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MORTALITY OF APPLE LEAFROLLER EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT Bacillus thuringiensis SUBSPECIES IN ARTIFICIAL DIET, IN THREE ASSESSMENT PERIODS

MORTALIDADE DE LAGARTA-ENROLADEIRA-DA-MAÇÃ EXPOSTAS A DIFERENTES SUBESPÉCIES DE Bacillus thuringiensis EM DIETA ARTIFICIAL, EM TRÊS PERÍODOS DE AVALIAÇÃO

ABSTRACT

Bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis are the entomopathogen most marketed worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of kurstaki, aizawai subspecies and kurstaki x aizawai hybrid on B. salubricola larvae fed on artificial diet in different assessment periods. Mortality was assessed on the seventh, tenth and fifteenth days after treatment. Microplates containing 150 µl of diet in each cell were used. Suspensions containing Bt subspecies was deposited on the surface of the diet, then neonate larvae were released. The mortality assessment performed after fifteen days of treatment was significant for all three subspecies. Bt kurstaki was more efficient in all assessment periods, except for fifteen days, which was similar to Bt aizawai. Assessments performed up to seven days were more efficient to determine mortality. The three subspecies have influenced the ability for instar change, regardless of concentration. The LC50 of Bt kurstaki on the seventh and tenth days of assessment was from three to six times smaller than that observed in Bt aizawai x kurstaki, and Bt aizawai, respectively.

Index terms
Bonagota salubricola; apple tree; entomopathogen

RESUMO

Bacillus thuringiensis é o entomopatógeno mais comercializado mundialmente. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficiência das subespécies kurstaki, aizawai e o hibrido aizawai x no kurstakicontrole de Bonagota salubricola (Lepidopetera: Tortricidae) em diferentes períodos de avaliação. Os experimentos foram realizados em dieta artificial. Foram utilizadas microplacas contendo 150 µl de dieta em cada poço. A concentração contendo as subespécies de Bt foi depositada na superfície da dieta, em seguida liberada uma larva neonata, totalizando 24 em cada concentração. A mortalidade foi avaliada no sétimo, décimo e décimo quinto dias após o tratamento. Em todas as concentrações, foi verificado o instar larval. A avaliação de mortalidade realizada após quinze dias do tratamento foi significativa para as três subespécies. Bt kurstaki foi mais eficiente em todos os períodos de avaliação, exceto aos quinze dias, período em que foi semelhante a Bt aizawai. Avaliações acima de sete dias foram mais adequadas para determinar a mortalidade. As três subespécies influenciaram na capacidade de mudança de instar, indiferentemente da concentração. A CL50 de Bt kurstaki, aos sete e dez dias de avaliação, foi de três a seis vezes menores que Bt x aizawaikurstaki e Bt aizawai, respectivamente.

Termos para indexação
Bonagota salubricola; Macieira; Entomopatógeno

Introduction

The entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) produces crystals of protoxins during sporulation (HUNG et al., 2016 HUNG, T.P.; TRUONG, L.V.; BINH, N.D.; FRUTOS, R.; QUIQUAMPOIX, H.; STAUNTON, S. Fate of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis cryprotein in soil: di?erences between puri?ed toxin and biopesticide formulation. Pest Management Science, Amsterdam, v.72, p.2247-2253, 2016. ). Its insecticidal property was recognized in 1911 and its commercial use started in France in 1938 (JOUNG and CÔTÉ, 2000 JOUNG, K.; CÔTÉ, J. A review of the environmental impacts of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Québec: Centre.Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, 2000. p.1-16. (Technical Bulletin, 29) ), for the control of Anagasta kuehniella (ZELLER) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

However, the first formulations with Bt were not successful (JOUNG and CÔTÉ, 2000 JOUNG, K.; CÔTÉ, J. A review of the environmental impacts of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Québec: Centre.Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, 2000. p.1-16. (Technical Bulletin, 29) ).

The evolution of fermentation techniques and isolation of new subspecies allowed the emergence of new efficient formulations for the control of lepidoptera containing kurstaki (Btk) and aizawai (Bta) subspecies. Larval mesentery has ideal pH to promote the action of proteases that activate the toxin, causing the infection of larvae (BULUSHOVA et al., 2011 BULUSHOVA, N.V.; ELPIDINA, E.N.; ZHUZHIKOV, D.P.; LYUTIKOVA, L.I.; ORTEGO, F.; KIRILLOVA, N.E.; ZALUNIN, I.A.; CHESTUKHINA, G.G. Complex of digestive proteinases of Galleria mellonella caterpillars.Composition, properties, and limited proteolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Biochemistry, Moscow, v.76, p.581-589, 2011. ).

In Brazil, Btk is used for the control of Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple trees (MONTEIRO and SOUZA, 2010 MONTEIRO, B.L.; SOUZA, A. Controle de tortricídeos em macieira com duas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki em Fraiburgo-SC. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.32, n.2, p.423-428, 2010. ), whose action affects other lepidoptera that occur simultaneously such as apple leafroller Bonagota salubricola (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (MONTEIRO and SOUZA, 2010 MONTEIRO, B.L.; SOUZA, A. Controle de tortricídeos em macieira com duas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki em Fraiburgo-SC. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.32, n.2, p.423-428, 2010. ).

The effect caused by Bt differs according to subspecies, each producing specific pro-toxins that act differently on insects. Formulations containing two Bt subspecies, called azaiwai x kurstaki (Btak) transconjugate, were elaborated to increase control efficiency. Another important factor in the use of Bt is the exposure time of larvae to the pathogen, which influences mortality. Schesser et. al (1977) SCHESSER, J.H.; KRAMER, K.J.; BULLA JR, L.A. Bioassay for homogeneous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.33, n.4, p.878-880, 1977. showed that larval mortality may vary according to the assessment period, influencing the result. The assessment period differs among authors, ranging from three (JYOTI and BREWER, 1999 JYOTI, J.L.; BREWER, J.G. Median lethal concentration and e-fficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis against banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham v.92, n.6, p.1289-1291, 1999. ), four days, five days (BONCHEVA et al., 2006 BONCHEVA, R.; DUKIANDJIEV, S.; MINKOV, I.; MAAGD, R.A.DE.; NAIMOV, S.Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins against codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) larvae. Journal Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.92, p.96–99, 2006. ), seven days (OSTREM et al. 2016 OSTREM, J.S.; PAN, Z.; FLEXNER, J.L.; OWENS, E.; BINNING, R.; HIGGINS, L.S. Monitoring susceptibility of western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field populations to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F protein. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.109, n.2, p.847–853, 2016.( ) and ten days (SCHESSER and BULLA, 1978 SCHESSER, J.H.; BULLA JR, L.A. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.35, n.1, p.121-123, 1978. ).

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of three Bt subspecies for the control of B. salubricola in artificial diet and in different periods of mortality assessment.

Material and Methods

Experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (LAMIP), located in the Sector of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Paraná (SCA-UFPR).

Bonagota salubricola. The population was collected in a commercial apple orchard in Porto Amazonas-PR in 2009. Larvae were grown in tubes (80 mm x 25 mm) containing artificial bean-based diet (PARRA et al., 1995 PARRA, J.R.P.; EIRAS, A.E.; HADDAD, M.L.; VILELA, E.F.; KOVALESKI, A.Rearing technique of Phtheochroa cranaodes Meyrick, 1937 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on artificial diet. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, Campinas, v.55, n.4, p.537-543, 1995. ). Pupae were kept in greenhouse with photophase of 14 hours, temperature 24 ± 2 ° C, RH of 60 ± 10% until emergence of adults, which were released in cages (35 cm x 35 cm x 35 cm) containing polyethylene strips for oviposition.

Bioassays. Commercial products based on Bacillus thuringiensis were from kurstaki (Dipel WG, 32 gl-1, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, USA), aizawai (Xentari WG, 540 g.kg -1, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, USA) and azaiwai x kurstaki (Bt) transconjugate (Agree WP, 500 g.kg-1, Certis, Columbia, USA) subspecies. 96-well microplates received 150μl of artificial diet for lepidopterans (Soybean-Wheat, Stonefly Industries, TX). Each well was added of 6 μL of Bt suspension on the diet. Each well received a neonate aged up to three hours after hatching, about 20 minutes after addition of Bt. Three replicates were tested with 24 subjects at each concentration and control. Wells were closed with paraffin waxed paper (Parafilm, Chicago, IL) to prevent larval escape and diet dehydration. Microplates were maintained in BOD (Eletrolab, mod. 112FC, São Paulo), RH 60 ± 10%, temperature of 24 ± 2°C, photophase of 14 hours.

Seven concentrations measured in part per million (ppm) of the commercial product (p.c.) were tested and defined from preliminary bioassays and adjusted for each Bt subspecies as follows: Agree - 190.0, 118.8, 74.3, 46 , 4.29, 18.1, 11.3 ppm; Dipel - 248.5, 118.3, 56.4, 26.8, 12.8, 6.1, 2.9 ppm; Xentari - 280.0, 155.6, 86.4, 48.0, 26.7, 14.8, 8.2 ppm.

Assessment. Mortality was considered in three assessment periods (AP): seven (7), ten (10) and fifteen (15) days after application of insecticides. The stages of surviving larvae were monitored to verify the influence of Bt on their development, identifying the cephalic capsules. Larvae that did not react to the touch of a stylet were considered dead.

Mortality data were submitted to Probit analysis to determine LC50 (PoloPlus 1.0, Software LeOra, 2003). Mortalities corrected by the Abbott formula (ABBOTT, 1925 ABBOTT, W.S. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, College Park, v.18, p.265-266, 1925. ) in treatments were normalized using the sine-arc function and submitted to factorial analysis, and means were compared by the Tukey test considering significance of P <0.05 (Assistat Software Version Beta 7.6).

Results and discussion

Assessment period. The assessment period of the average mortality of B. salubricola larvae influenced the efficiency of the three B. thuringiensis subspecies (Table 1) (Btak F = 41.75, p <0.001, df = 2, Btk F = 28.30, 0.001, df = 2; Bta F = 25.31, p <0.001, df = 2). The corrected mortality of B. salubricola at the highest concentration tested was directly proportional to AP (Btak r2 = 0.97, Btk r2 = 0.70, Bta r2 = 0.80), ranging from 58.3 to 98.5% respectively at seven and fifteen days (Table 2). The results in B. salubricola suggest that assessments performed before seven days may underestimate the efficiency of Bt probably due to the food habit, since larvae of the first three instars consumed little diet, observing galleries of approximately three millimeters in the surface. For large-capacity larvae, evaluations occur earlier (BLANCO et al., 2009 BLANCO, C.A.; ANDOW A.A, ABEL C.A.; SUMERFORD D.V.; HERNANDEZ G.; LÓPEZ JR. J.D.; ADAMS L.; GROOT A.LEONARD R.; PARKER R.; PAYNE G.; PERERA O.P.; TERÁN-VARGAS A.P.; DOMINGUEZ A.A. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac resistance frequency in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham v.102: 381-387.2009. ) and after seven days (LIAO et al., 2002 LIAO, C.; HECKEL, D.G.; AKHURSTA, R. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins for Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), major pests of cotton. Journal Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.80, p.55-63.2002. ; YEE et al., 2008 YEE, T.S.; IBRAHIM, Y.; OMAR, D. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspecies kurstaki and aizawai against the bagworm, Metisa plana walker on oil palm. Journal of Bioscience, Calcutá, v.19, n.1, p.103-114, 2008. ); however, Schesser and Bulla (1978) SCHESSER, J.H.; BULLA JR, L.A. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.35, n.1, p.121-123, 1978. showed differences in mortality rates obtained in different APs.

Development. Monitoring of surviving larvae from the seventh day showed that Bt influences development as a function of subspecies (Figure 1).

Analyzing the highest concentration, it was observed that in the seventh day of assessment, most larvae were in the first instar, whereas control larvae were mostly between second and third instar. On average, 70% of larvae in Btak and Bta treatments were found in the second instar on the 10th day, while in Btk, all remained in the first instar, while in the control treatment, larvae occurred in the first four instars, with approximately 60% of them in the third instars.

At the lowest concentration, the three Bt subspecies influenced the development of the larvae in relation to the control, although with low mortality rate at seven and ten days. In assessment performed at the fifteenth day, larval escape was observed, reducing the number of samples per treatment (Table 3).

Individuals who perforated the parafilm were in the fourth to fifth instars and this generally occurred at concentrations below LC50. This behavior occurred in Btak (11.1%), Btk (8.7%) and Bta (7.8%) in the total of treated individuals. In literature, there are reports of mortality assessments up to ten days after treatment (ER et al., 2007 ER, M.K.; KARADAG, S.; MART, C. Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki on Thaumetopoea solitaria Frey. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) larvae in laboratory conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Ancara, v.31, p.255-261, 2007. ; FRANKENHUYZEN et al., 2008 FRANKENHUYZEN, K.V.; RÉGNIÈRE, J.; BERNIER-CARDOU, M. Response of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki at different ingested doses and temperatures. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.99, p.263–274, 2008. ) and there are no references for larval escape.

Interference in larval development is evident through the stages they were in; however, it was not possible to confirm the death of Btaffected larvae before 15 days. The results indicate a decrease in larval development with the use of sub-lethal concentrations, and this may be related to the behavior of larvae that after Bt ingestion present food reduction or stopping (CÍCERO et al., 2009 CÍCERO, E.A.S.; FERRAUDO, A.S.; LEMOS, M.V.F. Identificação de genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis no controle de Sphenophorus levis, o bicudo da cana-de-açúcar. Bragantia, Campinas, v.68, p.817-823, 2009. ), not obtaining the necessary energy for instar change.

Other authors mention that there is no instar change in larvae due to starvation observed after Bt infection (Monnerat et al., 2000 MONNERAT, R.J.; BORDAT, D.; BRANCO, M.C.; FRANÇA, F.H. Efeito de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner e inseticidas químicos sobre a traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) e seus parasitóides. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, Piracicaba, v.29, n.4, p.723-730, 2000. ; Cicero, 2009). However, the concentrations used were high and caused the rapid larval death. Eizaguirre et al. (2005) EIZAGUIRRE, M.; TORT, S.,LOPEZ, C.; ALBAJES, R. Effects of sublethal concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis on larval development of Sesamia nonagrioides. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.98, n.2, p.464-470, 2005. in bioassays with Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) found results similar to those of the present work, showing that larvae exposed to sublethal concentrations present reduced development.

Bioassay. The results showed that the death caused by kurstaki subspecies was statistically significant for the three assessment periods (PA7 F = 109.06, p <0.001, df = 2; PA10 F = 21.25, p <0.001df = 2, PA15 F = 77.05, p <0.001, df = 2) (Table 1), except when compared to Bta at 15 days.

In PA7, the LC50of Btak and Bta were respectively 3.0 and 5.9 times greater than Btk (Table 4). This trend was also observed in the other two assessment periods. For B. salubricola, Btk was more efficient in the control, which may be related to the origin of the population, resistant or susceptible insects exposed to Bt present different mortality rates (Diaz- Gomez et al., 2000 DIAZ-GOMEZ, O.; RODRIGUEZ, J.C.; SHELTON, A.M.; LAGUNES-T, A.; BUJANOS-M, R. Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations in Mexico to commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.93, n.3, p.963-970, 2000. ). In assessment of leaf injuries caused by Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Btk was five times more efficient than Bta (GONZÁLEZ-CABRERA et al., 2011 GONZALEZ-CABRERA, J.; MOLLA O.; MONTON, H.; URBANEJA, A. Ef?cacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) in controlling the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). BioControl, Dordrecht, v.56, p.71-80, 2011. ), corroborating results obtained in the present work.

Figure 1
Percentage of surviving B. salubricola larvae per instar in three assessment periods (7, 10 and 15 days) exposed to artificial diet containing B. thuringiensis subspecies aizawai x kurstaki (Btak), kurstaki (Btk) and aizawai (Bta) (highest concentration – Btak= 190.0 ppm, Btk = 248.5 ppm, BTA = 280.0 ppm) (lowest concentration - Btak= 11.3 ppm; Btk= 2.8 ppm; BTA= 8.2 ppm).
Table 1
Average mortality (%) of Bonagota salubricola larvae fed on artificial diet with different concentrations of three B. thuringiensis subspecies in different assessment periods.
Table 2
Corrected mortality (%) of Bonagota salubricola larvae fed on artificial diet and exposed to different Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies at different assessment periods.
Table 3
Number of initial individuals (n), number of dead individuals and percentages of larval escape per concentration in three Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the 15-day assessment period.
Table 4
Lethal concentration that kills 50% of the Bonagota salubricola population (LC50) and angular coefficient in comparison with Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai x kurstaki, B. thuringiensis aizawai in relation to B. thuringiensis kurstaki in different assessment periods.

Conclusion

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki caused higher mortality of B. salubricola larvae when compared to the other subspecies. Post-treatment assessment time influenced the percentage of larval mortality and B. thuringiensis toxins influenced larval development at non-lethal conc.

  • ABBOTT, W.S. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, College Park, v.18, p.265-266, 1925.
  • BLANCO, C.A.; ANDOW A.A, ABEL C.A.; SUMERFORD D.V.; HERNANDEZ G.; LÓPEZ JR. J.D.; ADAMS L.; GROOT A.LEONARD R.; PARKER R.; PAYNE G.; PERERA O.P.; TERÁN-VARGAS A.P.; DOMINGUEZ A.A. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac resistance frequency in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham v.102: 381-387.2009.
  • BONCHEVA, R.; DUKIANDJIEV, S.; MINKOV, I.; MAAGD, R.A.DE.; NAIMOV, S.Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins against codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) larvae. Journal Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.92, p.96–99, 2006.
  • BULUSHOVA, N.V.; ELPIDINA, E.N.; ZHUZHIKOV, D.P.; LYUTIKOVA, L.I.; ORTEGO, F.; KIRILLOVA, N.E.; ZALUNIN, I.A.; CHESTUKHINA, G.G. Complex of digestive proteinases of Galleria mellonella caterpillars.Composition, properties, and limited proteolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Biochemistry, Moscow, v.76, p.581-589, 2011.
  • CÍCERO, E.A.S.; FERRAUDO, A.S.; LEMOS, M.V.F. Identificação de genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis no controle de Sphenophorus levis, o bicudo da cana-de-açúcar. Bragantia, Campinas, v.68, p.817-823, 2009.
  • DIAZ-GOMEZ, O.; RODRIGUEZ, J.C.; SHELTON, A.M.; LAGUNES-T, A.; BUJANOS-M, R. Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations in Mexico to commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.93, n.3, p.963-970, 2000.
  • EIZAGUIRRE, M.; TORT, S.,LOPEZ, C.; ALBAJES, R. Effects of sublethal concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis on larval development of Sesamia nonagrioides. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.98, n.2, p.464-470, 2005.
  • ER, M.K.; KARADAG, S.; MART, C. Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki on Thaumetopoea solitaria Frey. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) larvae in laboratory conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Ancara, v.31, p.255-261, 2007.
  • FRANKENHUYZEN, K.V.; RÉGNIÈRE, J.; BERNIER-CARDOU, M. Response of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki at different ingested doses and temperatures. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.99, p.263–274, 2008.
  • GONZALEZ-CABRERA, J.; MOLLA O.; MONTON, H.; URBANEJA, A. Ef?cacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) in controlling the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). BioControl, Dordrecht, v.56, p.71-80, 2011.
  • HUNG, T.P.; TRUONG, L.V.; BINH, N.D.; FRUTOS, R.; QUIQUAMPOIX, H.; STAUNTON, S. Fate of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis cryprotein in soil: di?erences between puri?ed toxin and biopesticide formulation. Pest Management Science, Amsterdam, v.72, p.2247-2253, 2016.
  • JOUNG, K.; CÔTÉ, J. A review of the environmental impacts of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Québec: Centre.Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, 2000. p.1-16. (Technical Bulletin, 29)
  • JYOTI, J.L.; BREWER, J.G. Median lethal concentration and e-fficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis against banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham v.92, n.6, p.1289-1291, 1999.
  • LIAO, C.; HECKEL, D.G.; AKHURSTA, R. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins for Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), major pests of cotton. Journal Invertebrate Pathology, Amsterdam, v.80, p.55-63.2002.
  • MONNERAT, R.J.; BORDAT, D.; BRANCO, M.C.; FRANÇA, F.H. Efeito de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner e inseticidas químicos sobre a traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) e seus parasitóides. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, Piracicaba, v.29, n.4, p.723-730, 2000.
  • MONTEIRO, B.L.; SOUZA, A. Controle de tortricídeos em macieira com duas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki em Fraiburgo-SC. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, v.32, n.2, p.423-428, 2010.
  • MYERS, J.H. Modified Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and a hybrid B.thuringiensis strain counter greenhouse-selected resistance in Trichoplusia ni. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.99, n.17, p.5739–5741, 2009.
  • OSTREM, J.S.; PAN, Z.; FLEXNER, J.L.; OWENS, E.; BINNING, R.; HIGGINS, L.S. Monitoring susceptibility of western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field populations to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F protein. Journal of Economic Entomology, Lanham, v.109, n.2, p.847–853, 2016.(
  • PARRA, J.R.P.; EIRAS, A.E.; HADDAD, M.L.; VILELA, E.F.; KOVALESKI, A.Rearing technique of Phtheochroa cranaodes Meyrick, 1937 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on artificial diet. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, Campinas, v.55, n.4, p.537-543, 1995.
  • SCHESSER, J.H.; BULLA JR, L.A. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.35, n.1, p.121-123, 1978.
  • SCHESSER, J.H.; KRAMER, K.J.; BULLA JR, L.A. Bioassay for homogeneous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Washington, v.33, n.4, p.878-880, 1977.
  • YEE, T.S.; IBRAHIM, Y.; OMAR, D. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspecies kurstaki and aizawai against the bagworm, Metisa plana walker on oil palm. Journal of Bioscience, Calcutá, v.19, n.1, p.103-114, 2008.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2018

History

  • Received
    03 Oct 2016
  • Accepted
    11 July 2017
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