Efeito do peso corporal na fecundidade e na longevidade do percevejo predador Podisus rostralis

Effect of body weight on fecundity and longevity of the stinkbug predator Podisus rostralis

Effect of body weight on fecundity and longevity of the stinkbug predator Podisus rostralis(¹)

José Cola Zanuncio(²), Adrián José Molina-Rugama(²), Germi Porto Santos(³) and Francisco de Sousa Ramalho(⁴)

Abstract - Considering the importance of predatory Pentatomidae as biological control agents it is necessary to optimize mass production facilities of these species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of body weight on survival and reproductive parameters of females of Podisus rostralis (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Treatments were represented by females of this predator with the following mean weight: 39.5 mg, 45.5 mg, 51.5 mg, 57.5 mg and 63.5 mg. Heavier females of P. rostralis showed shorter preoviposition period while the number of eggs and of nymphs per day presented a positive linear relationship with female weight of this predator. Longevity of females of P. rostralis was similar between treatments with no tendency of variations as a function of body weight of these females. Since the objective of mass rearing facilities of predatory bugs is to produce the maximum possible number of nymphs per day it is recommended to use females of P. rostralis with weight above 60.0 mg.

Index terms: biological control, mass rearing, reproductive performance, survival.

Efeito do peso corporal na fecundidade e na longevidade do percevejo predador Podisus rostralis

Resumo - Considerando a importância dos percevejos predadores como agentes de controle biológico e a necessidade de se otimizar sua produção massal, realizou-se o presente trabalho para avaliar a influência do peso corporal sobre a sobrevivência e a reprodução de fêmeas de Podisus rostralis (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Os tratamentos foram constituídos por fêmeas desse predador com peso médio de: 39,5 mg, 45,5 mg, 51,5 mg, 57,5 mg e 63,5 mg. O período de preoviposição foi menor nas fêmeas mais pesadas, enquanto o número de ovos e de ninfas por dia apresentou relação linear positiva com o peso das fêmeas de P. rostralis. A longevidade das fêmeas desse predador foi semelhante entre tratamentos, porém não apresentou tendência de variação em razão do seu peso corporal. Como o objetivo de uma criação massal é produzir o maior número possível de ninfas por dia, recomenda-se o uso de fêmeas de P. rostralis com peso acima de 60,0 mg.

Termos para indexação: controle biológico, criação massal, desempenho reprodutivo, sobrevivência.

Introduction

The potential of predatory insects as biological control agents has been demonstrated by several authors (Biever & Chauvin, 1992; Cloutier & Bauduin, 1995). According to Bach (1968), main forms of using biological control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) are: conservation and augmentation of available natural enemies through manipulation of their environment; mass rearing, introduction, and colonization. In this context, the family Pentatomidae has many predatory species in the subfamily Asopinae which attack larvae of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, plus many other insect species in various agricultural and forest ecosystems (Woodward et al., 1970; Thomas, 1992). Although all species of Asopinae are predators, these insects have been observed ingesting plant material even in the presence of prey (Moreira et al., 1996/1997). According to Dunbar & Bacon (1972), the plant feeding behavior does not improve development of these species, but it can provide water and specially nutrients from plants not found in preys. However, Legaspi & O'Neil (1993) found better survival of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) when fed pieces of beans compared to individuals receiving no food.

Podisusrostralis (Stål), an important species of this group, and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) have been studied for mass rearing and release for pest control by some Brazilian forest companies (Zanuncio et al., 1994). Individuals of this species were collected in 1995 in eucalyptus plantation in the Municipality of Niquelândia, State of Goiás, Brazil, during an outbreak of Lepidoptera defoliators. Léo (1997) described some morphophysiological and predatory aspects of P. rostralis when fed with the eucalyptus defoliator caterpillar Euselasia apisaon Dalman (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Although some authors have found that fecundity of insects can be affected by their body weight (Evans, 1982; Honek, 1993), the fecundity of females of P. rostralis with different body weight has not yet been studied.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of body weight on survival and reproductive parameters of females of P. rostralis.

Material and Methods

This work was conducted at the Laboratory of Biological Control of the Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (Bioagro), of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. After being collected in 1995 in Niquelândia, State of Goiás, Brazil, P. rostralis has been reared in the laboratory with Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae, at 25±2^oC, 70±10% RH and 12 hours photophase. Newly emerged adults of P. rostralis were selected on basis of their body size, and separated by sex. Females of this predator were placed in 500 mL plastic pots with a ventilated cover. T. molitor larvae were placed inside these pots with a slice of green bean pod (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a humidity source. Larvae and beans were changed daily. Four days after emergence females of P. rostralis were mated with males of similar age and weight between 45 and 55 mg, and they were kept together until death.

This study was performed in completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications, each experimental unit consisting of one pair of P. rostralis per plastic pot. Treatments consisted of females of this predator with the following mean weight: 39.5±3.0 mg; 45.5±3.0 mg; 51.5±3.0 mg; 57.5±3.0 mg and 63.5±3.0 mg. P. rostralis females were weighed after 24 hours of their emergency with a four decimal scale. Weight of these females was defined according to the variation amplitude of their weight obtained at the beginning of this research. Survival and oviposition of each female of this predator were daily observed in order to determine the following parameters: preoviposition and oviposition periods; number of egg masses; number of eggs per egg mass; total number of eggs and nymphs produced and longevity of P. rostralis females. Data were submitted to analysis of variance of linear regression. Significance of this regression parameter was tested by the Student's t test at 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion

Analysis of variance regression showed that the preoviposition period of P. rostralis presented a negative linear relationship with female weight of this predator (Figure 1). Thus, heavier females of this predator laid their first egg batch earlier than females of the lightest weight classes. This suggests that those females were better in assimilating nutrients from prey and/or accumulating enough energy (lipids) to supply its metabolic demands than smaller females (Legaspi & O'Neil, 1994). The oviposition period (F = 1.42 and P>0.05) and number of eggs per egg mass (F = 1.69 and P>0.05) were not affected by the weight of P. rostralis females. Regardless of weight, females of this predator had an average oviposition period of 19.12 days and produced 12.51 eggs per egg mass (Figure 1).

Although oviposition period and number of eggs per egg mass were not dependent on female weight, other reproductive characteristics of P. rostralis such as number of egg masses and total number of eggs increased or showed a positive linear relationship with female weight of this predator (Figure 2). Furthermore, the total number of nymphs also showed a positive linear relationship with female weight; with higher numbers of nymphs produced per day (2.88) by females weighing 63.5±3.0 mg, while only 1.69 nymphs/day were produced by females weighing 39.5±3.0 mg (Figure 2). Thus, heavier females of P. rostralis (63.5±3.0 mg) produced higher number of eggs and nymphs, which was approximately, 80.0% greater than those females of the lightest weight class (39.5±3.0 mg). These results are consistent with other reports emphasizing the importance of body size on certain ecological and physiological aspects of organisms. For example, Evans (1982) observed a positive correlation between fecundity and body size for the Asopinae P. maculiventris and Juliano (1985) showed that egg production of Brachinus lateralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) females was positively and significantly correlated with length of their elytra. Likewise, Haukioja & Neuvonen (1985) reported that the defoliator Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) had a linear relationship between egg production and weight of pupae from which females of this species emerged. However, the relation between weight and reproductive potential of P. rostralis is different from results of Ohgushi (1996) and Klingenberg & Spence (1997), who found that the reproductive period of Epilachna niponica (Lewis) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Gerridae) was not related to female body weight. These authors concluded that insect size has secondary importance for reproductive performance of Coccinelidae species, and that this factor could be more related to genetic factors in the Gerridae. Thus, it can be concluded, that during mass rearing of P. rostralis, any biotic or abiotic factor which reduces their female weight will also reduce the reproductive performance of this predator. This agrees with a previous report about the importance of prey quality and of using more than one prey to produce heavier females of P. nigrispinus (Zanuncio et al., 1997). Zanuncio et al. (2001) pointed out that females of this species were heavier when its nymphs were fed on T. molitor or provided with T. molitor and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) on alternated days. These authors suggested, still, that consumption of different prey species during the adult stage of predatory Pentatomidae can improve their development and reproductive rate.

On the other hand, the addition of sliced beans as source of humidity or nutrients with T. molitor larvae was enough to allow survival and reproduction of P. rostralis females, without water, suggesting that the use of this vegetal can increase performance of this predator in mass rearing. Léo (1997), and Molina-Rugama et al. (1998) reported values around of 190 eggs per female and longevity between 40 and 50 days for this predator when reared with caterpillars of E. apisaon or T. molitor larvae and water as a humidity source, respectively. Other studies also have showed the importance of adding plant material to the diet of predatory pentatomid bugs; for instance, Moreira et al. (1996/1997) observed that females of Tynacantha marginata Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) reared with Eucalyptus urophylla leaves and T. molitor larvae laid more eggs and showed higher net reproductive rate (Ro) than those reared without plant material. Zanuncio et al. (2000) recommended to rear the stinkbug Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with prey and seedlings of Eucalyptus in order to reduce nymphal mortality and to increase adult longevity and number of eggs and nymphs produced per female of this predator. Therefore, these results suggest that pentatomid predators can obtain nutrients from plants, as well as from prey which agree with reports of other authors (Valicente & O'Neil, 1995; Lemos et al., 2001).

Longevity of P. rostralis females was not significantly affected by their weight within the intervals studied (F = 0.41 and P>0.05). Thus, longevity of light weight P. rostralis females was similar to that of heavier ones with a mean of 34.33 days (Figure 2), suggesting that longevity of P. rostralis might be controlled by genetic factors rather than female weight. This also indicates, in an indirect way, an allocation of energy between survival and reproduction (Stearns, 1994). Lower weight females may reduce their egg laying rate in order to maintain their longevity, because this would allow them to survive longer in the field, which is a desirable trait for biological control agents. Finally, priority should be given to the use of P. rostralis females weighing 63.5±3.0 mg or more for mass rearing programs because these females have a shorter preoviposition period, longer oviposition rate, and produce more nymphs.

Conclusions

1. Any biotic or abiotic factor which reduces female weight of P. rostralis will also reduce the reproductive performance of this predator.

2. There is no relation of oviposition period, size of egg mass and longevity with weight of P. rostralis females.

3. The preoviposition period, number of egg masses and of eggs and nymphs produced are affected by weight of females of this predator.

4. The use of females with weight above 60.0 mg is important to optimize mass rearing of P. rostralis.

Acknowledgements

To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), to the Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fiemg) and to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig) for financial support.

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Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  19 Dez 2002
• Data do Fascículo
  Set 2002

Histórico

• Aceito
  22 Abr 2002