Starch balance in perennial organs of Carya illinoinensis Koch in a production cycle

Balanço de amido em órgãos perenes de Carya illinoinensis Koch em um ciclo de produção

Abstract

Pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis Koch) is a native specie in Northern Mexico and the Southeastern United States, both countries dominate the production of walnuts to worldwide. The objective was to determine starch balance in root and trunk monthly in two varieties (Western and Wichita), during a production cycle. Sampling was systematic. Results in root and stem showed differences in starch concentrations between varieties, Wichita presented higher concentrations than Western. Wichita variety, in both organs, showed better accumulation conditions of starch. In response to higher starch accumulation in this variety its due to biotic and abiotic requirements to develop up are less demanding than other varieties.

Index terms
carbohydrates; walnut; reserves; Western; Wichita

Resumo

A noz-pecã (Carya illinoinensis Koch) é uma espécie nativa do norte do México e sudeste dos Estados Unidos da América, países que dominam a produção de nozes em todo o mundo. O objetivo foi determinar o balanço de amido na raiz e no tronco, mensalmente, em duas variedades (Western e Wichita), durante um ciclo de produção. A amostragem foi sistemática. Os resultados na raiz e no tronco mostraram diferença nas concentrações de amido entre as variedades. A variedade Wichita apresentou maior concentração de amido nos 12 meses em relação à Western. A variedade Wichita, em ambos os órgãos vegetativos analisados, apresentou melhores condições de acúmulo de amido. A resposta ao maior acúmulo de amido nesta variedade foi devido aos requisitos bióticos e abióticos para o desenvolvimento, sendo menos exigentes do que outras variedades.

Termos para indexação
carboidratos; noz-pecã; reservas; Western; Wichita

Introduction

The forest and fruit trees of perennial character are subject to changes that may present themselves in environmental conditions during their life cycle, which can occur between growing seasons over a year or as well in several years (VASCONCELOS-RIBEIRO et al., 2012).

Nonstructural carbohydrate reserves play a principal role in the physiology and metabolism of perennial trees (FURZE et al., 2019).

Deciduous trees store carbohydrate reserves in the root and stem during periods when photosynthate production exceeds the demand for tree growth and metabolism (KOSLOWSKI et al., 1991).

Nonstructural carbohydrates are stored in living tissues in the forms of soluble sugars and starch that constitutes an energy source for the metabolism of trees when adverse conditions such as growth, respiration, osmoregulation and osmoprotection are present (HARTANN; TROMBORE, 2016; FURZE et al., 2019). Nonstructural carbohydrates are stored in organs on time scales that can range from minutes to several decades, allowing those trees to survive when respiration rates exceed photosynthesis rates in phenological events such as regrowth in deciduous species, as well as the influence of stress-inducing factors (FURZE et al., 2019).

Starch is the carbohydrate with the best indicator of carbohydrates status in trees (FORD; DEANS, 1977; ADAMS et al., 1986) and is the main form of carbohydrate storage in trees (TROMP, 1983; KOZLOWSKI, 1992).

Starch concentrations present seasonal variations in deciduous trees and two maximum peaks are normally observed, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the dormant period (DICKSON, 1991; SAUTER; VAN CLEVE, 1991; KOZLOWSKI, 1992, JOHANSSON, 1993). The alternation during production in fruit trees is due to the depletion of starch reserves in the process fruit production and vegetative development, because the leaves cannot quickly replenish the reserves to supply the demands of a new flowering and development cycle of the fruits to the next year (DAVIE; STASSEN, 1997). This can cause after the harvest of a given year, the tree does not have enough reserves for a good production the next year (GAMBOA-PORRAS; MARÍN MÉNDEZ, 2012).

Given the economic importance of walnut cultivation in almond-producing in the region (Comarca Lagunera, Mexico), the objective was to analyze the starch balance on a monthly way in different vegetative organs of C. illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, in two varieties (Western y Wichita), during a production cycle, as well as the contribution of starch to biomass at the tree level.

Materials and Methods

Study area. The study was carried out at the experimental orchard of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Unidad Laguna (25° 33’ 22.63’’ N y -103° 22’ 07.77’’ W) in Torreón, Coahuila, México, during the research period from July 2016 to June 2017.

The region’s climate is semi desert with an average annual rainfall of 230 mm (IMTA, 2005) with an elevation of 1,120 m (INEGI 2012).

Sampling. The sampling method applied in the walnut orchard during the research was a systematized type that consists of selecting trees using an established order. Sampling was carried out every month for a year in the same trees according to the methodology proposed by BARBAROUX, BRÉDA (2002) y VALENZUELANÚÑEZ et al. (2011). Four adult trees of the Western and Wichita varieties were selected. The orchard is under agronomic management with irrigation by flooding with well water, the age of the trees is 40 years, the planting density is 100 trees ha-1 established in a real setting. The calendar includes eight irrigations with intervals of 12 to 47 days, depending on the phenological stage with a total irrigation sheet of 748 mm per year. The pH of the water is 8.2 and the electrical conductivity is 1,480 microohms cm-1. Two roots and two stem samples (50 g each) were taken from each tree for each month. The stem samples were obtained in the form of chips with a Pressler® drill, at a height of 1.30 m and a conventional pick was used to extract the roots, making a small trench to locate the main root and extract the sample at a depth of 30 cm. The samples were carefully cleaned removing soil debris and placed in perforated and labeled aluminum bags; they were frozen in liquid nitrogen to stop all biochemical processes in the tissues (VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al., 2011).

Laboratory work. The samples were kept at a temperature of -70 ° C in an ultra-freezer equipment for one week, and they were taken at a lyophilization process for seven days at a temperature of -40 ° C, to dehydrate the samples and avoid any enzymatic activity. The samples were ground in a knife mill to obtain a fine pulverization and 10 mg of dry matter were weighed in using an analytical balance (VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al., 2011).

Calibration curve. To determine the starch concentration in the different vegetative organs (roots and stems), rice starch was used as a standard, to later make a calibration curve for starch in different dilutions and established concentrations of 0.02, 0.20, 0.50, 0.75, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 mg mL-1 of distilled water. Absorbance readings were registered using a spectrophotometer at 595 nm. The results were processed with the Excel program, obtaining the following linear model: y = 0.3063x-0.0894 with r2 =0.9822, where the independent variable (x) corresponds to starch concentrations and the dependent variable (y) to absorbance. Subsequently, a control sample was prepared with a concentration of 1 mL of distilled water solution and 50 μL of iodine that allowed the comparative reading of starch in the different concentrations indicated previously with the support of a spectrophotometer at 595 nm (VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al., 2011).

Determination of starch concentration. To determine the starch concentration was used the technique established by EBELL (1969) and HAISING; DICKSON (1982); 10 mg of pulverized root and stem dry matter were weighed in microtubes on an analytical balance. 1 mL of distilled water was added to the microtubes and mixed in a vortex for 1 minute. Subsequently, the samples, for root and stem, were boiled in an electric plate, for 10 minutes at 100 ° C to gelatinize the starch. The samples were centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 2 minutes, 300 μL of the extract was taken and placed in new microtubes.

Then, 900 μL of absolute ethyl alcohol was added; and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes, to precipitate the starch in the microtube. The alcohol was carefully emptied from the microtube to leave only the precipitated starch and 1 mL of distilled water was added. The microtubes were placed in the vortex equipment for 3 minutes and 50 μL of iodine solution (0.01 N L) was added to each of the microtubes. Finally, the absorbance was registered in a spectrophotometer at 595 nm using 1 mL of distilled water and 50 μL of iodine as a control.

Statistical analysis. Factorial ANOVA was used, designed for systematized sampling, using the statistical program IBM-SSPS 20.0 (2018), with a significance of P ≤ 0.05.

Estimation of trees biomass. To calculate the volume of each tree organ, the density values of the walnut wood were used, adapting it to the allometric equations [1, 2 and 3]. Root biomass was determined according to the methodology of Drexhage et al. (1999) equation [1], and for the stem biomass the procedure of Brucciamacchie (1982) equations [2 and 3] was used:

[1] $$\text{log}\left(\text{root}\text{biomass}\text{(}\text{kg}\right)\text{= -1.56 + 2.44 * log (Diam)}$$

[2] $$\text{total}\text{biomass of perenn}\text{ial organs}\left(\text{g}\right)\text{= -484.7 *}{\text{Diam}}_{\text{1.30}}\text{+ 414.4 *}{\text{(}{\text{Diam}}_{\text{1.30}}\text{)}}^{\text{2}}$$

[3] $$\left. [\text{3}\right]\text{stem}\text{biomass}\left(\text{g}\right)\text{= -320.9 *}{\text{Diam}}_{\text{1.30}}\text{+ 332.2}{\text{(}{\text{Diam}}_{\text{1.30}}\text{)}}^{\text{2}}$$

Starch content in biomass. The determination of the starch content in the total biomass of the tree was obtained from the starch concentrations determined in each organ (mg of starch contained in one gram of dry matter) weighted to the biomass of the organs of the tree to total kilograms of starch expressed as percentage with respect to the total biomass of stems and roots separately and total biomass of the tree (VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al., 2011).

Results and Discussion

Starch concentration in perennial organs. The results obtained in the root showed significant differences in the Wichita and Western varieties. Wichita had high concentrations of starch in the 12 months: January with the highest amount (𝑥̅= 65.50 mg g-1 DM), and August in less quantity (𝑥̅= 32.20 mg g-1 DM) (Table 1 y Figure 1). The value of R2 (0.961), indicates that the variety and the month in which the collection was carried out have an effect on the starch concentration in the root.

Figure 1
Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the root of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

Table 1
Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in root (mg g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

Variety	Month	Mean	Standar deviation	n
Western	July	30.19	0.84	16
	August	30.08	0.67	16
	September	39.47	0.51	16
	October	40.56	0.95	16
	November	39.57	0.36	16
	December	48.05	2.54	16
	January	52.27	1.79	16
	February	50.66	1.34	16
	March	41.88	1.05	16
	April	40.52	3.28	16
	May	31.34	0.92	16
	June	29.26	0.54	16
	Total	39.49	7.87	192
Wichita	July	32.86	0.81	16
	August	32.20	0.55	16
	September	42.57	1.71	16
	October	41.49	1.10	16
	November	43.44	1.78	16
	December	64.26	3.95	16
	January	65.50	5.27	16
	February	61.74	4.22	16
	March	42.11	0.92	16
	April	41.15	1.61	16
	May	34.20	1.11	16
	June	34.79	2.74	16
	Total	44.69	12.01	192

• ^{n =}
  number of samples

Individually, both the variety and the month affected the starch concentration in the root of the pecan tree (F = 573.136, g. l. = 1, 360; P ≤ 0.001; F = 707.263 g. l. = 11, 360; P ≤ 0.001; respectively). A significant interaction was observed between the two factors (variety-month) and the starch concentration in the root(F = 49.977, g. l.= 11, 360; P ≤ 0.001) (Table 2).The results in the walnut stem showed significant differences between the Wichita and Western varieties. The Wichita variety presented the highest concentrations of starch during the 12 months in the stem, being the month of October the one that presented the highest amount (𝑥̅= 61.62 mg g-1 DM), and August the one that presented the least amount (𝑥̅= 41.17 mg g-1 DM) (Table 3 y Figure 2). The value of R2 (0.916), indicates the variety and the month in which the sampling was carried out explain the starch concentration in the stem. Individually, both the variety and the month affected the starch concentration in the stem of the pecan tree (F= 1687.048, g. l. = 1, 360; P ≤ 0.001; F = 191, g. l. = 11, 360; P ≤ 0.001). A significant interaction was observed between the two factors and the starch concentration in the stem (F = 10.559, g. l. = 11, 360; P ≤ 0.001) (Table 4).

Starch contribution to biomass at the tree level-The dry weight in kilograms of the total biomass of the four trees sampled for perennial organs by variety is presented in Table 5.

Figure 2
Comparison between the means of starch concentration in the stem of pecan tree in a production cycle, in two varieties (Western and Wichita). The vertical bars show the typical error of the mean.

Table 2
Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in root.

Origin	*** of tables type III	gl	Quadratic mean	F	P
Corrected model	40391.06a	23	1756.13	387.07	0.000
Intersection	680414.31	1	680414.31	149973.23	0.000
Variety	2600.26	1	2600.26	573.13	0.000
Month	35296.63	11	3208.78	707.26	0.000
Variety*Month	2494.16	11	226.74	49.97	0.000
Error	1633.28	360	4.53
Total	722438.66	384
Total, corrected	42024.34	383

• ^*
  squared R = 0.961 (squared-corrected R = 0.959)

Table 3
Descriptive statistics of starch concentration in stem (mg • g^-1 DM) of pecan tree in a production cycle in two varieties (Western and Wichita).

Variety	Month	Mean	Standar deviation	n
Western	July	37.75	0.91	16
	August	34.08	1.24	16
	September	48.27	1.59	16
	October	50.51	2.06	16
	November	51.21	3.06	16
	December	39.63	0.43	16
	January	39.88	3.19	16
	February	38.49	0.76	16
	March	36.91	0.49	16
	April	37.92	0.64	16
	May	35.49	0.69	16
	June	33.42	2.15	16
	Total	40.30	6.18	192
Wichita	July	44.13	1.91	16
	August	41.17	3.90	16
	September	56.49	1.80	16
	October	61.62	3.23	16
	November	56.93	4.11	16
	December	51.14	2.00	16
	January	52.32	3.24	16
	February	50.69	1.34	16
	March	51.33	1.94	16
	April	50.63	2.30	16
	May	44.77	1.89	16
	June	44.67	5.28	16
	Total	50.49	6.46	192

• ^{n =}
  number of samples

Table 4
Factorial ANOVA of the effects in the interaction between factors: Variety-Month with respect to starch concentration in stem.

Origin	Sum of tables type III	gl	Quadratic mean	F	P
Corrected model	23143.24a	23	1006.22	170.16	0.000
Intersection	791411.89	1	791411.89	133834.70	0.000
Variety	9976.11	1	9976.11	1687.04	0.000
Month	12480.31	11	1134.57	191.86	0.000
Variety*Month	686.82	11	62.43	10.55	0.000
Error	2128.80	360	5.91
Total	816683.95	384
Total, corrected	25272.05	383

• ^*
  Squared R = 0.916 (squared-corrected R = 0.910)

Table 5
Total biomass (dry matter) of four trees, calculated using the models of Drexhage et al. (1999) and Brucciamacchie (1982) at the experimental site.

	Total biomass in *** ****** (kg)
		**** 1	Tree 2	Tree 3	Tree 4
	Stem biomass (kg)	281.56	234.39	521.31	425.61
Western	Root biomass (kg)	107.14	85.99	224.73	176.03
	Total biomass of perennial ****** (kg)	388.70	320.38	746.04	601.64
		Tree 1	Tree 2	**** 3	Tree 4
	Stem biomass (kg)	216.22	309.29	309.29	270.07
Wichita	Root biomass (kg)	78.07	119.92	119.92	101.91
	Total biomass of perennial organs (kg)	294.29	429.21	429.21	371.98

The contribution of total starch in walnut tree represents 2.96 to 4.72% in the Western variety and 3.40 to 5.64% in the Wichita variety with respect to the total biomass of the tree.

The contribution of total starch in each vegetative organ of walnut tree represents in the root in the Western variety 2.90 to 5.29% and in the Wichita variety 3.13 to 7.13%, in the case of the stem represents in the Western variety 3.18 to 5.39 % and in the Wichita variety 3.72 to 5.64% with respect to the total biomass of the tree.

According to KOZLOWSKI et al. (1991), PIISPANEN Y SARANPÄÄ (2001), BARBAROUX et al. (2003), HOCH et al. (2003), GAMBOA-PORRAS; MARÍN-MÉNDEZ (2012); in woody trees, the roots are the organ where it accumulates the greatest amount of reserve carbohydrates, in the period prior to flowering, which means, these carbohydrates are mobilized for the development of new tissues. The results in this study showed that the root, of woody trees, is the vegetative organ where it accumulates the greatest amount of starch between varieties, and studied organs, prior to flowering, with Wichita being the best variety for both cases (𝑥̅ = 65.50 mg g-1 DM in January, 𝑥̅ = 64.26 mg g-1 DM In December, and, 𝑥̅ = 61.74 mg g-1 DM in February) during the dormancy stage, followed by the stem (𝑥̅ = 61.62 mg g-1 DM in October, 𝑥̅ = 56.93 mg g-1 DM in November, and, 𝑥̅ = 56.49 mg g-1 DM in September,) during the production stage.

Regarding the phenological stage of dormancy, according to MARTÍNEZ-TRINIDAD et al. (2013) and Valenzuela-NÚÑEZ et al. (2011) during this stage, the roots and stems of deciduous trees reach the maximum value of reserve storage, being the root that presents the greatest accumulation, which coincides with the results reported by NAVARRO-CERRILLO; CALVO (2003); SANZ-PÉREZ et al. (2004); VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al. (2011); GAMBOA-PORRAS; MARÍN-MÉNDEZ (2012) and KOZLOWSKI (1992) they refer that it is in the root where it accumulates the greatest amount of reserve carbohydrates in the period prior to vegetative growth. VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al. (2011) reports a significantly higher starch concentration in the root with respect to the rest of the organs in deciduous trees in the dormancy stage. The results obtained in the present study coincide with the above, since the root reached the maximum storage value of reserves (starch), with Wichita being the best variety (𝑥̅ = 65.50 mg g-1 DM in January, 𝑥̅ = 64.26 mg g-1 DM in December, and, 𝑥̅ = 61.74 mg g-1 MS in February).

In the case of the stem; the differences between varieties showed that the Wichita variety, in the production stage (months from September to November, figure 2), presented a higher starch concentration, with respect to the dormancy stage (months from December to February, figure 2) , which could be the result of the carbon contribution assimilated by the mature leaves during the production stage, and which also makes evident the demand for starch due to the diametrical growth of the stem (LACHAUD; BONNEMAIN, 1981); this behavior was presented inversely with respect to the starch concentration in the root, since in the production stage it decreased, increasing in the dormancy stage. This may also indicate that stem growth takes place during the production stage, while root growth takes place in the dormancy stage, as reported by VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al. (2011) and VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al. (2014).

This pattern of growth and reactivation of tissues in different phenological stages is a very common behavior in porous wood species (ZIMMERMANN e BROWN 1971) such as walnut tree (GONZÁLEZ-CERVANTES et al. 2014). Walnut tree, like other fruit trees, presents alternation in the productive cycle due to the decrease in starch reserves in the formation and metabolism of the fruit, this affects the reserves to meet the demands of a new cycle of flowering and fruit development for next year (DAVIE Y STASSEN, 1997).

During the dormancy stage, the trees remain defoliated and growth depends exclusively on the stored reserves (starch, sucrose), in latitudes such as the Comarca Lagunera, the dormancy stage is characterized by a decrease in the photoperiod and the environmental temperature, as a consequence the trees start a period of dormancy, which is preceded by periods with high temperatures, with the purpose for the tree to get new sprout without problems in spring (EL-ZEIN et al. 2011). The results in this study showed a higher starch concentration in the root with respect to the stem during dormancy, while an inverse effect was observed in the stem, this could be explained due to the fact that, in regions with clearly marked climatic seasons, in those the winter with temperatures close to freezing, at certain times of the day, even if they are few, can cause irreversible cell damage in species that are not adapted to these environment conditions and consequently adapted trees, among which the walnut tree stands out, it has developed mechanisms to avoid damage in tissue due to low temperatures. The trees of the Wichita variety keep their leaves for much longer in relation to other varieties, so the photosynthetic rate allows the synthesis of starch in greater quantity (ALMEIDA-GUILLEN, 2015).

The contribution of total starch in walnut tree represents in the Western variety 2.96 to 4.72% and in the Wichita variety 3.40 to 5.64% with respect to the total biomass of the tree according to BARBAROUX et al. (2003); DAMESIN; LELARGE (2003); HOCH et al. (2003) and VALENZUELA-NÚÑEZ et al. (2011).

Conclusions

The Wichita variety, in both organs, presented better starch accumulation conditions due to its biotic and abiotic requirements to develop, which are less demanding than in other varieties grown in the area such as Choctaw and Cheyenne, which are more sensitive to extreme climatic factors. The root was the vegetative organ that presented higher starch concentration during the dormancy due to its growth in this stage, but the stem presents a major concentration in the production stage, although it is in this stage when there is growth in diameter, one characteristic of deciduous species. The present study was carried out in adult trees, so it would be advisable to make a comparison of carbohydrate reserves in young trees.

Acknowledgments

The authors express our gratitude to Dr. Ángel Lagarda Murrieta for the facilities to carry out this study in the experimental field at UAAAN-UL, and Dr. Guilherme Portes Silva for his support in the Portuguese translation.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Aug 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  07 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  20 Apr 2021