Avaliação de atributos morfológicos, físicos e químicos de Ferralsolos e solos relacionados

Evaluation of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of Ferralsols and related soils

SEÇÃO V - GÊNESE, MORFOLOGIA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO SOLO

Evaluation of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of Ferralsols and related soils(¹)

Avaliação de atributos morfológicos, físicos e químicos de Ferralsolos e solos relacionados

E. Klamt^I; L. P. van Reeuwijk^II

^IProfessor, retired from the Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Caixa Postal 776, presently Visiting Researcher of FAPERGS at the Soil Science Department of University of Santa Maria - UFSM, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS)

^IIResearcher of ISRIC, P.O. Box 353, Wageningen, The Netherlands

SUMMARY

Morphological, physical and chemical data of 58 soil profiles of Ferralsols and low activity clay Cambisols, Lixisols, Acrisols and Nitisols and of Alisols of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) collection, described and sampled in eighteen different countries of tropical and subtropical regions, were selected to analyse their consistency and, or, variability and to search for properties to better describe and differentiate them. The soil profile descriptions were based on the guidelines of FAO and the FAO endorsed analytical methods of ISRIC. Frequence diagrams of the data show an asymmetric positively skewed and leptokurtic distribution for sand and silt fractions, specific surface, exchangeable bases and cation exchange capacity. Clustering soil colour hues, values and chromas rendered four distinct clusters, respectively of Rhodic, Rhodic/Xanthic (Haplic), Xanthic and Humic properties. The same technique applied to particle size distribution also originated four clusters, respectively of fine loamy, fine silty, clayey and fine clayey soils. Most of the soils analysed are acid, with low base saturation, except for Rhodic Nitisols and Rhodic Ferralsols, which present low exchangeable aluminium. Higher and variable values of this property are found in the other soil classes studied. Cation exchange capacity is also low and related to the kaolinitic and oxihydroxydic composition of the clay material. Regression analysis applied to cation exchange capacity resulted in low correlations with clay and silt content and higher with organic carbon and specific surface and clay content.

Index terms: tropical soils, low activity clay soils, acid soils, low exchangeable bases.

RESUMO

A morfologia e os dados de análises físicas e químicas de 58 perfis de Ferralsolos e de Cambissolos, Lixissolos, Acrissolos e Nitissolos de argila de atividade baixa e de Alissolos, da coleção do International Soil Reference and Information Centre - ISRIC, descritos e amostrados em dezoito países tropicais e subtropicais, foram utilizados não só para analisar a consistência e, ou, variabilidade destes dados, mas também para pesquisar características que possam melhor descrevê-los ou diferenciá-los. A descrição dos perfis de solos seguiu as normas da FAO e os métodos analíticos do ISRIC, endossados pela FAO. Em diagramas de freqüência, os dados mostram uma distribuição assimétrica com inclinação positiva e leptocúrtica para teor de areia e silte, superfície específica, bases trocáveis e capacidade de troca de cátions. Análise de conglomerados aplicados à matiz, valor e chroma da cor dos solos, originou quatro agrupamentos distintos, respectivamente, de solos vermelhos, vermelho-amarelos (háplicos), amarelos e húmicos. A mesma técnica aplicada à distribuição do tamanho de partículas também originou quatro agrupamentos, respectivamente, de solos franco-argilosos, siltosos, argilosos e muito argilosos. Os solos estudados são ácidos, de baixa saturação por bases, com exceção dos Nitissolos ródicos e Ferralsolos ródicos, que apresentam baixa saturação por alumínio; contudo, valores mais elevados e variáveis para este atributo são encontrados nas demais classes de solo estudados. A capacidade de troca de cátions é baixa e relacionada com a composição caulinítica e oxiidroxídica da fração argila. Análise de regressão aplicada à capacidade de troca de cátions resultou em baixas correlações com teor de argila e silte, mas maiores com carbono orgânico e entre superfície específica e teor de argila.

Termos de indexação: solos tropicais, solos com argila de atividade baixa, solos ácidos, solos com bases trocáveis baixas.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the many colleagues of the various countries in which soil profiles were described and soil monoliths and samples collected for their advice in selecting sites, their collaboration in the field work and background information and to the staff members of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) for the preparation and analysis of samples, statistical analyses of the data as well as valuable comments on the text.

The first author is indebted to the Soil Science Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for the one year study leave, to the Brazilian Council of Research - CNPq, for the scholarship received; and to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Ensino Superior - CAPES, and FAPERGS, for travelling expenses.

LITERATURE CITED

Received for publication in april 1999

Aproved in october 1999

• BAVER, L.D.; GARDNER, W.H. & GARDNER, W.R. Fisica de suelos. México, Union Tipográfica Editoral Hispano Americana, 1973. 529p.
• BENNEMA, J. Classification of Brazilian soils. Report to the government of Brazil. Rome, FAO, 1966. 83p. (Report, 2197)
• BENNEMA, J. & CAMARGO, M.N. Some remarks on Brazilian Latosols in relation to Oxisols of Soil Taxonomy. INTERNATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION - Workshop, 2., Bangkok, 1979. Proceedings. Bangkok, 1979. p.233-261.
• BIGARELLA, J.J. Variações climáticas no quaternário e suas implicações no revestimento florístico do Paraná. B. Paranaense Geog., 10/15:211-231, 1964.
• BOHN, H.L.; MCNEAL, B.L. & O'CONNOR, G.A. Soil Chemistry. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1979. 138p.
• BOWDEN, J.W.; POSNER, A.M. & QUIRCK, J.P. Adsorption and charging phenomena in variable charge soils. In: THENG, B.K.G., ed. Soils with variable charge. Lower Hutt, Soc. Soil Science Soil Bureau, 1980. p.147-164.
• BRIDGE, E.M.; BATJES, N.H. & NACTHTENCAELE, F.O., eds. World reference base for soil resources: atlas. In: INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE WORKING GROUP RS. Acco, Leuven. Proceedings. World Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Acco, Leuven. 1998.
• CAMARGO, M.N.; KLAMT, E. & KAUFFMAN, J.H. Soil classification as used in Brazilian soil surveys. Wageningen, ISRIC, 1987. p.7-42. (Ann. Report, 1986)
• CURI, N. & FRANZMEIER, D.P. Toposequence of Oxisols from Central Plateau of Brazil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48:341-346, 1984.
• DUCHAUFOUR, P. Soil classification - A comparison of the American and the French systems. J. Soil Sci., 14:149-155, 1963.
• DECKERS, J.A.; NACHTENCAELE, F.O. & SPAARGAREN, O.C. eds. World reference base for soil resources: introduction. In: INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE WORKING GROUP RS. 1998, Acco, Leuven. Proceedings. Acco. Leuven, 1998.
• EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. REUNIÃO TÉCNICA SOBRE SOLOS COESOS DOS TABULEIROS COSTEIROS. Pesquisa e desenvolvimento para os tabuleiros costeiros-anais. Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Tabuleiros Costeiros. 1996. p.80.
• EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa do Solo. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Rio de Janeiro, 1999. 412p.
• EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Bases para leitura de mapas de solos. Sistema Nacional de Levantamento de Ciência do Solo. Rio de Janeiro, 1981. 91p. (Série Miscelânea, 4)
• FAO. Guidelines for soil profile description. Rome, Italy, 1977. 66p.
• FAO. Soil map of the world. Revised Legend. Rome, UNESCO. 1988. 119p.
• HEILMAN, M.D.; CARTER, D.L. & GONZALES, C.L. The ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) technique for determining soil surface area. Soil Sci., 100:409-413, 1965.
• ISBELL, R.F. A comparison of the red basaltic soils of tropical north Queensland and those of Hawaii, Mauritius, Brasil and Natal. CSIRO DIVISION OF SOILS, DAVIES LABORATORY, Townsville, Australia, 1977. 20p.
• ISRIC. Coding system of the ISRIC Soil Information System (ISIS), Int. Soil Ref. Info. Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1985. 75p.
• INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE WORKING GROUP RB. World Reference Base for Soil Resources: Introduction. DECKERS, J.A.; NACHTENGAELE, F.O. & SPAARGAREN, O.C., eds. INTERNATIONAL SOIL REFERENCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE (ISRIC) and FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO), Acco, Leuven, 1998a. 165p.
• INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE WORKING GROUP RB. World Reference Base for Soil Resources: Atlas. BRIDGE, E.M.; BATJES, N.H. & NACTHTENGAELE, F.O., eds. INTERNATIONAL SOIL REFERENCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE (ISRIC) and FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO), Acco, Leuven, 1998b. 79p.
• KAMPF, N. & KLAMT, E. Oxidos de Ferro. In: EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Investigações coligadas em variedades selecionadas de Latossolos do Brasil Sudeste e Sul. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1984. p.1-31.
• KAMPF, N. & SCHWERTMANN, U. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in Southern Brasil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Goederma, 29:27-39, 1983.
• KENG, J.C.W. & UEHARA, G. Chemistry, mineralogy and taxonomy of Oxisols and Ultisols. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Fla., 33:119-126, 1974.
• KLAMT, E. & SOMBROEK, W.G. Contribution of organic matter to exchange properties of Oxisols. In: INTERNATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION - Workshop, 8., Rio de Janeiro, 1988. Graphos. Proceedings. Rio de Janeiro, 1988. p.64-70.
• LEPSCH I.F.; CAMARGO, M.N. & CHRISTOFOLETTI, A. Soil landscape relations in Eastern South America. In: INTERNATIONAL SOIL SCIENCE CONGRESS, 12., New Delhi, 1982. Abstracts. New Delhi, 1982. p.214-215.
• LIMA, P.C. Micromorfologia de horizontes B de Latossolos do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. In: EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Investigações coligadas em Latossolos do Brasil Sudeste e Sul. Rio de Janeiro, 1984. p.168-188.
• LÜCKEN, H.; KEMPER, B.; GRÜNEBERG, F. & LENTHE, R. Investigation on the development potential of Oxisols of the Chapada Grande, Piaui, Brasil. Hannover, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 1982. 28p.
• MOORMANN, F.R. & BUOL, S.W. The kandic horizon as a diagnostic subsurface horizon. In: MOORMANN, F.R., ed. Excerpts from the circular letters of ICOMLAC. SMSS USDA, Washington, USDA. 1981. p.219-227. (Techn. Monograph 8)
• NIE, N.H. SPSS-Statistical package for social science. New York, Mc Graw-Hill, 1975. 142p.
• RAIJ, B. van & PEECH, M. Electrochemical properties of some Oxisols and Alfisols of the tropics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 36:587-593, 1972.
• RITCHEY, K.D.; SOUZA, D.M.G.; LOBATO, E. & CORREA, O. Calcium leaching to increase rooting depth in a Brazilian savannah Oxisol. Agron. J., 72:40-44, 1980.
• SANCHEZ, P.A. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. 618p.
• SCHWERTMANN, U. The effect of pedogenic environment of iron oxide mineralogy. Adv. Soil Sci., 1:171-200, 1985.
• SCHWERTMANN, U.; KLAMT, E.; KAMPF, N. & SCHNEIDER, P. Observações pedogenéticas em solos do Brasil. B. Inf. SBCS, 8:39-43, 1993.
• SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, USDA. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for mapping and interpreting soil survey. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1975. 754p. (Agriculture Handbook, 436)
• SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. Soil Survey Staff, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 7.ed. Blacksburg, Pocahontas Press, 1997. 545p.
• SPOSITO, G. The surface chemistry of soils. New York, Oxford University Press, 1989. 243p.
• TORRENT, J.; SCHWERTMANN, U.; FECHTER, H. & ALFEREZ, F. Quantitative relationships between soil colour and hematite content. Soil Sci, 136:354-358, 1983.
• UEHARA, G. Mineralo-chemical properties of Oxisols. In: INTERNATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION-WORKSHOP, 2., Bangkok, 1979. Proceedings. Bangkok, 1979. p.45-60.
• UEHARA, G. & GILLMAN, G.P. Charge characteristics of soils with variable and permanent charge minerals. I. Theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44:20-252, 1980.
• Van REEUWIJK, L.P. Procedures for soil analysis. Wageningen, 1993. 185p. (Tech. Pap. 9, ISRIC)
• VERHEYE, E. & STOOPS, G. Nature and evolution of soils developed on the granite complex in the sub-humid tropics (Ivory Coast). II. Micromorphology and mineralogy. Pedologie, 25:40-55, 1975.
• YOUNG, A. Tropical soils and soil survey. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976. 468p.
• ZELASNY, L.W. & CALHOUN, F.G. Mineralogy and associated properties of tropical and temperate soils in the Western Hemisphere. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla., 31:179-189, 1971.

(1

) Part of the research performed during the post-doctoral leave of the first author at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre - ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands in 1985 and subsequent visits in the period of 1987-1998.

Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  06 Out 2014
• Data do Fascículo
  Set 2000

Histórico

• Aceito
  Out 1999
• Recebido
  Abr 1999