W], 08.I.1990, no collector – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, XI.2007, E. Abadie leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Eldorado, [26,399919° S – 54,626812° W], XII.1994, J. D’Alessandro leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Urugua-Í River, Reserva Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, [26° 1,0225' S – 54° 1,0064' W], 365m, 05-12.II.2014, G. Zurita, A. Gómez and V. Gimenez leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [26° 1,0345' S – 54° 9,579' W], 298m, G. Zurita, A. Gómez and V. Gimenez leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). BRAZIL: [no locality data, 1♂ IRSN]; BAHIA, Porto Seguro, [16,446838° S – 39,071079° W], VII.1986, no collector – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Wenceslau Guimarães, [13° 41' 21” S – 39° 21' 52” W], 146m, C. Leite leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Wenceslau Guimarães, [13° 34' 32” S – 39° 42' 25” W], 146m, I.2011, C. Leite leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT). ESPIRITO SANTO, Conceição do Castelo, [20,364387° S – 41,242121° W], II. 1994, A. Grossi and F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Marechal Floriano, [20,441979° S – 40,776661° W], I.2003, L. Dias leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Santa Maria de Jetibá, Rio Lamego (“Rio Lameco”), 800 m, II.1959, no collector – 1♀ (DZUP); Santa Teresa (“STA Tereza), 07.XII.1964, C. Elias leg. – 1♀ (DZUP); Vargem Alta, [20,674002° S – 41,009821° W], IX.1995, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Venda Nova do Imigrante, [20,327507° S – 41,135935° W], I.1998, Falqueto and F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). MINAS GERAIS, Aiuruoca [atlantic forest], [21° 58’ 31” S – 44° 36’ 12” W], 21.III.2010, pitfall with dung, Marcelo leg. – 2♀ 2♂ (MZUFPA); Araponga, Pico do Boné, [20,685265° S – 42,452683° W], 17.XII.2000, E. Stehling leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Barbacena, Campus IFET-Sudeste, [21° 14' 9,63” S – 43° 45,6' 55” W], 20.XI.2012, F. Gomes leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Carrancas, Chapada dos Perdizes, [21° 38’ 15” S – 44° 35’ 54” W], II.2010, no collector – 1♂ (MZUFPA); Itamonte [atlantic forest], [22° 21’ S – 44° 47’ W], 1737m, 13.X.2009, pitfall with dung, V. Oliveira leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); Lima Duarte, Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, [21,711972° S – 43,903014° W], VI.2001, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Prados, Área de Proteção Ambiental São José [savanna], [21° 3' 2” S – 44° 9' 0” W], 1,045m, 16.I.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Prados, Área de Proteção Ambiental São José [seasonal semideciduous atlantic forest], [21° 4' 13,1” S – 44° 7' 4” W], 1,159m, 17.II.2012, pitfall with rotten meat, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21° 3' 51,9” S – 44° 6' 59” W], 1,230m, 14.III.2012, pitfall with rotten meat, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Rio Acima, [20° 2' 14” S – 43° 40' 54” W], 05.XII.2007, E. Bordoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São João Evangelista [forest in rainy season], [18° 33' 11” S – 42° 53' 58” W], 898m, 02.IV.2011, human dung, R. Mota leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [18° 34' 9” S – 42° 53' 4” W], 856m, 02.IV.2011, human dung, R. Mota leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Viçosa, [20,754870° S – 42,878586° W], 16.XII.1993, J. Louzada leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 07.I.1994, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, II.1994, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 02.II.1994, J. Louzada leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, XII.1998, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata de São Geraldo, [20,754870° S – 42,878586° W], XII. 1995, pitfall, J. Louzada and F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). PARANÁ, Londrina, [23,304452° S – 51,169582° W], XI.1998, I. Medri leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Ortigueira, XI.1945, Ernesto leg. – 1♀ (DZUP – ex F. Justus Jor collection); Pato Branco, [26º 11’ S – 52º 40’ W], 18.III.2015, A. Bugoni leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Piraquara, Banhado, 28.XII.1970, S. Paroca (?) leg. – 1♀ (DZUP); Piraquara, Parque Estadual Pico do Marumbi, Mananciais da Serra, 09.XII.2011, F. Leivas, P. Grossi and K. Milke leg. – 2♂ (DZUP); Tapejara, I.1953, no collector – 1♂ 1♀ (DZUP – ex F. Justus Jor collection); Tijuco Preto, Rio Negro, [26º 3’ 43” S – 39º 45’ 53” W], V.2012, R. Marcolino leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). PERNAMBUCO, Caruaru, Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho, [08,284964° S – 35,970187° W], 11.V.2008, C. Costa leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). RIO DE JANEIRO, 17 km de Nova Friburgo, [22º 23’ 4” S – 42º 33’ 30” W], 21.I.2000, F. Génier and S. Ide leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Itatiaia, [22,442824° S – 44,587844° W], XI.1991, C. Godinho leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Itatiaia, [22° 29’ 18” S – 44° 37’ 21” W], 700m, II.1959, W. Zikán leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); Itatiaia, km 13, [22° 23’ 47” S – 44° 42’ 15” W], 1,830m, 02.I.1927, J. Zikán leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); Itatiaia, Maromba, [22° 19’ 58” S – 44° 36’ 36” W], 1,100m, 28.XII.1925, J. Zikán leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, [22° 20’ 30” S – 44° 34’ 59” W], 1,250m, 30.IX-02.X.2010, M. L. Monné and M. A. Monné leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, [22º 25’ 1,1” S – 44º 38’ 35,5” W], 1,850m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 9 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 25’ 5,5” S – 44º 38’ 6,7” W], 1,700m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 25’ 17,5” S – 44º 37’ 59,7” W], 1,600m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 25’ 46,1” S – 44º 37’ 3” W], 1,100m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 27’11” S – 44º 36’ 28,4” W], 850m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [22º 27’ 36,9” S – 44º 35’44,3” W], 650m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); [22º 27’ 35,4” S – 44º 35’ 56” W], 700m, 23.XII.2011, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, near Casa do Pesquisador [ombrophilous forest], [22° 27’ 15.9” S – 44° 36’ 26.9” W], 810m, 22-25.II.2013, pitfall with rotten fish, M. Cupello leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); Nova Friburgo, [22,288726° S – 42,534080° W], I.1995, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Nova Friburgo, Casa Coelho, [22° 15’ 12” S – 42° 36’ 42” W], I.1995, P. Filho leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); Teresópolis, [22° 25’ 01” S – 42° 58’ 32” W], 21.I.1957, D. Zajciw leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 4,4734’ S – 43º 1,162’ W], 1,130m, 28.I.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, [22° 4,4721’ S – 43° 8,9’ W], 1,280m, 28-30.I.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 4,4784’ S – 43º 1,308’ W], 1,380m, 28-30.I.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 1,400m, 16-18.XII.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 4,4833’ S – 43º 7,48’ W], 1,250m, 16-18.XII.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 4,5036’ S – 43º 1,282’ W], 1,480m, 28.I.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 1,500m, 16-18.XII.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 4,5350’ S – 43º 1,943’ W], 1,780m, 28-30.I.2014, pitfall, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). RIO GRANDE DO SUL, Bento Gonçalves, [29,166709° S – 51,516986° W], IX.2001, C. Arioli leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rolante, [29º 29’ 00” S – 56º 09’ 16” W], 19.X.2010, G. Viegas leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula [mixed ombrophilous forest], [29° 25’ 21” S – 50° 23’ 12” W], 13.I.2008, L. Audino leg. – 11 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 14.I.2008, L. Audino leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula [pine vegetation], [29° 25’ 21” S – 50° 23’ 12” W], 13.I.2008, L. Audino leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 14.I.2008, L. Audino leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula [eucalyptus vegetation], [29° 25’ 21” S – 50° 23’ 12” W], 13.I.2008, L. Audino leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, [29° 25’ 21” S – 50° 23’ 12” W], 10-13.XII.2009, P. Grossi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula [secondary forest], [29º 28’ 48” S – 50º 10’ 18” W], 20.II-19.III.2002, R. Ott leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [29º 29’ 16” S – 50º 10’ 60” W], 20.II-19.III.2002, R. Ott leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São José do Ouro, [27,772245° S – 51,578115° W], 16.XI.2013, egg trap, E. Santos leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Taquara, [29º 24’ 11” S – 56º 09’ 01” W], 19.X.2010, G. Viegas leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). SANTA CATARINA, Anitápolis, [27º 54' S – 49º 07' W], 28.I.2013, T. Simões leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Antonio Carlos, [27º 25' S – 48º 51' W], 04.III.2013, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Bandeirante, [26º 42' S – 53º 35' W], 09.XII.2014, V. Alves leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Bom Jardim da Serra, Distrito Mantiqueira, [28,265982° S – 49,762108° W], I. 2002, C. Arioli leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Campos Novos, [27º 23' S – 51º 12' W], II.2013, C. Campos leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Florianópolis, Lagoa do Peri, [27º 42' S – 48º 31' W], 01.II.2013, pitfall, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Florianópolis, Lagoa do Peri [atlantic forest], [27º 23' S – 48º 32' W], IX.2007, pitfall, A. Martins and M. Hernández leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, I.2008, pitfall, A. Martins and M. Hernández leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Florianópolis, Unidade de Conservação Ambiental Desterro, [27º 31' S – 48º 30' W], 09.I.2013, pitfall, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [27º 32' S – 48º 34' W], 03.II.2012, pitfall, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [27º 32' S – 48º 28' W], 24.II.2012, pitfall, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Ipumirim, [27º 02' S – 52º 10' W], 25.XII.2012, J. Bogoni leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Itapema, [27º 04' S – 48º 36' W], 17.I.2013, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Monte Castelo [pine vegetation], [26º 40' S – 50º 18' W], 837m, 24.XII.2012, A. Brandi leg. – 1 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [26º 41' S – 50º 18' W], 810m, 24.XII.2012, A. Brandi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Monte Castelo [atlantic forest], [26º 42' S – 50º 19' W], 1,116m, 06.VIII.2012, A. Brandi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [26º 43' S – 50º 19' W], 881m, 07.I.2013, A. Brandi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Nova Veneza, [28º 33' S – 49º 35' W], 14.XI.2012, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 20.III.2013, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São Pedro de Alcântara, [27º 37' S – 48º 53' W], 27.II.2013, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Seara, Pinhal, XII.1957, no collector – 1♂ (DZUP); Romelândia, [26º 37' S – 53º 22' W], 09.XII.2014, V. Alves leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, [27º 44' S – 48º 48' W], XI.2009, pitfall, C. Marcon and M. Hernández leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); São Domingos, [26º 26' S – 52º 34' W], 27.VII.2011, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 28.XII.2011, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Urubici, [27º 59' S – 49º 22' W], 20.II.2013, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). SÃO PAULO, Caraguatatuba, [23,625590° S – 45,424145° W], 21.IX.2012, A. Diaz leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Mogi das Cruzes, Parque das Neblinas, [23º 48' 01” S – 46º 13' 04” W], IX.2015, pitfall with human dung, R. Nunes leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Mogi das Cruzes, Parque das Neblinas [secondary forest], [23º 45' 49” S – 46º 12' 05” W], 24-28.III.2015, pitfall with human dung, R. Nunes leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Salesópolis, Estação Biológica de Boraceia, Serra do Mar, est. biol. 50km SE de Mogi das Cruzes, [23,722377° S – 46,358181° W], 800–900m, 28-30.IV.1997, dung trap, F. Génier and S. Ide leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, rotten meat trap, F. Génier and S. Ide leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Salesópolis, Estação Biológica de Boraceia, [23º 39' 20,1' S – 45º 53' 23,7” W], 18.IX.2012, pitfall, A. Diaz leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São Miguel Arcanjo, Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, [24º 03' 35” S – 47º 58' 43” W], 785m, 20.XI.2011, Brachyteles sp. dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [24º 03' 46” S – 47º 58' 44” W], 823m, 29.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [24º 03' 47” S – 47º 58' 45” W], 823m, 29.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Parque Estadual Intervales, Sede Carmo, [24º 18' 41” S – 48º 24' 22” W], 598m, 26.III.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [24º 18' 35” S – 48º 24' 30” W], 577m, 26.III.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); [24º 18' 42” S – 48º 24' 25” W], 588m, 26.III.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Parque Estadual Intervales, Sede Ribeirão, [24º 16' 40” S – 48º 25' 54” W], 772m, 26.III.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Sede Itamambuca, [23º 19' 28” S – 45º 05' 04” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23° 19’ 27” S – 45° 05’ 10” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23° 19’ 30” S – 45° 05’ 00” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 19' 30” S – 45º 04' 58” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1♀ (CEMT); Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Sede Vargem Grande, [23º 26' 25” S – 45º 14' 19” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26' 27” S – 45º 14' 19” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26' 29” S – 45º 14' 20” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26' 38” S – 45º 14' 23” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, M. Boutefeu leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26' 39” S – 45º 14' 23” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, M. Boutefeu leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26' 40” S – 45º 14' 25” W], 17.I.2012, human dung, M. Boutefeu leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Serra do Japi, [23º 14' S – 46º 56' W], 1998, M. Hernández leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). PARAGUAY, ALTO PARANÁ, Ciudad del Este, [25,508529° S – 54,675323° W], 07.I.1966, Zicsi leg – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT).

Diagnosis. It differs from other species of Deltochilum by the following combination of characters: anterior portion of head, between clypeogenal sutures, subtrapezoidal, not prolonged in “muzzle” shape (Fig. 1B). Clypeus with an obtuse angle on its edge between clypeogenal suture and clypeal teeth (Fig. 1B). Ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate (Fig. 1D). Carina of ninth interstria extending at most through the basal half of interstria (Fig. 1D). Pseudoepipleural carina lacking at base of elytra or inconspicuous (Fig. 1D). Lateral edge of elytra formed by the carina of ninth interstria at anterior half; posterior half formed by the pseudoepipleural carina. Fourth, fifth and sixth elytral interstriae with tubercles at base. Seventh interstria with thin and short carina at base. Elytral apex with carina at third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh interstriae. Protibiae with longitudinal row of conspicuous tubercles for about two-thirds of its ventral length. Body size longer than 20 mm.

Redescription. Body. Dorsal surface black, anterior region convex (Fig. 2A). Ventral surface with greenish sheen. Body surface with dense granulation, visible at high magnification (Fig. 1C). Length. 22 to 26 mm. Head. Foveiform punctures and microtubercles spaced by approximately once or twice their diameter (Fig. 1B). Clypeal edge with two medial teeth (Fig. 1B). Clypeogenal suture well impressed. Thorax. Pronotum with dense microtubercles and foveiform punctures, punctures denser at lateral edges. Pronotum with small depression close to lateral angles. Anteromedial surface of pronotum higher than surrounding surface. Anterior angles acute, directed forward. Hypomera not excavated, with foveiform punctures evenly distributed along the surface. Metaventrite with excavation near to posterior edge. Metaventrite punctures variable in size; smaller along anterior region, and larger at lateral edges, mesepimeron and metanepisternum. Elytra. Punctures of elytral striae spaced by approximately once or twice their diameter. Surface of interstriae with microtubercles and foveiform punctures; microtubercles more conspicuous in comparison to other body parts, giving a shiny aspect along surface. Ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate (Fig. 1D). Carina of ninth interstria extending at most through the basal half of interstria (Fig. 1D). Pseudoepipleural carina lacking at base of elytra or inconspicuous (Fig. 1D). Lateral edge of elytra formed by the carina of ninth interstria at anterior half; posterior half formed by the pseudoepipleural carina. Fourth, fifth and sixth elytral interstriae with tubercles at base. Seventh interstria with thin and short carina at base. Elytral apex with carina at third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh interstriae. Abdomen. Punctures large and conspicuous on lateral surface of ventrites; denser along anterior edge of sixth ventrite. Pygidium densely punctate, rounded apically. Legs. Medial lateral tooth of protibia closer to apical tooth than to basal tooth. Dorsal surface of protibia with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Profemur wider at basal half, densely punctate. Punctures of meso and metafemur small and sparse. Meso and metatarsomeres 1–4 trapezoid, the last subrectangular shaped. Sexual dimorphism. Females can be distinguished from males, in general, by the tubercles at anterior edge of excavation of metaventrite absent (in males, two tubercles at anterior edge of excavation); first abdominal ventrite expanded mediallly, slightly compressing ventrite II (Fig. 2C) [in males, first abdominal ventrite strongly expanded medially, compressing at least ventrites II, III, and IV (Fig. 2D)]; surface of first abdominal ventrite regular, lacking carinae (Fig. 2C) [in males, first ventrite with two diagonal carinae delimiting a higher portion at abdominal surface (Fig. 2D)]; last abdominal ventrite evenly wide (in males, ventrite subtly narrower medially); protibial spur acute at apex (Fig. 2G) [in males, spur rounded at apex (Fig. 2H)]; posterior edge of metatrochanter regular, lacking expansion (in males, posterior edge of metatrochanter expanded towards the abdominal ventrites, spur-shaped); metafemur substraight (in males, metafemur curved anteriorly along its proximal third); metatibia straight along its proximal third, lacking lobes at apical third (Fig. 2E) (in males, metatibia curved outward along its proximal third, with two lobes at apical third (Fig. 2F). Tegmen. Parameres symmetrical, subtriangular in lateral view, shorter than phallobase, rounded at apex (Fig. 6A). Endophallus. Lamella Copulatrix (LC) (Fig. 7A). Left lobe subrectangular (Fig. 7A); right lobe trapezoid, with approximately the the same length as the left lobe (Fig. 7A). Superior Right Peripheral (SRP) endophallite with circular ring, and L-shaped cable (Fig. 7A); circular ring stuck to half the cable length. Frontolateral Peripheral (FLP) endophallite M-shaped (Fig. 7A). Complex of Axial and Subaxial (A+SA) endophallites elongate, irregular (Fig. 7A).

Biogeographical regions. Parana dominion (Atlantic, Parana and Araucaria forest provinces) and Chaco dominion (Pampa province) (see Morrone, 2014: Fig. 12).

Distribution. Known from Brazil: Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul); Argentina (Misiones); and Paraguay (Alto Paraná) (Fig. 9). From the label data, it seems that Deltochilum brasiliense inhabits the biogeographic dominions of Parana and Chaco along the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It was also reported from Colombia (Paulian, 1938; Pessôa and Lane, 1941; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964). However, it is clear that the records from Colombia represent either mislabeled or misidentified specimens. In addition to the data listed here, the species was also recorded in Brazil from Serra do Caraça and Passa Quatro (Minas Gerais), Cantagalo (Rio de Janeiro), Rio Pardo (São Paulo), and Piraquara (Paraná) by Pessôa and Lane (1941), Paulian (1938), Lange (1947), and Vulcano et al. (1980).

Fig. 9
Collecting records of subgenus Deltochilum (Euhyboma) Kolbe, 1893.

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) Paulian, 1938

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) Paulian, 1938: 243, 266 (original description, identification key, and taxonomic remarks); Lane, 1946: 175 (taxonomic remarks); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 121, 125 (catalogue and identification key); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 650 (catalogue); Halffter and Matthews, 1966: 261 (checklist and distribution); Halffter and Edmonds, 1982: 139 (checklist and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011: 5, 11, 18, 26, 33, 41, 44, 56 (checklist and identification key); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Diagnosis. It differs from other subgenera by having clypeus quadridentate; medial teeth more acute than lateral teeth. Posterior surface of metaventrite lacking tubercles. Ninth elytral interstria distinctly carinate at anterior portion (Fig. 1E). Carina of ninth interstria extending at most through the anterior half of interstria (Fig. 1E). Pseudoepipleural carina distinct at base (Fig. 1E).

Redescription. Body. Densely granulated, visible at high magnification. Length. 15 to 17 mm. Head. Foveiform punctures and microtubercles spaced by approximately once or twice their diameter; punctures can be large or small near to clypeus. Clypeus with four teeth. Medial teeth more acute than lateral teeth. Cypeal teeth with setae at base. Thorax. Pronotum with foveiform punctures; denser at lateral portions and spaced by approximately three or four times their diameter at pronotal disc. Pronotum with small depression close to lateral angles; anterior angles acute, directed forward. Lateral edge of pronotum angulated; angle can be strongly or weakly expanded outward. Hypomera not excavated, with dense foveiform punctures on anterior portion; punctures on posterior portion denser at internal and external edges. Metaventrite with excavation near to posterior edge. Metaventrite punctures variable in size; smaller at anterior region and larger at lateral edges, metanepisternum and mesepimeron. Elytra. Punctures of elytral striae spaced by once or twice their diameter. Sixth interstria with inconspicuous carina at base. Seventh interstria carinate at base. Basal carina of ninth interstria with approximately one-third of elytral length, almost reaching the pseudoepipleural carina in some specimens. Elytra carinate at apex of first, third, fifth, sixth and seventh interstriae. Abdomen. Punctures denser at lateral surface of ventrites. Pygidium rounded at apex, densely punctate, and with spaced microtubercles along its surface. Legs. Medial lateral tooth of protibia closer to apical tooth than to basal tooth. Protibial teeth with setae at base. Dorsal surface of protibia with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Apex of protibia with setae. Surface of profemur with rounded or elliptical foveiform punctures. Meso and metafemur with small and sparse punctures. Longitudinal carinae of meso and metatibiae with row of setae. Meso and metatarsomeres 1–4 trapezoid, the last subrectangular. Sexual dimorphism. Females can be distinguished from males, in general, by the last abdominal ventrite evenly wide; in males, ventrite is subtly narrower at the middle; protibial spur acuminate at apex (Fig. 3C, 4C); in males, spur rounded at apex (Fig. 3D, 4D); half apical of mesotibia evenly straight, lacking expansion; in males, with abrupt expansion at half apical of mesotibia. Tegmen. Parameres symmetrical, subrectangular in lateral view (Fig. 6B, 6C). Endophallus. Superior Right Peripheral (SRP) endophallite with circular ring and L-shaped cable (Fig. 7B–C); circular ring stuck to 2/3 the cable length. Frontolateral Peripheral (FLP) endophallite, and Complex of Axial and Subaxial (A+SA) endophallites elongate, irregular (Fig. 7B–C).

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) furcatum (Castelnau, 1840)

(Fig. 1E, 3A–H, 6B, 7B, 8B)

Hyboma furcatum Castelnau, 1840: 74 (original description); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 125 (cited as type species)

Deltochilum furcatum: Burmeister, 1848: 135 (distribution and redescription); Redtenbacher, 1868: 54 (checklist); Harold, 1869: 995 (catalogue and distribution); Harold, 1875: 60 (taxonomic remarks); Gillet, 1911: 36 (catalogue); Pessôa and Lane, 1941: 429, 433 (catalogue, description, distribution, and identification key); Blackwelder, 1944: 202 (checklist and distribution); Krajcik, 2006: 48 (checklist); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist).

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) furcatum: Paulian, 1938: 266, 267 (distribution, identification key, redescription, and taxonomic remarks); Lane, 1946: 175 (taxonomic remarks); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 650, 651 (catalogue and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Type material. Unknown to us. Type locality: Brazil (Castelnau, 1840). Castelnau (1840) also said that the material examined of D. furcatum was from Gory’s collection. As already mentioned in remarks section of D. brasiliense, Gory’s collection was scattered throughout different museums in Europe, its specimens being generally recognized by the presence of a small red square label handwritten ‘G’ attached to them (Cambefort 2006; Maldaner et al., 2017). Unfortunately, Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello did not find specimens of D. furcatum with a label handwritten ‘G’ during his visits to several European museums between 2013 and 2014, including at OUMNH or at any other museum examined. However, he found an old specimen in OUMNH with the following label data: “Hyboma/ Furcatum De Laporte/ hist. nat. / Petitii D4/ Brasilia” // “Deltochilum/ furcatum, / Cast. / J. J. E Gillet/ t. 1910-1912” // “standing over/ Deltochilum furcatum/ Cast, 1840/ OX. UNI. MUS. NAT. / HIST. (OUMNH)” (Fig. 8D). We belive this specimen is potentially a syntype. However, as it does not bear a ‘G’ label, we prefer to follow the suggestion presented by Mario Cupello (referee) and, by now, we will not consider it as a syntype. Therefore, the whereabouts of the type series of D. furcatum remain unknown to us.

The application of the name furcatum to this Deltochilum species from southeastern of Brazil and northeastern of Paraguay and Argentina has long been well established (Paulian, 1938; Lane, 1946; Vulcano and Pereira, 1964; Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011), making no neotype designation necessary at the moment.

Non-type material examined. ARGENTINA: MISIONES, Caianguás, Dos de Mayo, [27,036284° S – 54,675559° W], XI.2007, E. Abadie leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Iguazú, Puerto Esperanza, [26º 9,9035’ S – 54º 4,9178’ W], 03.III.2014, G. Zurita, A. Gómez and V. Gimenez leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Urugua-Í River, Reserva Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, [26º 9,8457’ S – 54º 1,0375’ W], 05.II.2012, G. Zurita, A. Gómez and V. Gimenez leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). BRAZIL: ESPIRÍTO SANTO, Santa Teresa, Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, Trilha da Preguiça, [19º 54’ 40” S – 40º 32’ 29” W], 29.I.2015, T. Vargas leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Venda Nova do Imigrante, Lavrinhas, [20º 18’ 16” S – 41º 06’ 58” W], I.2013, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT). MINAS GERAIS, Aiuruoca [atlantic forest], [21° 58’ 31” S – 44° 36’ 12” W], 21.III.2010, pitfall with dung, Marcelo leg. – 2♀ 3♂ (MZUFPA); Araponga, Pico do Boné, [20,685265° S – 42,452683° W], 17.XII.2000, E. Stehling leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Barão de Cocais, Mina Gongo Soco [forest], [19° 57’ 35” S – 43° 35’ 56” W], IX.2011, pitfall with dung, A. Murta leg. – 1♀ 1♂ (MZUFPA); Barão de Cocais, Vale Mineração, [19º 57’ 17” S – 43º 33’ 51” W], 04.XI.2011, R. Mota leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Belo Horizonte, [19° 55’ 00” S – 43° 56’ 04” W], I.1957, Machado leg., 1♀ (DZUP – M. Alvarenga collection); Conceição dos Ouros, [22,435106° S – 45,771056° W], I.2003, G. Almeida leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Conceição dos Ouros, Rio Sapucaí, [22,435106° S – 45,771056° W], 28.II.1995, G. Almeida leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Prados, Área de Proteção Ambiental São José [seasonal semideciduous atlantic forest], [21º 04’ 40,1” S – 44º 08’ 06,1” W], 1,090m, 16.I.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21º 04’ 40,10” S – 44º 08’ 06,10” W], 1,090m, 17.II.2012, pitfall with rotten meat, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21º 0,3’ 51,90” S – 44º 06’ 59” W], 1,230m, 14.III.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21º 04’ 35,3” S – 44º 08’ 05,9” W], 1,109m, 14.III.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Prados, Serra de São José [forest], [21° 06’ 05” S – 44° 11’ 41” W], I.2012, pitfall with rotten meat, L. Vieira leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA); same data but, pitfall with dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA); Viçosa, [20,754870° S – 42,878586° W], 28.XI.1990, Melo and Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 18.XII.1990, Louzada and Melo leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 11.I.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 16.V.1991, Louzada and Melo leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 02.X.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 11 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 03.X.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 6 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 04.X.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 10 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 05.X.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 9 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 20.XI.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 7 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 22.XI.1991, J. Louzada leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 23.XI.1991, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 11.I.1992, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 28.II.1992, Lopes and Louzada leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 27.III.1992, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 10.I.1994, J. Louzada – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 25.I.1994, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 02.II.1994, J. Louzada leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 07.XII.1998, fly interception trap, J. Moreno and T. Mestre leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, X.2000, pitfall, M. da Mata leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Viçosa, [20º 45’ 17” S – 42º 52’ 42” W], XII.1998, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1♀ 1♂ (MZUFPA); Viçosa, Campus da UFV, [20.759774° S – 42.867548° W], X.2000, pitfall, M. da Mata leg. – 14 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata da Biologia [atlantic forest], [20° 45’ 24” S – 42° 51’ 38” W], 13.I.2010, pitfall with dung, L. Audino leg. – 1♀ 1♂ (MZUFPA); Viçosa, Mata da Biologia (Campus da UFV), [20° 45’ 28” S – 42° 51’ 55” W], 15.X.2011, close to the Diplopoda carcass, A. Puker leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, [20° 45’ 28” S – 42° 51’ 55” W], 14.II.2015, pitfall, S. Aloquio and M. Bento leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata do Paraíso, [20º 47’ S – 42º 51’ W], XII.1998, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 109 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata do Paraíso, [20º 48’ 20,5” S – 42º 51’ 12,4” W], 781m, 03.V.2013, pitfall with dung, T. Vargas leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, 28.I.2014, T. Vargas and L. Lopes leg. – 16 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata do Paraíso, [20,802319° S – 42,858630° W], 13.II.2015, S. Aloquio, A. Orsetti and C. Lopes-Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, 19.II.2015, fly interception trap, S. Aloquio, A. Orsetti and M. Bento leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Viçosa, Mata do Prof. Alfredo [atlantic forest], [20° 47’ 56” S – 42° 51’ 41” W], 17.I.2010, pitfall with dung, L. Audino leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA). PARANÁ, Alto Paraná, [25º 8,00515’ S – 54º 3,8034’ W], 23.I.2013, G. Zurita – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Altamira do Paraná, Estrada d’água da Bota, [24º 52’ S – 42º 52’ W], 21.III.2011, G. Weiss and P. Grossi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Londrina, [23,304452° S – 51,169582° W], XI.1998, I. Medri leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Piraquara, Parque Estadual Pico do Marumbi, Mananciais da Serra, 09.XII.2011, F. Leivas, P. Grossi and K. Milke leg. – 4♀ 4♂ [1 dissected] (DZUP). RIO DE JANEIRO, 17 km de Nova Friburgo, [22º 23’ 04” S – 42º 33’ 30” W], 23.I.2000, F. Génier and S. Ide leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Guapimirim, Parque Nacional Serra dos Órgãos, [22° 29’ 48” S – 43° 00’ 08” W], 750m, 16-18.XII.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Itatiaia, [22,442824° S – 44,587844° W], I.1992, C. Godinho leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, I.1993, E. Grossi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Itatiaia, [22° 29’ 28” S – 44° 34’ 19” W], 15.XII.1991, A. Bello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); Itatiaia, [22° 29’ 18” S – 44° 37’ 21” W], 700m, I.1959, W. Zikán leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); Itatiaia, [22° 29’ 18” S – 44° 37’ 21” W], 700m, II.1959, W. Zikán leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, [22° 20’ 30” S – 44° 34’ 59” W], 1,250m, 30.IX-02.X.2010, M. A. Monné and M. L. Monné leg. – 7 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, [22º 25’ 17,5” S – 44º 37’ 59,7” W], 1,600m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [22º 25’ 46,1” S – 44º 37’ 03” W], 1,100m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 26’ 16,3” S – 44º 36’ 41,8” W], 1,000m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 27’ 36,9” S – 44º 35’ 44,3” W], 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, near Casa do Pesquisador [ombrophilous forest], [22° 27’ 15” S – 44° 36’ 26” W], 810m, 22-24.X.2010, pitfall with human dung, W. Beiroz and M. Cupello leg. – 15 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, 11-13.XI.2011, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 7 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, 22-24.IX.2011, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 27.II-01.III.2012, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 22-25.II.2013, pitfall with rotten fish, M. Cupello leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); Nova Friburgo, [22,288726° S – 42,534080° W], VI.1994, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Rio de Janeiro, [22° 54’ 24” S – 43° 10’ 22” W], X.1991, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, [22° 57’ 08” S – 43° 12’ 41” W], II.1932, L. T. leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEIOC); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, [22,959306° S – 43,278462° W], XII. 1989, C. Godinho leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, [22° 57’ 26” S – 43° 16’ 52” W], II.1937, C. Seabra leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 29.I.1952, D. Zajciw leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 29.I.1952, D. Zajciw leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, X.1979, C. Godinho leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, IX.1993, A. Serpa leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, 09.X.1993, V. Marchon leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEIOC); same data but, 17.X.1993, A. Serpa leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEIOC); Rio de Janeiro, Grajaú, [22° 55’ 25” S – 43° 15’ 30” W], IX.1965, H. Lopes leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEIOC); Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico, [22,967372° S – 43,225038° W], XII.1992, F. Vaz-de-Mello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Rio de Janeiro, Parque Lage, [22° 57’ 29” S – 43° 12’ 41” W], 17.X.1993, A. Serpa leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEIOC); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, [22º 27’ 19” S – 42º 59’ 56” W], 1,100m, XII.2014, R. Andrade and C. Araújo leg. – 12 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 4,4721’ S – 43º 59’ W], 1,300m, 16-18.XII.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 4,4734’ S – 43º 1,162’ W], 1,330m, 28-30.I.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 4,4784’ S – 43º 1,308’ W], 1,380m, 28-30.I.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 4,5095’ S – 43º 2,79’ W], 1,150m, 16-18.XII.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 4,5516’ S – 43º 9,9787’ W], 1,030m, 28-30.XII.2014, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT). SANTA CATARINA, Corupá, [26° 26’ 07” S – 49° 14’ 42” W], X.1966, A. Maller leg. – 1♂ (DZUP); same data but, 60 m, II.1958, no collector – 1♂ (DZUP); same data but, XI.1958, no collector – 1♀ (DZUP); SÃO PAULO, Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Santa Virgínia, Sede Itamanbuca, [23° 19’ 30” S – 45° 04’ 58” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); same data but, [23° 19’ 27” S – 45° 05’ 10” W], 18.I.2012, human dung, E. Bovy leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); Salesópolis, Serra do Mar, Estação Biológica de Boraceia [cloud forest], [23° 31’ 52” S – 45° 50’ 49” W], 800-900m, 28-30.IV.1997, dung trap, F. Génier and S. Ide leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA); Serra do Japi, [23,236338° S – 46,943506° W], XII.1998, M. Medina leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT).

Diagnosis. It can be distinguished from D. (Parahyboma) granulosum by having the dorsal surface of the body black and opaque (Fig. 3A). Microtubercles of elytral interstriae elliptical and spaced by approximately once their diameter (Fig. 1G) (in D. granulosum, dorsal surface of the body light brown and shiny (Fig. 4A); microtubercles, in general, rounded, denser with microsculpture almost confluent (Fig. 1H)). The shape of parameres (Fig. 6B) and endophallites are also diagnosable among these species. In D. furcatum, apical projection of paramere shorter and more pointed (Fig. 6B) than that of D. granulosum (apical projection of paramere slightly rounded in the latter species (Fig. 6C)). Mid-apical region of the SRP cable strongly curved outward (Fig. 7B). Left lobe of Lamella Copulatrix “water drop” shaped. Right lobe subtriangular, shorter than the left lobe (Fig. 7B) (in D. granulosum, mid-apical region of the SRP cable curved in approximately 90 degrees (Fig. 7C). Left lobe of Lamella Copulatrix comma shaped (Fig. 7C). Right lobe subrectangular, curved, with approximately the same length as the left lobe (Fig. 7C)).

Sexual dimorphism. Females can be distinguished from males, in general, by the posterior edge of meso- and metafemur substraight, without angulation (in males, basal third of mesofemur with acute angle at posterior edge, and apical two-third of metafemur extended at posterior edge); internal portion of metatibia with longitudinal carina (Fig. 3E) [in males, metatibia with longitudinal row of tubercles (Fig. 3F)].

Biogeographical regions. Parana dominion (Atlantic, Parana and Araucaria forest provinces) (see Morrone 2014: Fig. 12).

Distribution. Known from Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina) and Argentina (Misiones) (Fig. 10). Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011) cited the subgenus Parahyboma from Paraguay. We believe that this record refers to D. furcatum, since it is the only known species of the subgenus that occurs in areas close to Paraguay. Additionally, some regions of Paraguay have remnants of Atlantic forest, the ecosystem where the species inhabit. In addition, D. furcatum was also cited in Brazil from Cantagalo (Rio de Janeiro) and Salto Grande (São Paulo) by Paulian (1938) and Pessôa and Lane (1941).

Fig. 10
Collecting records of subgenus Deltochilum (Parahyboma) Paulian, 1938.

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) granulosum Paulian, 1933

(Fig. 4A–H, 6C, 7C, 8B)

Deltochilum granulosum Paulian, 1933: 204 (original description); Blackwelder, 1944: 202 (checklist); Krajcik, 2006: 48 (checklist); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist).

Deltochilum (Parahyboma) granulosum: Paulian, 1938: 266, 267 (distribution, identification key, redescription, and taxonomic remarks); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 651 (catalogue and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Type material. Deltochilum granulosum Paulian. Holotype (Fig. 8C) (examined from photos; MNHN): “HOLOTYPE/ Deltochilum/ granulosum/ Paul.” // “D./ granulosum / Paul./ R. Paulian det.” // “TYPE” // “Ex Musaeo/ D. Sharp 1890” // “Boucomont det. 1932/ Deltochilum/ granulosum/ D’ Olsoufieff” // “Bahia”.

Non-type material. BRAZIL: BAHIA, Igrapiúna, Pacangê, [13º 48’ 08” S – 39º 10’ 03” W], 11.X.2010, R. Carvalho leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); same data but – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Iguaí, [14º 39’ 31” S – 40º 09’ 09” W], 18.I.2012, C. Leite leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Porto Seguro, [16,446838° S – 39,071079° W], VIII. 1989, E. Grossi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, VII. 1991, E. Grossi and P. Grossi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, VII. 1993, E. Grossi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Porto Seguro, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Estação Veracel [secondary forest], [16º 21’ 20” S – 39º 07’ 09” W], 54m, 13.V.2012, rotten meat, L. Audino leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); same data but – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Porto Seguro, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Estação Veracel [secondary forest], [16º 22’ 33” S – 39º 08’ 54” W], 94m, 20.V.2012, human dung, L. Audino leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Porto Seguro, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Estação Veracel [primary forest], [16º 19’ 08” S – 39º 06’ 45” W], 15.V.2012, L. Audino leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Ubaíra, [13º 06’ 22” S – 39º 39’ 15” W], 17.XI.2011, C. Leite leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Wenceslau Guimarães, [13º 34’ 32” S – 39º 42’ 25” W], I.2011, C. Leite leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Wenceslau Guimarães [forest], [13,584708° S – 39,693091° W], 2013, C. Leite leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA); same data but – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT). ESPÍRITO SANTO, Barra de São Francisco, Córrego do Itá, [18° 45’ 16” S – 40° 53’ 35” W], X.1954, W. Zikán leg. – 1♀ (DZUP – ex M. Alvarenga collection); Linhares, Reserva Natural Vale, [19° 09’ 04” S – 40° 04’ 26” W], 14.X.2012, R. Lima leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Sooterama, Reserva Natural Vale, [19,211639° S – 40,093952° W], 02.II.2012, T. Vargas and L. Lopes leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT).

Diagnosis. It can be distinguished from D. (Parahyboma) furcatum by having the dorsal surface of the body light brown and shiny (Fig. 4A). Microtubercles of elytral interstriae, in general, rounded, denser with microsculpture almost confluent (Fig. 1H) (in D. furcatum, dorsal surface of the body black and opaque (Fig. 3A); microtubercles elliptical and spaced by approximately once their diameter (Fig. 1G)). The shape of parameres (Fig. 6C) and endophallites are also diagnosable among these species. In D. granulosum, apical projection of parameres, in lateral and dorsal views, longer and slightly rounded (Fig. 6C) (in D. furcatum, apical projection of parameres shorter and pointed (Fig. 6B)). Mid-apical region of the SRP cable curved in approximately 90 degrees (Fig. 7C). Left lobe of Lamella Copulatrix comma shaped (Fig. 7C). Right lobe subrectangular, curved, with approximately the same length as the left lobe (Fig. 7C) (in D. furcatum, Mid-apical region of the SRP cable strongly curved outward (Fig. 7B). Left lobe of Lamella Copulatrix “water drop” shaped. Right lobe subtriangular, shorter than the left lobe (Fig. 7B)).

Sexual dimorphism. Females can be distinguished from males, in general, by the first elytral interstria with reduced carina at apex (Fig. 4E) (males with conspicuous carina on first elytral interstria apically (Fig. 4F)).

Biogeographical regions. Parana dominion (Atlantic and Parana provinces) (see Morrone 2014: Fig. 12).

Distribution. Known from Brazil (Bahia and Espírito Santo) (Fig. 10).

Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) Paulian, 1939

Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) Paulian, 1938: 243 (identification key, nomen nudum); Paulian, 1939: 6 (original description and taxonomic remarks); Lane, 1946: 175 (taxonomic remarks); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 120, 121 (catalogue and identification key); Martínez, 1959: 56 (catalogue); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 651 (catalogue); Halffter and Matthews, 1966: 261 (checklist and distribution); Halffter and Edmonds, 1982: 139 (checklist and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Krajcik, 2006: 47 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011: 5, 11, 18, 25, 33, 40, 44, 56 (checklist and identification key); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Remarks. Paulian (1938) cited the name Rubrohyboma as a new subgenus, describing characters in an identification key. However, the author did not explicitly include a nominal species in the subgenus and a type species was not originally fixed. The Article 67.4.1 of the ICZN (1999) states that a nominal genus-group taxon established after 1930 must have its type species fixed in the original publication. Therefore, the name was not available in Paulian (1938). Only in 1939 Paulian described the subgenus Rubrohyboma to include D. rubripenne as the type species, making the name available.

Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne (Gory, 1831)

(Fig. 1F, 5A–F, 6D, 7D, 8C)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:64564AFB-9D67-49ED-B429-66321C2EC59D

Hyboma rubripenne Gory, 1831: 37 (original description); Castelnau, 1840: 73 (redescription); Pereira and Martínez, 1956: 121 (cited as type species)

Deltochilum rubripenne: Burmeister, 1848: 135 (redescription); Harold, 1869: 995 (catalogue and distribution); Harold, 1875: 60 (taxonomic remarks); Bruch, 1911: 185 (checklist and distribution); Gillet, 1911: 36 (catalogue); Pessôa and Lane, 1941: 429, 435 (catalogue, description, distribution, identification key and taxonomic remarks); Blackwelder, 1944: 203 (checklist and distribution); Lange, 1947: 307 (checklist and distribution); Krajcik, 2006: 49 (checklist); Silva et al., 2011: 334, 339 (identification key); Krajcik, 2012: 88 (checklist).

Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne: Paulian, 1939: 6, 7 (distribution and redescription); Lane, 1946: 175 (taxonomic remarks); Martínez, 1959: 56 (catalogue and distribution); Vulcano and Pereira, 1964: 651, 652 (catalogue and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello, 2000: 192 (checklist); Medina et al., 2003: 65 (list of species and distribution); Vaz-de-Mello et al., 2011: 44 (checklist); Vaz-de-Mello, 2020 (checklist).

Type material. Hyboma rubripenne Gory Lectotype ♂ (here designated; OUMNH): “rubripenne/ Gory/ J. J. E Gillet/ det. 1910” // “Deltochilum/ rubripenne, / Gory/ J. J. E Gillet/ t. 1910-1912” // “Para” // “G” // “A. Gory coll./ purchased 1849-1850/ From H. L. Gory” // “standing over/ Deltochilum rubripenne/ Gory, 1831 ex. Gory/ OX. UNI. MUS. NAT. / HIST. (OUMNH)” // “LECTOTYPE ♂/ Hyboma/ rubripenne/ Gory/ des. F. Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013”.

Remarks. As already mentioned, specimens from Gory’s collection can be generally recognized by the presence of a small red square label handwritten ‘G’ attached to them (Cambefort, 2006; Maldaner et al., 2017). A specimen with a Gory’s label handwritten ‘G’ and that, at the same time, largely matches the description of Hyboma rubripenne given by Gory (1831) (“corpore nigro-cærulescenti, capite thoraceque fusco-rubescenti; elytris sulcatis, rubris, posteriùs denticulatis, pedibus nigro-cærulescentibus, tibis arcuatis. Long. 15 mill.; larg. 6 mill.) was found in the OUMNH (Fig. 8B), one of the main museums where Gory’s specimens can be found (Maldaner et al., 2017).

A label handwritten “Para” is attached to this OUMNH specimen. Since no additional records have been made for this species in northern of Brazil, it is likely that the aforementioned record is the result of mislabelling. Gory (1831) mentioned “Du Brésil intérieur” [inland of Brazil] instead of “Para” as the type locality for D. rubripenne. However, we believe that “Para” could be interpreted as “Du Brésil intérieur”, a simplified interpretation of the label content by Gory, since readers would not be familiriazed with the name ‘Pará’ in 1831.

The lectotype here designated has dark red elytra (Fig. 8B), different from other specimen photographed here (orange elytra) (Fig. 5A), as well from Gory’s description (“roux jaunâtre également mat” [yellowish red evenly matte]). These variations were also found by us between syntopic specimens here analyzed. It was found just one type specimen of Hyboma rubripenne in the collections studied. Analyzing the original description (Gory 1831), we could not find any explicit mention that H. rubripenne was described based on a single specimen. However, due to those different elytral colorations mentioned above, we believe the type series was based on two or more individuals. Therefore, we designate here a lectotype rather than assume that the specimen we found is the holotype. This is in accordance with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) Recommendation 73F.

According to previously mentioned arguments, we recognize this specimen as a syntype and we designate it as the lectotype of D. rubripenne in accordance with Article 74 (specifically 74.1.1 and 74.7) of the ICZN (1999), with the purpose of maintaining nomenclatural stability.

Non-type material. ARGENTINA, MISIONES, Caianguás, Dos de Mayo, [27.036284° S – 54.675559° W], XI.2007, E. Abadie leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS, Barbacena, Campus IFMT, [21º 14’ 09” S – 43º 45’ 55” W], 14.XII.2015, F. Gomes leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Belo Horizonte, [19° 55’ 00” S – 43° 56’ 04” W], XII.1956, A. Machado leg. – 1♀ 1♂ (DZUP – ex M. Alvarenga collection); same data but, I.1957, A. Machado leg. – 1♀ (DZUP – ex M. Alvarenga collection); Caeté, Serra do Baú Maquiné, [20º 01’ 23” S – 43º 40’ 33” W], 1,623m, 02.VI-06.VII.2008, E. Bordoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [20º 01’ 45” S – 43º 41’ 01” W], 1,457m, 05.VI.2008, E. Bordoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Carrancas, [21° 29’ 23” S – 44° 38’ 43” W], 26.I.2011, C. Pinto leg. – 4♀ 4♂ (MZUFPA); Carrancas [atlantic forest], [21° 24’ S – 44° 35’ W], 1052m, pitfall with human dung, 31.I.2010, R. Macedo leg. – 2♂ (MZUFPA); Carrancas [atlantic forest], [21° 25’ S – 44° 35’ W], 1052m, pitfall with cow dung, 02.II.2010, R. Macedo leg. – 1♀ 2♂ (MZUFPA); Catas Altas, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça [natural grassland], [20° 06’ 42” S – 43° 28’ 38” W], 21-23.X.2014, flight interception trap, M. Cupello, J. Botero, A. Carelli and M. L. Monné leg. – 1♂ (MNRJ); Catas Altas, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, Trilha da Bocaína [natural grassland], [20° 06’ 48” S – 43° 28’ 39” W], 1,260m, 09-11.XII.2014, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello and A. Carelli leg. – 1♀ (MNRJ); Catas Altas, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, Trilha da Bocaína [natural grassland], [20° 06’ 50” S – 43° 28’ 38” W], 1,260m, 10-12.XII.2014, pitfall with rotten fish, M. Cupello leg. – 8♀ 5♂ (MNRJ); Catas Altas, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, Trilha do Guigó [forest by a river], [20° 05’ 47” S – 43° 29’ 26” W], 1,260m, 10-12.XII.2014, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 7♀ 7♂ (MNRJ); Catas Altas, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, Trilha do Guigó [forest by a river], [20° 05’ 46” S – 43° 29’ 27” W], 1,260m, 10-12.XII.2014, pitfall with rotten fish, M. Cupello leg. – 18♀ 8♂ (MNRJ); Conceição dos Ouros, [22,435106° S – 45,771056° W], 10.I.2001, E. Pereira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Conceição dos Ouros, Rio Sapucaí, [22,435106° S – 45,771056° W], 01.I.2003, G. Almeida leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 11,69” S – 44º 59’ 43,07” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 13,44” S – 44º 59’ 42,98” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 14,06” S – 44º 59’ 18,73” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 14,47” S – 44º 59’ 43,94” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 16,18” S – 44º 59’ 22,62” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 56,87” S – 44º 59’ 42,42” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 18’ 59,09” S – 44º 59’ 46,01” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 02,51” S – 44º 59’ 24,59” W], M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 02,54” S – 44º 59’ 25,29” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 04,05” S – 44º 59’ 18,34” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 10,81” S – 44º 59’ 30,57” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 11,78” S – 44º 59’ 31,23” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but – 1♀ (MZUFPA); Lavras, [21º 19’ 12,70” S – 44º 59’ 32,23” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, [21º 19’ 13,94” S – 44º 59’ 32,95” W], 20.I.2008, M. Rocha and D. Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, Mata do Capivari, [21º 16’ 25” S – 44º 16’ 57” W], XII.2001, G. Schiffler leg. – 2♀ (MZUFPA); same data but – 21 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Lavras, near Poço Bonito, [21,328349° S – 44,968925° W], X.2001, P. Grossi and F. Vaz-de-Mello – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Lavras, Serrinha, [21,271254° S – 45,010478° W], 03.III.2007, Rocha, Sâmia and Takahashi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Passa Quatro, near Floresta Nacional de Passa Quatro, [22,385935° S – 44,948002° W], F. Frieiro-Costa leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Prados, Área de Proteção Ambiental São José [seasonal semideciduous atlantic forest], [21º 04’ 13” S – 44º 07’ 04” W], 1,156m, 14.III.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21º 04’ 35” S – 44º 08’ 05,90” W], 1,109m, 16.I.2012, pitfall with human dung, L. Vieira leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [21º 04’ 40” S – 44º 08’ 06” W], 1,090m, 14.III.2012, pitfall with rotten meat, L. Vieira leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rio Acima, [19º 59’ 33” S – 43º 42’ 35” W], 927m, 28.XI.2007, E. Bordoni leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rio Acima, [20º 00’ 20” S – 43º 41’ 37” W], 993m, 29.XI.2007, E. Bordoni leg. – 7 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rio Acima, [20º 01’ 46” S – 43º 41’ 01” W], 1,457m, 30.XI.2007, E. Bordoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Rio Acima, [20º 02’ 14” S – 43º 40’ 54” W], 1,559m, 05.XII.2007, E. Bordoni leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Rio Acima, Vale Mineração, [20º 03’ 27” S – 43º 40’ 23” W], 10.X.2010, R. Mota leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). PARANÁ, Matelândia, [25° 14’ 33” S – 53° 58’ 42” W], XI.1961, no collector – 1♂ (DZUP), same data but, II.1962, no collector – 1♀ (DZUP); Ortigueira, Manjolinho, [24° 21’ 42” S – 50° 53’ 00” W], XI.1942, no collector – 1♀ (DZUP – F. Justus Jor collection); Pato Branco, [26º 11’ S – 52º 40’ W], 18.III.2015, A. Bugoni leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Tapejara, [23° 44’ 00” S – 52° 52’ 15” W], I.1953, no collector – 1♂ (DZUP – F. Justus Jor collection); Tijuco Preto, Rio Negro, [26º 03’ 43” S – 39º 45’ 53” W], V.2012, R. Marcolino leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT). RIO DE JANEIRO, Itatiaia, [22° 25’ 56” S – 44° 36’ 12” W], 1,250m, 18.X.1931, J. Zikán leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEIOC); Itatiaia, [22,442824° S – 44,587844° W], 17.XI.1991, C. Júnior leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, [22° 20’ 30” S – 44° 34’ 59” W], 1,200m, 30.X.2008, M. L. Monné, H. Freire and M. A. Monné leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, [22º 25’ 46” S – 44º 37’ 03” W], 1,100m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [22º 25’ 57,6” S – 44º 37’ 19,6” W], 1,150m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 26’ 16” S – 44º 36’ 41,8” W], 1,000m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 9 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [22º 27’ 11” S – 44º 36’ 28,4” W], 850m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [22º 27’ 36,9” S – 44º 35’ 44,3” W], 650m, 23-26.XII.2011, C. Araújo and R. Andrade leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia [Atlantic Forest], [22° 25’ 44” S – 44° 37’ 42” W], 1,450m, pitfall with human dung, 20.I.2012, C. Araújo leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); same datat but, [22° 25’ 46” S – 44° 37’ 38” W], 1350m, pitfall with human dung, 20.I.2012, C. Araújo leg. – 1♂ (MZUFPA); same datat but, [22° 25’ 58” S – 44° 37’ 20” W], 1150m, pitfall with human dung, 20.I.2012, C. Araújo leg. – 1♀ (MZUFPA); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia [ombrophilous forest], [22° 27’ 17” S – 44° 36’ 27” W], 810m, 17-18.XI.2012, V. Machado, J. Botero, A. Carelli and R. Souza leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, near Casa do Pesquisador [ombrophilous forest], [22° 27’ 15” S – 44° 36’ 26” W], 810m, 22-24.X.2010, pitfall with human dung, W. Beiroz and M. Cupello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 11-13.XI.2011, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); same data but, 27.II-01.III.2012, pitfall with human dung, M. Cupello leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ); same data but, 22-25.II.2013, pitfall with rotten fish, M. Cupello leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (MNRJ); Serra dos Órgãos, [22° 29’ 17” S – 43° 04’ 00” W], XII.1940, Parko leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (MNRJ). RIO GRANDE DO SUL, Erechim, Horto Florestal [27,634787° S – 52,274064° W], 31.III.2012, R. Moraes and C. Badzinski – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Mato Castelhano, Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo, [28,297077° S – 52,212471° W], 01.II.2009, R. Moraes leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); SANTA CATARINA, Barra Bonita, [26º 37’ S – 53º 22’ W], 07.XII.2014, V. Alves leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Florianópolis, Lagoa do Peri, [27º 42’ S – 48º 31’ W], 18.I.2012, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [27º 43’ S – 48º 32’ W], 19.I.2012, P. Silva leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [27º 42’ S – 48º 31’ W], 01.II.2013, P. Silva leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Florianópolis, Lagoa do Peri [atlantic forest], [27º 43’ S – 48º 32’ W], XI.2007, P. Condé and M. Hernández leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [27º 43’ S – 48º 32’ W], I.2009, A. Martin and M. Hernández leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Florianópolis, Unidade de Conservação Ambiental Desterro, [27º 31’ S – 48º 28’ W], 29.II.2012, P. Silva leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [27º 31’ S – 48º 30’ W], 09.I.2013, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [27º 32’ S – 48º 29’ W], 10.I.2013, P. Silva leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Governador Celso Ramos, [27º 25’ S – 48º 34’ W], 24.I.2013, P. Silva leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Ipumirim, [27º 02’ S – 52º 10’ W], 25.XII.2012, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Ipumirim, [27º 01’ 40” S – 52º 09’ 60” W], 13.X.2013, J. Bogoni leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Monte Castelo, [26º 46’ S – 50º 19’ W], 07.I.2013, A. Brandi leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, [27º 44’ S – 48º 48’ W], XI.2009, C. Marcon and M. Hernández leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT). SÃO PAULO, Campinas, [22,909938° S – 47,062633° W], 26.I.1997, Lopes and Mello leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); São Miguel Arcanjo, Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, [24º 04’ 09” S – 47º 59’ 13” W], 720m, 13.IV.2012, Brachyteles sp. dung, M. Boutefeu leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); São Paulo, Cerqueira César, [23,559214° S – 46,667732° W], XI.1998, J. Carlos leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Sede Vargem Grande, [23º 26’ 30” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but – 1♂ (MZUFPA); Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Sede Vargem Grande, [23º 26’ 33” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 10 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but – 1♀ (MZUFPA); Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Sede Vargem Grande, [23º 26’ 15” S – 45º 14’ 17” W], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 20” S – 45º 14’ 16” W], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 25” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 3 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 27” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 28” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 29” S – 45º 14’ 18” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 29” S – 45º 14’ 19” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 7 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 29” S – 45º 14’ 29”], 17.I.2012, E. Bovy leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 34” S – 45º 14’ 20” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 1 unsexed specimen (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 35” S – 45º 14’ 21” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 38” S – 45º 14’ 23” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 2 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 39” S – 45º 14’ 23” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 12 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but, [23º 26’ 40” S – 45º 14’ 25” W], 17.I.2012, M. Boutefeu leg. – 4 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Serra do Japi, [23,236338° S – 46,943506° W], XII.1998, M. Medina leg. – 5 unsexed specimens (CEMT); Serra do Japi [forest], [23º 14’ S – 46º 56’ W], 1,050m, 1998, M. Hernández leg. – 6 unsexed specimens (CEMT); same data but – 1♀ (MZUFPA). PARAGUAY, ITAPÚA, Hohenau, [27° 05’ 21” S – 55° 38’ 28” W], II.1963, A. Maller leg. – 1♂ (DZUP).

Diagnosis. It differs from all species of Deltochilum by the following combination of characters: ninth elytral interstria lacking carina at base, or carina inconspicuous (Fig. 1F). Elytral interstriae 1–7 with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Elytral base carinate only at seventh interstria. Elytra carinate at apex of second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh interstriae. Protarsi absent.

Body. Head and pronotum light brown. Elytra orange to dark red. Ventral surface black, with bluish sheen. Body surface with dense granulation, visible at high magnification. Length. 11 to 13 mm. Head. Foveiform punctures and microtubercles spaced by approximately once or twice their diameter. Clypeal edge with two medial teeth, edge expanded in angle of approximately 90 degrees between clypeal teeth and clypeogenal suture. Clypeal teeth with setae at base. Thorax. Surface of pronotum with dense microtubercles and foveiform punctures; denser and confluent at lateral portions, and spaced by once their diameter at pronotal disc. Pronotum with small depression close to lateral angles. Anterior angles acute, directed forward. Hypomera not excavated, with dense foveiform punctures on anterior portion; punctures on posterior portion denser at internal and external edges. Metaventrite with excavation near to posterior edge. Metaventrite punctures variable in size; smaller along anterior region and larger at lateral edges, metanepisternum and mesepimeron. Elytra. Punctures of elytral striae spaced by once or twice their diameter. Elytral interstriae with foveiform punctures; denser on the first interstria and more spaced in others. Ninth elytral interstria lacking carina at base, or carina inconspicuous (Fig. 1F). Elytral interstriae 1–7 with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Elytral base carinate only at seventh interstria. Elytra carinate at apex of second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh interstriae. Abdomen. Punctures large and conspicuous at lateral portions of ventrites, reduced to a narrow belt along midline of ventrites. Pygidium rounded at apex, densely punctate. Legs. Medial lateral tooth of protibia closer to apical tooth than to basal tooth. Protibial teeth with setae at base. Dorsal surface of protibia with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Surface of profemur with rounded and elliptical foveiform punctures. Meso- and metafemur with small and sparse punctures. Longitudinal carina of the meso and metatibia with row of setae. Meso- and metatarsomeres 1–4 trapezoid, the last subrectangular. Sexual dimorphism. Females can be distinguished from males, in general, by the protibial spur acuminate at apex (Fig. 5E) [in males, spur rounded at apex (Fig. 5F)]; posterior edge of metatrochanter regular, lacking expansion (in males, posterior edge of metatrochanter expanded towards the abdominal ventrites, spiniform-shaped); posterior edge of metafemur substraight (Fig. 5C) [in males, posterior edge of metafemur expanded and curved towards abdominal ventrites along its proximal third (Fig. 5D)]; metatibia with tubercles along its internal edge more conspicuous in males; meso- and metatibia more curved in males. Tegmen. Parameres symmetrical, subrectangular in lateral view, with setae at apex (Fig. 6D). Endophallus. Lamella Copulatrix (LC) (Fig. 7D). Left lobe subrectangular (Fig. 7D); right lobe subtriangular, nearly 1.5 times longer than the left lobe (Fig. 7D). Superior Right Peripheral (SRP) endophallite with circular ring and truncated cable (Fig. 7D). Frontolateral Peripheral (FLP) endophallite, and Complex of Axial and Subaxial (A+SA) endophallites elongate, irregular (Fig. 7D).

Biogeographical regions. Parana dominion (Atlantic, Parana, and Araucaria forest provinces) (see Morrone 2014: Fig. 12).

Distribution. Known from Brazil: (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Itapúa); and Argentina (Misiones) (Fig. 11). Additionally, the species was also recorded in Brazil from Cantagalo and Teresópolis [Serra dos Órgãos] (Rio de Janeiro), Jundiaí and Vinhedo (São Paulo) and Piraquara (Paraná) by Harold (1875), Paulian (1939), Pessôa and Lane (1941), and Lange (1947).

Fig. 11
Collecting records of subgenus Deltochilum (Rubrohyboma) Paulian, 1938.

Discussion

The symmetry of the parameres has been an important character studied in Deltochilini (Medina et. al., 2003; González-Alvarado et al., 2009; Génier, 2012; Silva et al. 2015; Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello, 2018; Silva and Valois, 2019). Most of Deltochilini have symmetric parameres (Medina et al., 2003), as also verified in specimens examined herein. However, some species of Canthon [e.g., C. aberrans (Harold, 1868)], Scybalocanthon [S. federicoescobariSilva and Valois 2019, S. martineziSilva and Valois 2019, S. papaxibeSilva and Valois 2019, S. pygidialis (Schmidt, 1922), S. uniplagiatus (Schmidt, 1922)] and Deltochilum s. str. have strongly asymmetrical parameres (Medina et al., 2003; González-Alvarado et al., 2009; Génier, 2012; Silva and Valois, 2019).

Regarding the shape of the parameres, those of D. (Euhyboma) brasiliense is tapered towards the apex in lateral view (Fig. 6A). Those of D. (Parahyboma) furcatum, D. (Parahyboma) granulosum and D. (Rubrohyboma) rubripenne, in turn, are subrectangular in lateral view (Fig. 6B–6D). The apex of the parameres in both species of Parahyboma, in particular, has a downward projection in their ventral edge (Fig. 6B–6C). On the other hand, the parameres of D. rubripenne are unique in having a tuft of setae at the apex of their dorsal edge (Fig. 6D). The proportion between the length of the parameres and the phallobase also shows some differences between the species. In D. brasiliense, the parameres have more than half the length of the phallobase (Fig. 6A). Deltochilum rubripenne has parameres with approximately 2/3 of the length of phallobase (Fig. 6D), while in both species of D. (Parahyboma) the parameres have approximately 1/3 of the length of phallobase (Fig. 6B–6C).

We found some differences in the geographical distribution patterns for each of the species studied. These differences are related to biogeographic dominions, latitudinal variation, phytophysiognomies, and the areas wherein each species was recorded. Deltochilum brasiliense inhabits the biogeographic dominions of Parana (Atlantic, Parana forest, and Araucaria forest provinces) and Chaco (Pampean province), mainly in Atlantic rainforest ecosystems, such as Altitudinal Atlantic forest, Submontane and Montane forests, Dense Ombrophilous forest, Gallery forest, and Araucaria forest (Almeida and Louzada, 2009; Silva et al., 2011; Silva and Di Mare, 2012; Bogoni and Hernández, 2014; Silva et al., 2014; Silva et al., 2018). Apart from records in forested areas, it also has one record in natural grassland along the Pampean region (Rio Grande do Sul: Rolante), and a single record in Savanna (Minas Gerais: Prados, “Área de Proteção Ambiental Serra de São José”). However, there are many gallery forests close to both localities. It is possible, therefore, that the species accesses these open areas through gallery forests. Among the analyzed species, Deltochilum brasiliense was the only with records from Altitudinal Atlantic forest (eastern portion of Pernambuco), and it also has the broadest latitudinal range of occurrence (8°–30°S) in comparison to the other species studied here (D. furcatum: 19°–27°S; D. granulosum: 13°–19°S; D. rubripenne: 21°–27° S).

Deltochilum furcatum and D. rubripenne have been reported from Submontane and Montane forests, Dense Ombrophilous forest and Araucaria forest, inhabiting primary and secondary forests (Almeida and Louzada, 2009; Hernández and Vaz-de-Mello, 2009; Lopes et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2011; Silva and Di Mare, 2012; Culot et al., 2013; Bogoni and Hernández, 2014; Gómez et al., 2018). Deltochilum granulosum has been recorded from Submontane and lowland forests, being recorded in primary and secondary Atlantic rainforest (Audino et al., 2014), only inhabiting lowlands near the coast.

According to the label data from specimens examined here, D. brasiliense, D. furcatum, and D. rubripenne have several records along mountain ranges in southern Brazil (from the Serra de São José in the central portion of Minas Gerais to the Serra Geral in the northeastern Rio Grande do Sul). In addition to records from mountain ranges, these species also occur in plain areas with elevation close to sea level. However, these records were not frequent in comparison to records in plateau areas. In contrast, records for D. granulosum were frequent in areas with elevation close to sea level in comparison to plateau areas.

Until now, there have been no cases of sympatry between the two species of the subgenus Parahyboma. Although the species occur in nearby regions in the central portion of Espírito Santo, their ranges are separated by the course of the Doce River, D. granulosum occurring to the north of this river, whereas D. furcatum is limited to the south of it (Fig. 10).

Acknowledgements

We thank Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello (CEMT) for sending specimens to us and for sharing his photographs of the type specimens deposited in Europe. We also thank Mario Cupello for providing data of CEIOC, DZUP, and MNRJ collections, as well for his valuable comments on early versions of manuscript, whose comments and suggestions have improved the quality of our manuscript. We also thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pêssoal de Nível Superior Pro-equipamentos/Universidade Federal do Pará for providing the photographic equipment used, and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for providing research grants for FABS (444020/2014-4) and PIBIC fellowships for EENS. FABS is a Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico fellow.

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Edited by

Associate Editor: Lúcia Almeida

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 July 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  30 Sept 2020
• Accepted
  28 June 2021