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Nutritional potential of green banana flour obtained by drying in spouted bed

Potencial nutricional da farinha de banana verde obtida por secagem em leito de jorro

Abstracts

This study evaluated the chemical composition of peeled and unpeeled green banana Cavendish (AAA) flour obtained by drying in spouted bed, aiming at adding nutritional value to food products. The bananas were sliced and crushed to obtain a paste and fed to the spouted bed dryer (12 cm height and T = 80 ºC) in order to obtain flour. The flours obtained were subjected to analysis of moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, total starch, resistant starch, fiber. The green banana flours, mainly unpeeled, are good sources of fiber and resistant starch with an average of 21.91g/100g and 68.02g/100g respectively. The protein content was found in an average of 4.76g/100g, being classified as a low biological value protein with lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The results showed that unpeeled green banana flour obtained by spouted bed drying can be a valuable tool to add nutritional value to products in order to increase their non-digestible fraction.

green banana; flour; starch; fiber; spouted bed


Este estudo avaliou a composição química da farinha de banana verde sem casca e com casca, obtido por secagem em leito de jorro, com o objetivo de agregar valor nutricional a produtos alimentícios. As bananas foram cortados e trituradas para a obteção de uma pasta, sendo esta alimentada no secador leito de jorro (12 cm de altura e T = 80 º C), a fim de obter uma farinha. As farinhas obtidas foram submetidas a análise da umidade, proteína, cinzas, Carboidratos totais, amido total, amido resistente, e fibras. As farinhas de banana verde, principalmente com casca, são boas fontes de fibras e amido resistente, com uma média de 21,91g/100g e 68,02g/100g respectivamente. O teor médio de proteína encontrado foi para 4,76g/100g, sendo classificada como uma proteína de baixo valor biológico, tendo a lisina como o primeiro aminoácido limitante. Os resultados mostraram que a farinha de banana verde com casca obtida por secagem em leito de jorro pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para agregação de valor nutricional aos produtos, a fim de aumentar a sua fracção não digerível.

Banana verde; farinha; amido; fibra; leito de jorro


PROCESS

Nutritional potential of green banana flour obtained by drying in spouted bed1 1 (Trabalho 121-13).

Potencial nutricional da farinha de banana verde obtida por secagem em leito de jorro

Carolina Vieira BezerraI; Antonio Manoel da Cruz RodriguesI; Edna Regina AmanteII; Luiza Helena Meller da SilvaII

IFederal University of Para, Faculty of Food Engineering, Laboratory of Physical Measurements, Rua Augusto Corrêa w/n, 66075-900 Belém-PA, Brazil; E-mail: cvb@ufpa.br; amcr@ufpa.br; lhmeller@ufpa.br

IIFederal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil; E-mail: eamante@cca.ufsc.br

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the chemical composition of peeled and unpeeled green banana Cavendish (AAA) flour obtained by drying in spouted bed, aiming at adding nutritional value to food products. The bananas were sliced and crushed to obtain a paste and fed to the spouted bed dryer (12 cm height and T = 80 ºC) in order to obtain flour. The flours obtained were subjected to analysis of moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, total starch, resistant starch, fiber. The green banana flours, mainly unpeeled, are good sources of fiber and resistant starch with an average of 21.91g/100g and 68.02g/100g respectively. The protein content was found in an average of 4.76g/100g, being classified as a low biological value protein with lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The results showed that unpeeled green banana flour obtained by spouted bed drying can be a valuable tool to add nutritional value to products in order to increase their non-digestible fraction.

Index terms: green banana, flour, starch, fiber, spouted bed.

RESUMO

Este estudo avaliou a composição química da farinha de banana verde sem casca e com casca, obtido por secagem em leito de jorro, com o objetivo de agregar valor nutricional a produtos alimentícios. As bananas foram cortados e trituradas para a obteção de uma pasta, sendo esta alimentada no secador leito de jorro (12 cm de altura e T = 80 º C), a fim de obter uma farinha. As farinhas obtidas foram submetidas a análise da umidade, proteína, cinzas, Carboidratos totais, amido total, amido resistente, e fibras. As farinhas de banana verde, principalmente com casca, são boas fontes de fibras e amido resistente, com uma média de 21,91g/100g e 68,02g/100g respectivamente. O teor médio de proteína encontrado foi para 4,76g/100g, sendo classificada como uma proteína de baixo valor biológico, tendo a lisina como o primeiro aminoácido limitante. Os resultados mostraram que a farinha de banana verde com casca obtida por secagem em leito de jorro pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para agregação de valor nutricional aos produtos, a fim de aumentar a sua fracção não digerível.

Termos para indexação: Banana verde, farinha, amido,fibra,leito de jorro.

INTRODUCTION

Banana, the largest herbaceous plant in the world, is among the ten most important crops in Brazil, which is the fourth largest producer in the world at over 7 million tones, produced by conventional cultivation systems (IBGE, 2012, RIBEIRO et al., 2012). One aspect of the Brazilian development, mainly due to the country's agricultural trait, is related to the development of its agro-industrial sectors. Like the sugarcane and citrus production complexes, other sectors of socio-economic importance have been explored with a comprehensive view in order to bring greater added value to agricultural products, avoid food waste, increase farmers' income, and develop alternative and nutritious food raw material (BORGES et al., 2009).

In the green stage, banana stands out for having a high starch/resistant starch content, deserving industrial interest for developing new products. Moreover, it has a wide range of vitamins and minerals present in both pulps and peels (LIMA et al., 2000). The green banana mass, a material obtained by grinding fresh bananas, dates from the mid-90s and has been studied for food production of green banana pulp mass (GBPM) and green banana peel mass (GPPM). And since it is high-starch-content biomass, it has gained ground in the development of products such as breads, gnocchi, pates, mayonnaise, pasta, and others (BORGES et al., 2009; VERNAZA et al., 2011).

Flour, the main byproduct of green banana, is one of the most common forms of preserving bananas as well as their masses. It has high starch content and is widely used in infant feeding as a source of energy and also has excellent medicinal properties, especially for cases of gastrointestinal infection (MARTINEZ et al., 2009).

Green banana is a food of great value recommended for several pathological conditions, including constipation and diarrhea, due to its ability to normalize colon functions. Since it has the ability to stimulate the proliferation of beneficial acidophilus bacteria in humans, its intake is recommended in cases of colitis, ulcerative colitis, gastric ulcer, uremia, nephritis, gout, cardiovascular disease, and celiac disease. When it is in the green stage, banana is considered to be a functional food of the prebiotic type (MASTRO et al., 2007). The most important factor for considering green bananas as a prebiotic food is its resistant starch content, characterized by the portion of the granule or its degradation products that are not digested or absorbed in the small intestine and are fermented in the large intestine (TEIXEIRA et al., 1998, ACEVEDO et al., 2012).

Another part of the banana that can be mentioned when one aims at increasing non-digestible fraction is the fibers contained in the peel. Just as resistant starches, fibers are not digested by the human organism due to the absence of enzymes capable of digesting this structure. Thus, undigested fiber is fermented by the colonic flora, which generates extremely interesting by products for human health.

METHODS

Obtaining banana flour

Green (stage 2 of ripening: all green) (AURORE et al., 2009) Cavendish (Musa acuminate) banana was purchased from a local supermarket in Belém, Pará, Brazil. The fruits were washed and separated into two lots: one containing the whole fruit (pulp and peel) and the other only the pulp. To reduce the enzymatic browning, the two lots were dipped in 0.5% (w/v) citric acid solution for 10 min and drained. The lots were crushed in a blender (Poli model LB-15, Brusque, Santa Catarina, Brazil) until a homogeneous paste was obtained, which was subsequently fed into the dryer.

Drying experiments were performed in a conical spouted bed dryer with continuous feeding (Figure 1). The dryer consists of a conical base with an internal angle of 60º and an inlet orifice diameter of 50 mm. A cylindrical column with diameter of 200 mm and height of 300 mm is connected to the conical base of the dryer. The upper part of the equipment is composed of another cone and a cyclone. The operation started with the introduction of 1,036 g of inert material into the equipment. Spouting occurred when air was injected at the base of the bed. When the spout was established, the inlet air was heated to the desired temperature. The working temperature in the study was 80 ºC and drying air flow rate was fixed at 50 m3/h. Polyethylene pellets were used as the inert material with a diameter of 3.60 mm (±0.02 mm), a density of 905.23 kg/m3 (±3.82 kg/m3), and a sphericity of 0.850, while the height of particles studied was fixed at 12 cm. The green banana paste to be dried was fed continuously to the drying chamber at a constant rate of 3.91 mL/min (±0.15 mL/min) into the annular sliding layer from both sides by a peristaltic pump. The fine dried particles were separated from the outlet air in a cyclone and a bag filter. All the drying experiments were carried out in triplicate for each temperature. The flour samples were stored in air-tight plastic packs at ambient temperature (25±2 ºC) for further analysis.

Chemical composition of flour

The chemical composition of all samples was determined according to the following methods by the AOAC (CUNNIFF, 1997): moisture method 925.10, proteins method 920.152, lipids method 922.06, ash method 923.03, total dietary fiber method 985.29, and carbohydrates from the difference.

Amino acids analysis

The amino acid profile was determined using total nitrogen content through the AOAC (CUNNIFF, 1997) 920.152 and Kjeldahl methods. Amino acids were obtained by hydrolysis from protein by 6M hydrogen chloride at 100 ºC. After that, the amino acids were reacted with phenylisothiocyanate and the solution was immediately injected into the HPLC system (Waters, USA). Free amino acids were separated using a Waters WAT010950 Pico-Tag free amino acid column (Waters, USA) at 50 ºC and detected with a UV detector at 254 nm.

Total starch and resistant starch

Starch content was determined through hydrolysis of the samples dried in an acidic medium, using 1.0 g of sample in 50 mL of 1 mol.L-1 HCl in a microwave oven, in water bath for 10 minutes at full power, as adapted by (CEREDA et al., 2004). The iodine test (I-KI) was used to confirm hydrolysis. After cooling and being added to 1 mol.L-1 NaOH (50 mL), the samples were diluted with distilled water to 250 mL. Sugar was determined by Layne-Eynon titration.

For the determination of resistant starch, the (AACC, 1999) method no. 76-30A was used (with adaptations). Triplicate samples of 100 mg were analyzed in Falcon tubes of 15 mL. The samples were pre-washed twice with 8 mL of 80% ethanol (v/v), centrifuged (958 RCF) for 10 minutes. Residues were added to 4 mL of trismaleate/0.1M NaOH (pH 6) containing 0.02% sodium azide, amyloglucosidase (4U/mL, Sigma Aldrich® A 7255), α-amylase (300U/mL, Sigma Aldrich® A-3176), and pepsin (500U/mL, Sigma Aldrich® P-7012). The tubes were shaken, covered, and incubated at 37 ºC for 16 hours under stirring. After incubation, 8 mL of 99% ethanol were added and the tubes were shaken and centrifuged (958 RCF) for 10 minutes, uncovered. Rinsing with ethanol was repeated once more.

The tubes containing the waste and magnetic stirring bar magnets were partially submerged in an ice bath and 3 mL of 2M KOH were added under stirring. After 20 minutes, 10 mL of NaAc/HAc-sodium acetate buffer-glacial acetic acid-1.2M (pH = 3.8) were added and the stirring was stopped. Next, 0.1 mL of amyloglucosidase (NaAc 3200U/mL buffer/HAc, pH = 4.75) was added to the tubes and after the addition they were incubated in a water bath at 50 ºC for 30 minutes under constant agitation. After incubation, the tube content was made up to a volume of 20 mL with distilled water and then centrifuged (958 RCF) for 10 minutes. The tubes were placed in a spectrophotometer for reading. The resistant starch content was calculated using Equation 1.

RESULTS

The chemical composition of banana flour is found in Table 1. Significant differences are seen for the unpeeled sample in lipid fractions, ash, and fiber when compared with the peeled sample, a behavior also found by (GODIM et al., 2005) while working with Pavocan variety in green stage.

The use of banana peel as part of the meal may be a strategy of adding value mainly for the fibers where the differences were more significant (Table 1). The fruit's peel has a high mineral content and its cell walls have high fiber content, especially insoluble such as cellulose and hemicellulose, which are the reasons for its increased contents when compared with the fruit pulp (PEREIRA et al., 2013). The recommended daily fiber intake is between 25 to 30 g and insoluble fibers should make up the largest part of the intake (70 to 75%).Knowing the soluble fiber/insoluble fiber ratio is important for the assessment of functional properties, which is mentioned in the literature at 1:2 and 1:3 (MAHAN; ESCOTT-STUMP, 2003; FIGUEROLA et al., 2005).

In this paper, there was a high carbohydrate content, over 70% of which corresponding to starch, being more than half of that resistant starch (36%). Similar results were found by (MARTINEZ et al., 2009, BEZERRA et al., 2013).

Green banana flour can be regarded as a source of resistant starch and may be used for functional food purposes in the prevention or reduction of cholesterol, constipation, diverticulitis, and colon cancer. Resistant starch intake in Europe and Latin America is low (3 to 6 g/day) when compared to consumption in other continents like Asia (8-19 g/day). However, there is huge potential to increase this nutrient through food products with high resistant starch content, and green banana flour can be one of them (CARDENETTE et al., 2004). Many researchers have prepared products using green banana flour in order to increase the non-digestible fraction, represented by resistant starch and fibers when unpeeled bananas are used (JUAREZ et al., 2006; APARICIO et al., 2007; RODRIGUEZ et al., 2008; MARTINEZ et al., 2009).

Since the resistant starch content may be modified by some types of processing, this study evaluated whether the drying process used had an influence on resistant starch content. The results are shown in Table 2, although the pulps have high moisture content and were subjected to drying temperatures above the gelatinization temperature of starch, beyond favorable conditions for resistant starch formation, no significant differences were found in the values of resistant starch in pulp and flours.

This behavior can be explained by the characteristic of spouted bed drying, being the contact from the feedstock with the drying temperature very fast, which does not allow for starch gelatinization to occur at the contact time. Using spouted bed drying maintained the resistant starch content of banana in natura. Different results were found by (TRIBESS et al., 2009) when assessing the formation of resistant starch in green banana flour subjected to different drying conditions in a fixed bed, showing that the contact time can influence the resistant starch content.

The scientific evidence of non-digestible fraction as functional food is strong. (SHIH et al., 2007) demonstrated the positive effect of resistant starch intake in reducing the levels of glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, and cholesterol as an improvement in antioxidant status in diabetic rats due to the increase in superoxide dismutase activity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde. Ramakrishna et al. (2000) noted a great reduction in frequency of diarrhea when resistant starch was added to the hydration pretreatment; the study was replicated using green bananas as a source of resistant starch and the authors obtained the same results (SCARMINIO et al., 2012). A reduction effect of resistant starch from banana in intestinal inflammation with fewer macroscopic and microscopic lesions, suggesting that introducing green banana flour into the diet can be a complementary strategy in the treatment of patients with intestinal inflammation (SCARMINIO et al., 2012; RABBANI et al., 2009).

Study concluded in their study that the addition of resistant starch to meals caused a significant increase in lipid oxidation in healthy subjects, noting that the constant consumption of resistant starch may be important for preventing the accumulation of fat in the long term and that the addition of resistant starch in the diet confers important metabolic benefits compared to diets without resistant starch (HIGGINS et al., 2004).

The consumption of resistant starch can interfere in the action of oncogenic diets with high protein content due to the reduction of toxic products in the colon region (LE LEU et al., 2007).

The essential amino acid profile and chemical score value of green banana flour is found in Table 3. The protein of green banana is considered of low biological value, being lysine the first limiting amino acid. Regarding amino acid profile and analyzing the chemical scores, green banana flour by itself is not a source of protein of high biological value. However, knowing the amino acid profile and limiting amino acids, this can be overcome by combining this flour with other vegetable protein sources (cereal and legume), thus obtaining a final mix with products of better amino acid profile. Rice and beans are a possible combination which ensures improved amino acid profiles (CINTRA et al., 2007). The amino acid profile was determined only for the unpeeled green banana flour since it had the best results for fiber and resistant starch content.

CONCLUSIONS

Green banana flour, especially unpeeled, can be an important ingredient when the aim is to increase the non-digestible fraction in food and may have positive effects on health, which have already been demonstrated in the literature. The drying process used in this study did not alter the values of resistant starch, guaranteeing the same content as compared to raw material in natura. The characteristics found indicate a promising use of green banana flour in the preparation of food products for intestinal inflammation and celiac disease patients. Besides adding nutritional value to food products, unpeeled green banana flour also stands out for not creating production waste, thus representing the complete use of the fruit, increasing the yield and reducing manpower cost due to peeling was not required.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are thankful to FAPESPA (Process 058/2008), CNPq (Process 620209/2008-9), CAPES (PROCAD- NF process 2256/2008) and PROPESP/UFPa.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Recebido em: 14-03-2013.

Aceito para publicação em: 12-11-2013.

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  • 1
    (Trabalho 121-13).
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      30 Jan 2014
    • Date of issue
      Dec 2013

    History

    • Received
      14 Mar 2013
    • Accepted
      12 Nov 2013
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