ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BURITI PULP (Mauritia flexuosa) COLLECTED IN THE CITY OF DIAMANTINO – MTS¹

ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO QUÍMICA DE POLPA DE BURITI (MAURITIA FLEXUOSA) COLETADO NA CIDADE DE DIAMANTINO - MT

ABSTRACT

Buriti is a fruit with potential for economic exploitation due to its nutritional components; however, there are few studies about their post-harvest characteristics. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics and analyze the antioxidant activity of Buriti pulp. Fruits were harvested at full maturity stage, sanitized, pulped and stored under refrigeration until freezing. Then, pulp was submitted to the following analyses: moisture, protein, total carbohydrates and reducing carbohydrates, ashes, lipids, crude fiber, water activity, titratable acidity (TA), pH, color, ß-carotene, a-carotene, antioxidant activity and total energy value (TEV). Analyses were performed in triplicate, and the mean, standard deviation and variation coefficient were determined. Fruit pulp presented 0.98 of water activity, TA of 8.82g/100 g of citric acid, pH 3.78, 59.69% of moisture, 20.92% of fat, 8.56 % of crude fiber, 1.04% of ash, 7.28% of total carbohydrates, 4.50% of reducing carbohydrates, 9098µg/100g of ß carotene and 10086µg/100g of a-carotene. TEV found was 228.28 kcal/100g, the color analysis showed that the pulp has an average light tint value of L * = 59.69, with high hue H * = 68.36 and vivid color with C *= 62.03. Regarding the antioxidant activity, it was observed that Buriti is a fruit that can be used to combat oxidation, as it reduced by 82.42% the amount DPPH reagent used.

Index terms
DPPH reduction; calorific value; proximate composition

RESUMO

O Buriti é um fruto com potencial para exploração econômica, devido aos seus componentes nutricionais; no entanto, poucas são as pesquisas quanto a suas características pós-colheita. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as características físicas e químicas e analisar a atividade antioxidante da polpa de buriti. Os frutos foram colhidos em completo estádio de maturação, sanitizados, despolpados e armazenados sob refrigeração até o congelamento. Em seguida a polpa foi submetida às análises de umidade, proteína, glicídios totais e redutores, cinzas, lipídios, fibra bruta, atividade de água, acidez titulável (AT), pH, cor, ß caroteno, a caroteno, atividade antioxidante e valor energético total (VET). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata, sendo determinadas a média, desvio-padrão e o coeficiente de variação. A polpa da fruta apresentou valores de 0,98 para atividade de água, AT de 8,82 g/100g de ácido cítrico, pH de 3,78, 59,69% para umidade, 20,92% de lipídios, 8,56% de fibra bruta, 1,04% de cinzas, 7,28% de glicídios totais, 4,50% para glicídios redutores, 9098µg/100g de ß caroteno e 10086µg/100g de a caroteno. O VET encontrado foi de 229,28 Kcal/100g, a análise de cor mostrou que a polpa possui tonalidade clara com valor médio de L*=59,69, alta tonalidade cromática com H*= 68,36 e cor viva com C*= 62,03. Quanto à atividade antioxidante, observou-se que o buriti é um fruto que pode ser utilizado no combate a oxidação, pois reduziu em 82,42% a quantidade do reagente DPPH utilizado.

Termos para indexação
redução de DPPH; valor calórico; composição centesimal

INTRODUCTION

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) belongs to family Arecaceae and genus Mauritia, with wide distributed in the Amazonian Forest of Brazil. It is a plant of wide distribution in the national territory, being found in Cerrado, western Caatinga, Pantanal and Amazon biomes. This species is found in wetland areas in regions of trails, an important Cerrado phytophysiognomy. Buriti blooms almost all year, but mainly from April to August. Fruit production is intense, producing seven bunches per year per tree, each with 400 to 500 fruits (SAMPAIO, SCHMIDT, FIGUEIREDO, 2008; DELGADO et al., 2007).

Fruits have an orange-colored thick mass and spongy endocarp that surrounds the very hard seed.

Buriti has adequate nutritional values, especially carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Carotenoids, in addition to being natural dyes, have beneficial effects on human health such as provitamin A activity, increased immune response and reduced risk of degenerative diseases such as cancer, muscle degeneration, cataracts and cardiovascular diseases.

Ascorbic acid, also called vitamin C, is important in the formation of teeth and bones and in the prevention of diseases such as scurvy, influenza and heart diseases (LIMA et al., 2009).

Among the various native fruits of the Amazon, Buriti is very useful, and almost all parts can be used, including trunk, from which starch and palm heart are extracted (LOUREIRO et al., 2013).

Buriti pulp is also used in the industrial extraction of oil. Albuquerque et al. (2005) characterize the fruit as raw material for the production of biodiesel. The use of Buriti pulp in the generation of food by-products has been restricted to small productions, being an activity present in family agriculture programs or small companies.

According to Canuto et al. (2010), the characterization of parameters for quality control, involving physical and physicochemical properties, as well as compounds with functional interest and antioxidant activity for pulps of Amazonian fruit species allows characterizing these products as functional food and offers the option of sustainable activity for the population of these regions.

Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Buriti pulp and to analyze its potential for oxidation inhibition.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) was collected in the city of Diamantino, Mato Grosso (MT), in February 2014, at full maturation stage. After collection, fruits were selected, sorted and sanitized in water added of sodium hypochlorite in the proportion of 5-10 L of water per 1 kg of fruit, containing 150 mg / L of sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes. Then, fruits were peeled and pulped, and the pulp was packed in low-density polyethylene bags and frozen at -18°C. By road transport, frozen pulps were sent to the Federal Institute of Mato Grosso (IFMT), located in the city of Cuiabá - MT, where they were analyzed.

Physicochemical analyses were performed according to methodology described by Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL, 2008) and Official Method of Analysis (AOAC, 2012) in triplicate.

The moisture content was determined by the gravimetric method, which consists of drying in an oven (Nova Ética) at temperature of 105°C to constant weight, method 012 / IV (IAL, 2008). The ash content was quantified by gravimetry through incineration of the sample in a Quimis muffle oven at 550 ° C, method 018 / IV (IAL, 2008).

The color of samples was determined by instrumental measurement using Minolta CM - 700D colorimeter, where readings were determined in L * (luminosity) a * (transition from green - a *to red + a *) and b * (transition from blue -b * to yellow + b *). From parameters obtained (L *, a * and b *), the chromatic hue h * = tan-1 (b * / a *) and saturation C* = (a*2 + b*2)1/2 were calculated.

The water activity (Aw) was analyzed using the Aqualab 3TE water activity analyzer (Decagon), with sample at room temperature (25 ° C), method 978.18 (AOAC, 2012).

Total Titratable Acidity was quantified using the neutralization volumetry technique with standard sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution of 0.1N and expressed as a percentage of citric acid by the method 016 / IV (IAL, 2008). The vitamin C content was determined by oxidation - reduction volumetry using 0.02M potassium iodate and 1% starch solution as indicator, method 364 / IV (IAL).

The pH was measured by direct potentiometry, using a Tecnal pH meter apparatus previously calibrated with pH 4.0 and 7.0 buffer solutions.

The protein percentage was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Tecnal, model TE 0363), using conversion factor of 6.25 for food in general, method 036 / IV (IAL, 2008).

The lipid content was determined by soxhlet extraction (Tecnal, model TE 044) using petroleum ether as a solvent extractor by the method 032 / IV (IAL, 2008).

Total fiber content was determined by acid digestion followed by basic digestion and oven drying at 105°C to constant weight, method 044 / IV (IAL, 2008).

The quantification of reducing and total sugars was performed using the oxidation - reduction volumetric technique using the Fehling method, methods 038 / IV and 039 / IV (IAL, 2008).

The antioxidant activity (DPPH) was determined by DPPH assay (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl), with reading in UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu) at 517 nm wavelength, according to methodology described by Illupapalayam, Smith and Gamlath (2014).

The ß carotene content was determined by direct reading of ethereal extract of Buriti pulp in a Shimadzu spectrophotometer model UV 1800 with wavelength of 453nm, using the calculation: (ß carotenes, µg / 100g) = ((Extract absorbance x 50 x 104) / (2592 X sample weight)) x100, methodology proposed by Pacheco et al. (2011).

The a-carotene content was determined by direct reading of ethereal extract of Buriti pulp in a Shimadzu 800 spectrophotometer model UV 1 with wavelength of 444nm, using the calculation: (ß carotenes, µg / 100g) = ((Extract absorbance x 50 x 104) / (2400 X sample weight)) x100, methodology proposed by Pacheco et al. (2011).

Total Energy Value (TEV) was calculated according to the Atwater equation based on the traditional conversion factors for protein (4Kcal / g), lipid (9Kcal / g) and carbohydrates (4Kcal / g), and expressed in Kcal / 100g, according to RDC No. 360 of the Ministry of Health.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained for the physical and physicochemical characteristics of Buriti pulp can be observed in table 1.

According to table 1 it can be observed that Buriti pulp presented high moisture value, reaching 59.69%. This result is similar to that found by Carneiro and Carneiro (2011), who obtained moisture content around 54.34%, analyzing Buriti pulp from the region of Ipiranga, Piauí, differing from Tavares et al. (2003), who found moisture content of 67.2% for Buriti from the city of Buritizal - SP; and Mariath et al. (1989), who found moisture content of 69.6% for Buriti from in the region of São Luiz, Maranhão, and Manhães (2007) reported 62.93% for Buriti pulp from the state of Pará.

The protein percentage found was 2.97%, a result higher than those found by different authors, among them Carneiro and Carneiro (2011), who found 1.30%; Mariath et al. (1989) with value of 1.80%; Tavares et al. (2003), with value of 1.4% and Manhães (2007) with value close to 2.10%.

The percentage of lipids is the second largest component of the proximate composition in terms of quantity in the Buriti pulp analyzed and represents all substances soluble in organic solvent, including oils and fats, carotenoids, chlorophyll and other pigments, in addition to sterols, phosphatides, liposoluble vitamins among others (IAL, 2008). The amount of lipids found in the Buriti pulp analyzed was 20.92%, being higher than values described by Mariath et al.(1989) and by Manhães (2007) of8.10% and 13.85%, respectively. Some factors may contribute to the difference between values found and those available in literature. In addition to the possible dehydration of fruits during transportation and storage stages, the methodologies used may have been different, which may have contributed to difference in results found. The lipid concentration of Buriti pulp should be valued, as oils and fats are the main source of energy available to the human body and are useful for industry due to the presence of aromatic compounds that change the physical consistency of several products (FRANÇA et al., 1999).

The percentage of ash, also known as fixed mineral residue, was 1.04%, similar to 0.94% found by Manhães (2007) and 1.05% by Castro et al. (2014).

The group of sugars has the most varied types of substances, from monosaccharides, represented by glucose, disaccharides, of which the most frequent in foods are sucrose and lactose, to polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose (IAL, 2008). According to Silva et al. (2008) monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) are reducing sugars that, due to the presence of free carbonyl and ketone groups, are able to oxidize in the presence of oxidizing agents in alkaline solutions. Some disaccharides, such as sucrose, do not have this characteristic, hence called non-reducing sugars, and are reduced only after they undergo hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. Therefore, the amount of reducing and total carbohydrates of the Buriti pulp was analyzed, presenting values of 4.50% and 7.28%, respectively, and for total glycans, the values found in this study are close to those reported by Manhães (2007), who found value of 8.25%, but for reducing sugars, the value was higher, 3.01%.

The total sugar content found in this work is lower than that found by Carneiro and Carneiro (2011), who found 25.53% of lipids for Buriti pulp; Mariath et al. (1989) found 19.8%; and Tavares et al. (2003) found 12.1% of carbohydrate in Buriti pulp. According to Magro et al. (2006), these differences observed in both total and reducing sugar content are mainly due to the origin of samples, since climatic conditions, especially insolation, influence the production of sugars by fruits, as well as the degree of maturation.

Table 1 shows that the total fiber content of Buriti pulp was 8.56%. In studies with tropical fruits, Uchoa et al. (2008) analyzed the percentage of crude fiber in different cashew (9.92%), guava (39.56%) and Maracuja (26.31%) fruits, showing that the result found in this study is similar to that found for cashew fruits. Lima (2006) analyzed the percentage of fibers in oleaginous fruits, such as avocado, pequi and coconut and obtained values of 6.3%, 19% and 5%, showing that the value found for Buriti in this study (8.56 %) is among values found for oleaginous fruits.

The TEV of the Buriti analyzed was 229.28 Kcal / 100g. Mariath et al. (1989) analyzed the chemical composition of Buriti marketed in the state of Maranhão and found TEV of 145 Kcal, much lower than that of this study, considering that the most expressive caloric nutrient in the fruit, lipids, presented a lower value. Manhães (2007) found TEV of 166.36 Kcal for Buriti pulp marketed in the state of Pará.

Studies also reveal a high water activity for the Buriti pulp analyzed, presenting a value of 0.98.

In a study with Buriti pulp from the state of Ceará, Castro et al. (2014) found Aw of 0.99, a value similar to that found in this work. Fellows (2006) reported that the water activity is an important factor for controlling the deterioration rate of the product, and generally foods with water activity higher than 0.95 are classified as fresh and highly perishable food and tend to undergo rapid deterioration, which is the case of fruits such as Buriti.

The titratable acidity (TA) value found was 8.82 g / 100 g of citric acid, a result higher than that found by Castro et al. (2014), who found value of 1.48. According to Sousa et al. (2013), acidity is an important parameter in the assessment of the state of conservation of a food product.

The pH found (3.78) is close to that found by Castro et al. (2014) of 3.47 for Buriti pulp. For Buriti pulp, the average pH value found (3.78) classifies the pulp as acid, which for the processing industry represents an excellent attribute since microbial deterioration is hampered in acid media.

The antioxidant activity of a substance corresponds to the amount of DPPH consumed during a certain time. The amount of antioxidant needed to reduce the initial DPPH concentration by 50% is called the effective concentration (EC 50), also called inhibitory concentration (IC 50). The higher the DPPH consumption by a sample, the lower its EC50 and the higher its antioxidant activity (SOUSA et al., 2007). The EC50 of Buriti pulp was determined in 30 minutes. Studies involving acerola and grape pulp stand out in the evaluation of the antioxidant activity, with more than 90% of DPPH radical sequestration after 30 minutes (VARGAS, HELZEL, ROSA 2008).

Duarte Almeida et al. (2006) found high antioxidant activity in acerola extract, followed by mulberry, açaí and strawberry extracts. The antioxidant activity value found for Buriti pulp was 82.42%, showing that this fruit presents high percentage of oxidation inhibition.

Analyzing Table 1, it can be observed that the amount of vitamin C found for Buriti pulp analyzed in this study was 46.67 mg / 100g, a value higher than that found by Couto et al. (2010) in studies with tangerine (32.47 mg / 100g), and lower than that found by Yamashita et al. (2003) in studies with acerola, 1511mg / 100g, noting that acerola is known to be source of this vitamin. According to Itto et al. (1990), the vitamin C content is mainly related to the stage of maturation, storage and period of analyses, since vitamin C is extremely sensitive and can be easily oxidized.

The color analysis is determined by three parameters (L *, a * and b *), which are provided by direct reading in colorimeter apparatus, being precursors of parameters h * and C * calculated from mathematical equations. Parameter L * representing luminosity in the color analysis revealed characteristics of a pulp with light tint, with mean value of 59.69 ± 0.01, because the closer to 100, the greater the sample clarity. Parameter H * observed for Buriti pulp showed a high chromatic hue (68.36 ± 0.005); Canuto et al. (2010) reported that positive H * values indicate variation from yellow to slightly orange. The chroma value (C *) found (62.03 ± 0.02) reveals a vivid color for the pulp. These results are similar to those found by Castro et al. (2014), with L * = 43.89, h * = 74.55 and C * = 65.65, and although values were slightly higher, the colorimetric characteristics of the pulp analyzed in this study showed similar values.

The a and ß carotene content found in this study were 10086 µg / 100g and 9098 µg / 100g, respectively. Lima et al. (2009) studied Buriti from the state of Goiás and found ß carotene values of 31220 µg / 100 g and a carotene values of 5352 µg / 100 g, being both higher than those found in this work. Agostini-Costa et al. (2003) studied the influence of freezing and storage on the a and ß carotene content in acerola pulp and found that over time, there may be a reduction of up to 63% in ß carotene content, and there is no loss of a carotene. According to Ângelo and Jorge (2007), the methodology of analysis of any type of food can directly influence the results obtained, since chromatographic apparatuses are more precise and meticulous when compared to analyses performed in conventional way. Therefore, the low amount of ß carotene found in this study when compared to literature can be justified due to freezing followed by storage, as well as to the methodology used in the quantification of compounds.

TABLE 1
Physical and physicochemical characteristics of buriti pulp.

CONCLUSION

Buriti (Mauritia Flexuosa) is a fruit with excellent nutritional quality and richness of nutrients, proven by its proximate composition, showing that its consumption should be encouraged, since it provides an appreciable amount of nutrients and meets the needs of modern consumers for fruits rich in antioxidant compounds and fibers.

The amount of carotenoid compounds found is satisfactory, since the American Institute of Medicine recommends that each individual over 14 years of age should consume around 900µg of carotenoids per day. These carotenoids are also classified as antioxidants, thus confirming the antioxidant potential of this fruit.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the granting of scholarship and the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso for the facilities and equipment.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2017

History

• Received
  11 Jan 2016
• Accepted
  23 June 2016