Postharvest quality and shelf life of Passiflora cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte fruits according to type of fertilization and storage

Qualidade pós-colheita e vida útil de frutos de Passiflora cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte em função do tipo de adubação e armazenamento

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of P. cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte fruits produced with conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit, conventional organic fertilization, organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist, conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source and chemical fertilization only and the mineral nutrition of plants stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions. Analyses of pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, color, texture and mass loss were performed. Fertilizers differed in terms of nutrient absorption associated with protein synthesis (N, S, B, Cu, Mn, Zn), especially where soil remineralizer was applied. Treatments without fertilization and that with organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist soil remineralizer also positively influenced fruit physicochemical properties such as color and texture. Fruits stored under refrigeration conditions showed the best results for the conservation of their qualitative characteristics. Under the conditions of the present study, it could be concluded that the postharvest life of P. cincinnata fruits stored under refrigeration at 100C is at least 60 days. This period is 30 days under ambient conditions.

Index terms
passion fruit; conservation; storage; color

Resumo

O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da adubação convencional para o maracujazeiro, adubação orgânica convencional, adubação orgânica enriquecida com biotita xisto, adubação convencional com substituição da fonte potássica e somente adubação química, na nutrição mineral da planta, na produção, nas características físico-químicas e na vida útil dos frutos de P. cincinnata cultivar BRS Sertão Forte, armazenados sob condição ambiente e refrigerada. Determinaram-se os nutrientes minerais do solo e das folhas, o número e a massa total de frutos, o pH, os sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, Ratio, a coloração, a textura e a perda de massa. As adubações diferiram quanto à absorção de nutrientes associados à síntese de proteínas (N, S, B, Cu, Mn e Zn), especialmente onde o remineralizador foi aplicado. Os tratamentos sem adubação e o com adubação orgânica enriquecida com remineralizador de solos biotita xisto também influenciaram positivamente nas propriedades físico-químicas de coloração e de textura dos frutos. Os frutos armazenados sob condição refrigerada apresentaram os melhores resultados de conservação de suas características qualitativas. Nas condições do presente trabalho, pode-se afirmar que a vida útil pós-colheita dos frutos de P. cincinnata armazenados sob refrigeração a 10ºC, é de, no mínimo, 60 dias. Em condição ambiente, este período é de, no máximo, 30 dias.

Termos para indexação
maracujá; conservação; armazenamento; cor

Introduction

Passiflora cincinnata Mast. known as wild passion fruit is a species with wide distribution in Brazil, particularly in the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes, being a perennial plant, resistant to drought, growing in different types of soil under natural conditions (ARAÚJO et al., 2019). Fruits, usually obtained from extractivism, have become popular in the market for their characteristic flavor and aroma, being appropriate for the preparation of juices and jellies (CARMO et al., 2017). The pulp has phytochemical composition that indicates its potential as a functional food, which aroused great interest in studies aiming at its diversified use (SIEBRA et al., 2016). The processed product, in the form of jelly, has already been exported to Germany and Italy (KILL et al., 2010).

In 2016, Embrapa launched the BRS Sertão Forte (BRS SF) (Embrapa 2020), a hybrid cultivar resulting from the crossing of two populations independently obtained, selected for fruit quality and yield (ARAÚJO et al., 2019). The cultivar met the wishes of small farmers for cultivation under rainfed conditions, considering the tolerance of the species to water stress (SANTOS et al., 2016). This cultivar was developed for semiarid and Cerrado conditions. Since its launch in 2016, it has been cultivated and marketed by farmers from these two Brazilian regions.

In general, the semiarid and Cerrado regions have climatic conditions favorable for the cultivation of P. cincinnata due to its perennial nature and drought resistance. In the semiarid region, the cultivar presents perennial behavior and good productivity (ARAÚJO et al., 2019). However, in crops monitored by Embrapa Cerrados in the DF region and surroundings, the plant has presented annual production cycle with early plant death at the end of the first fruiting cycle. The situation suggests possible plant depletion as a result of inadequate fertilization.

Fertilizers used in BRS SF crops in the DF region and surrounding areas are based on the recommendation of Resende et al. (2008) for passion fruit, Passiflora edulis Sims, except for the non-use of limestone in the preparation of pits. In organic crops, producers reported using only tanned bovine manure, with nitrogen content equivalent to that recommended by Resende et al., (2008).

The use of soil remineralizers has increased in organic crops due to their potential to improve the efficiency of nutrient use by crops, with remineralizer derived from biotite schist being a natural potassium source and other nutrients considered important for passion fruit cultivation (RESENDE et al., 2006).

Regarding postharvest, fruits of several passion fruit species, in general, present conservation difficulties due to their high susceptibility to rot, pulp fermentation and mass loss during the storage period. BRS SF fruits have light green color when ripe, with weight ranging from 109 to 212 g, with very acidic pulp and soluble solids contents ranging from 8 to 13 ºBrix (ARAÚJO et al., 2019). Information on the physicochemical characteristics and postharvest conservation of passion fruit, especially of species that are particularly new to the market, allows consumers to know more about the product, and helps producers in the proper storage of fruits.

The storage period of passion fruit can be extended, provided that mechanisms are used to reduce the transpiration and respiration rates of fruits, a situation that can be modulated with the use of adequate packaging, coating fruits with carnauba wax and reducing metabolic activity by reducing the storage temperature (CUNHA et al., 2017). P. cincinnata fruits can be kept in cold chamber at temperature of 10ºC and relative humidity of 85% for 98 days. Under ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions, the shelf life of fruits is at most 30 days (RINALDI et al., 2021). The use of refrigeration technology in the conservation of fruits of different passion fruit species such as P. setacea, P. alata and P. edulis is also recommended, since it increases the shelf life of fruits, also preserving several important physiological parameters such as peel texture and color, in addition to reducing infestation by fungal agents (RINALDI et al., 2019a; RINALDI et al., 2019b; RINALDI et al., 2017; ROTILI et al., 2013a; ROTILI et al., 2013b; JUNQUEIRA et al., 2003).

Adequate fertilization provides plants greater productivity, better fruit quality, greater tolerance and resistance to pests and diseases (PIRES et al., 2011; BORGES, 2004). The effects of fertilization on the postharvest fruit quality must be carefully considered, and it is necessary to determine the doses and types of nutrients that result in maximum economic production and better fruit quality (SENHOR et al., 2009). However, there is still no scientific information about the effect of different fertilizations on the postharvest quality of P. cincinnata fruits.

In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of Passiflora cincinnata BRS SF cultivar produced in systems with different fertilization, based on chemical and organic fertilization practiced by producers in the DF region and surroundings, and the impact of fertilizations on the physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of fruits stored under ambient and refrigeration conditions.

Material and methods

The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of Embrapa Cerrados, 15°36’13.02”S; 47°43’17.34” W, and 1050 m a.s.l, Planaltina - DF, in a dystrophic Red Latosol with clayey texture (45% clay) (LIMA et al., 2014). Passiflora cincinnata seedlings BRS Sertão Forte cultivar (BRS SF) were transplanted to 3.5-month-old pits.

Crops were implemented in December 2016 in vertical shoot positioning system with spacing between plants and between rows of 2.5 m x 2.5 m. Fertilization was carried out in the pit and drip irrigation, with fixed watering shift of two days for a period of one hour, with flow rate of 8 liters per hour calculated based on crop evapotranspiration.

At the beginning of the experiment, the soil had pH of 5.3; exchangeable acidity (H+Al) of 4.3 cmolc dm-3; Al 0.3 cmolc dm-3 and 33% base saturation.

Treatments were established based on the fertilization practices of producers in DF and surrounding areas in relation to BRS SF cultivation, maintaining the condition of non-use of limestone in the production area.

The soil remineralizer used in treatments to promote the best use of nutrients by plants was purchased from company Tratto Agronegócios (brand name of the product: FMX remineralizer). The experiment consisted of six treatments: Control (T1), receiving no fertilization; conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit based on soil analysis: 20 L/pit of tanned cattle manure, 248.6 g/pit of Single Super Phosphate, 98.8 g/pit of ammonium sulfate, 98 g/pit of potassium chloride and 100 g/pit of FTE BR12, as recommended by Resende et al. (2008) (T2); Organic fertilization: 80 L of tanned cattle manure according to the practice of BRS SF producers in DF and surroundings (T3); Organic fertilizer enriched with biotite schist soil remineralizer (3.5% K2O): 16.6 kg of biotite schist fertilizer and 20 L/pit of tanned bovine manure (T4); Conventional fertilization (RESENDE et al., 2008), with replacement of the potassium source by biotite schist soil remineralizer 3.5% K2O: 17 kg of biotite schist soil remineralizer 248 g/pit of Super Simples, 98 g/pit of ammonium sulfate and 100 g/pit of FTE BR12, which comprises elements in the following proportions: Calcium (Ca): 7.1%; Sulfur (S): 5.7%; Boron (B): 1.8%; Copper (Cu): 0.8%; Manganese (Mn): 2.0%; Molybdenum (Mo): 0.1%; Zinc (Zn): 9.0% (T5); Only NPK chemical fertilization (fertilization recommended by Resende et al. (2008), without organic matter and equalized according to the mineral manure composition) and 100 g/pite of FTE BR12 (T6). At the moment of the fall of first fruits (beginning of production), analyses of the fourth and fifth leaves from the bud at the end of branches and the soil analysis of all treatments were carried out. Leaf and soil analyses were determined by Laboratório Soloquímica Ltda company, DF, according to the standard routine procedure for the determination of elements in leaf and soil.

There was only one collection of all fruits of the same harvest, and fruits were approximately 100 days old from anthesis, with similar maturation stage (D’ABADIA et al., 2020; SANTOS, 2018). Fruits were evaluated at the Laboratory of Food Science and Technology of Embrapa Cerrados. In the laboratory, the counting and determination of the total fruit mass were carried out. Then, fruits were washed in running water with subsequent drying on paper towels and stored under ambient conditions (22oC and 70% relative humidity) and refrigerated (10oC and 85% to 90% relative humidity) for a period of 60 days.

At time zero, 30 and 60 days of storage, fruits were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and SS/TA ratio according to AOAC (2012). The peel color (L⃰, a⃰, b⃰ ) was determined in HunterLab MiniScan® EZ spectrophotometer, with five readings per fruit. From L⃰, a⃰, b* values, browning increment (IE), chroma and hue angle were obtained as recommended by Hunterlab (2008).

For the texture analysis, the Brookfield Texture Analyzer model CT3 4500, was used. The analysis consisted of the perforation resistance test (normal test), adopting the following trigger patterns (force): 10 g, deformation: 10 mm and speed: 10 mm/s with the aid of TA 17 Cone 30 mm D, 45° tip. Results were expressed in Newton (N). Fresh mass loss analyses were also carried out, which results were obtained by the difference between the initial mass and the mass at the time of post-storage evaluation.

The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates with two plants for each fertilization treatment, and fruit longevity evaluations were also carried out in three replicates of 15 fruits in a 2x6 factorial with two storage and six fertilization forms.

The field experiment has a single factor with total of six treatments. For statistical analysis, data were submitted to analysis of variance using the F test and means were grouped using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Analysis of variance assumptions were verified using the Shapiro- Wilk test for error normality and the Bartlett test for variance homogeneity. For variables in which this condition was not met, even after data transformation by log (x+0.5), the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied at 5% significance level. In order to analyze the correlation of physical and chemical variables and evaluate the joint effect of such variables in two different types of environments (ambient and refrigerated) and three different observation times, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate method was used. The “FactoMineR” and “factoextra” packages present in the R statistical software were used. All analyses were performed using the R statistical software, version 3.5.1 (R Core Team, 2018).

Results and discussion

The number and mass of fruits did not differ statistically among fertilization treatments (Table 1).

Table 1
Number and mass of fruits per plant and nutrient content present in the leaves of BRS Sertão Forte fruits (Passiflora cincinnata) 100 days after the beginning of production.

				Tratamentos
Variáveis	1		2		3	4		5		6
Nfru	23 ns		29 ns		14 ns	19 ns		29 ns		36 ns
MFreT (g)	2171,70 ns		3113,30 ns		1296,70 ns	1410,00 ns		2851,70 ns		3495,00 ns
					g kg -1
N	26,87 ab		19,33 b		19,57 ab	23,17 ab		33,05 a		32,80 ab
P	1,33 ns		1,59 ns		1,84 ns	1,89 ns		1,99 ns		1,77 ns
K	21,87 ns		26,53 ns		30,10 ns	28,43 ns		29,20 ns		20,45 ns
Ca	36,27 a		21,03 b		21,27 b	21,17 b		25,55 ab		29,10 ab
Mg *	7,18 ns		7,77 ns		4,42 ns	5,76 ns		4,87 ns		5,01 ns
S	1,77 b		1,89 ab		1,85 ab	1,68 b		2,43 a		2,32 ab
					mg kg -1
Fe	279,67 ns		386,33 ns		581,33 ns	406,67 ns		336,00 ns		292,50 ns
B *	3,25 b		3,33 b		4,43 ab	4,14 ab		7.01 a		4,19 ab
Cu	1,77 ab		1,89 ab		1,85 ab	1,68 b		2,43 a		2,32 ab
Mn	129,67 ab		147,67 ab		112,33 ab	153,67 a		102,70 b		115,50 ab
Zn *	9,42 ab		8,63 b		8,66 b	9,77 a		14,50 a		6,50 ab

				Treatments
Variables	1		2		3	4		5		6
Nfru	23 ns		29 ns		14 ns	19 ns		29 ns		36 ns
MFreT (g)	2171,70 ns		3113,30 ns		1296,70 ns	1410,00 ns		2851,70 ns		3495,00 ns
					g kg-1
N	26.87 ab		19.33 b		19.57 ab	23.17 ab		33.05 a		32.80 ab
P	1.33 ns		1.59 ns		1.84 ns	1.89 ns		1.99 ns		1.77 ns
K	21.87 ns		26.53 ns		30.10 ns	28.43 ns		29.20 ns		20.45 ns
Ca	36.27 a		21.03 b		21.27 b	21.17 b		25.55 ab		29.10 ab
Mg*	7.18 ns		7.77 ns		4.42 ns	5.76 ns		4.87 ns		5.01 ns
S	1.77 b		1.89 ab		1.85 ab	1.68 b		2.43 a		2.32 ab
					mg kg-1
Fe	279.67 ns		386.33 ns		581.33 ns	406.67 ns		336.00 ns		292.50 ns
B*	3.25 b		3.33 b		4.43 ab	4.14 ab		7.01 a		4.19 ab
Cu	1.77 ab		1.89 ab		1.85 ab	1.68 b		2.43 a		2.32 ab
Mn	129.67 ab		147.67 ab		112.33 ab	153.67 a		102.70 b		115.50 ab
Zn*	9.42 ab		8.63 b		8.66 b	9.77 a		14.50 a		6.50 ab

• ^*
  Equal lowercase letters on the same line do not differ significantly at 5% level in the Tukey's test. Number of fruits per plant (Nfru); Total fresh fruit mass per plant (MFreT); Leaf nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn). *Parameter that did not present normal distribution and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Treatments: 1: no fertilization; 2: conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit based on soil analysis; 3: conventional organic fertilization; 4: organic fertilizer enriched with biotite schist; 5: conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source; 6: chemical fertilization only.

Likewise, with some exceptions, the results show that all treatments were statistically identical in terms of nutrient accumulation in plant tissues. There was greater Ca accumulation in the plant tissues of treatment T1, which did not receive any source of nutrients or soil conditioner compared to T2, T3 and T4, indicating antagonistic behavior to nutrients previously indicated for the conditions of the experiment. Antagonism between N and S with Ca has been reported in other works with passion fruit (MOURA et al., 2017).

Soil fertility levels at the beginning of flowering (Table 2) are considered low for most parameters, according to criteria defined by Resende et al. (2008), since the base saturation is below 40% in all treatments and the sum of Ca + Mg is lower than 2.0 cmolc kg-1.

Table 2
Soil physicochemical characteristics at the beginning of flowering of BRS Sertão Forte cultivar (Passiflora cincinnata).

Variables	Treatments						Soil fertility reference**
	1	2	3	4	5	6
pH	5.30 ns	5.30 ns	5.40 ns	5.30 ns	5.60 ns	5.20 ns	L	M	A
	cmolc kg-1
Ca	1.30 ns	1.30 ns	1.60 ns	1.30 ns	1.60 ns	1.60 ns	<2	-	>2
Mg	0.40 ns	0.60 ns	0.50 ns	0.60 ns	0.60 ns	0.50 ns	<0.9	-	>0.9
K	0.06 b	0.05 b	0.04 b	0.26 ab	0.42 a	0.32 a	<0.06	0.06 to 0.2	>0.2
Na	0.02 b	0.02 b	0.01 b	0.09 a	0.10 a	0.09 a	nd	nd	nd
S	21.00 ns	19.80 ns	28.70 ns	25.20 ns	17.70 ns	34.8 ns	<20	nd	>20
Al	0.30 ns	0.40 ns	0.30 ns	0.40 ns	0.30 ns	0.60 ns	<0.02	0.02 to 1.5	>1.5
H + Al	4.40 b	4.40 b	3.80 b	4.00 b	4.20 b	5.20 a	nd	nd	nd
P (mg kg-1)	3.50 ab	2.90 b	2.10 b	4.20 ab	4.30 ab	5.30 a	<5	5 to 8	>8
C (g kg-1)	10.00 ns	9.30 ns	10.40 ns	9.00 ns	11.00 ns	9.40 ns	nd	nd	nd
	cmolc kg-1
SB	1.80 ns	1.90 ns	2.20 ns	2.20 ns	2.70 ns	2.40 ns	nd	nd	nd
CEC	6.80 ns	6.30 ns	6.00 ns	6.20 ns	6.80 ns	7.60 ns	nd	nd	nd
V (%)	29.00 ns	30.20 ns	36.70 ns	35.50 ns	39.70 ns	31.60 ns	<40	40 to 60	>60
	mg kg-1
B	0.11 ns	0.08 ns	0.10 ns	0.09 ns	0.11 ns	0.14 ns	<0.2	0.3 to 0.5	>0.5
Cu	1.83 bc	1.87 bc	1.23 c	2.40 b	2.15 bc	3.70 a	<0.4	0.5 to 0.8	>0.8
Fe	96.90 b	76.10 b	58.60 b	219.00 a	229.10 a	220.30 a	<4	4 to 12	>12
Mn**	10.00 b	7.30 bc	3.70 c	34.40 a	42.10 a	44.70 a	<1.9	1.9 to 5	>5
Zn	2.43 ab	2.57 ab	1.97 b	3.23 ab	3.30 ab	4.40 a	<1	1 to 1.6	>1.6
Mo	17.20 ns	16.10 ns	17.80 ns	15.50 ns	18.90 ns	16.30 ns	nd	nd	nd

• ^*
  Equal lowercase letters on the same line do not differ significantly at 5% level by the Tukey's test. SB: sum of bases; V: base saturation; C: organic carbon; CEC: cation exchange capacity. *Parameter that did not present normal distribution and was used in the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test; ns: not significant; Treatments: 1: no fertilization; 2: conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit based on soil analysis; 3: conventional organic fertilization; 4: organic fertilizer enriched with biotite schist; 5: conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source; 6: chemical fertilizer only. **Soil fertility levels for passion fruit in the Cerrado, de Resende et al. (2008), where L (low), M (medium), A (adequate), nd (not determined).

Exchangeable Al is very high for all treatments, with values above 0.3 cmolc kg-1, typical of Cerrado Oxisols that receive no liming. The Mg contents in the plant tissue are similar among treatments, but there are important differences in relation to calcium, where the highest values are observed for treatment T1, which did not receive any fertilization, and intermediate values are observed for treatments T5 and T6, which received potassium in the form of remineralizer and KCl, respectively. The lowest values were observed for treatments T2, T3 and T4.K levels are considered low (lower than 0.7 cmolc kg-1) (RESENDE et al., 2008) for treatments that did not receive fertilization (T1) and those that received fertilization with organic sources (T2 and T3), and adequate for treatments that received soluble sources and/ or soil remineralizer (T4, T5 and T6). However, these differences in soil K availability did not reflect its uptake by plants, being similar for all treatments (Table 1).

According to Resende et al. (2008), soil P contents are considered low for treatments T1-T5 (lower than 5 mg kg-1), and intermediate for treatment T6 (5.3 mg kg-1), which received fertilization with soluble sources. However, P contents in plant tissues were similar in all treatments (Table 2). The same was observed for B contents, which are also considered low for all treatments (lower than 0.2 mg kg-1), while for the other micronutrients, values are considered very high (RESENDE et al., 2008). Treatments T4, T5 and T6 stand out, with very high Fe (above 200 mg kg-1) and Mn levels (above 30 mg kg-1). However, the Fe uptake by the plant did not differ among treatments, and Mn uptake was correlated with soil availability, especially in treatment T4, where manure and soil remineralizer were applied. However, the opposite occurred in treatment T5, which, despite the greater soil Mn availability, presented the lowest Mn uptake among treatments. Again, this fact seems to indicate that the soil remineralizer has a nutrient regulation function that should be investigated in future works.

In terms of production, no variation among treatments was observed (Table 2). The total number of fruits per plant ranged from 11 to 53, and these fruits had mass ranging from 32 to 127g, generating total mass per plant ranging from 0.56 kg to 5.15 kg.

The multivariate analysis evidenced the contribution of different fertilizations on the physicochemical properties of the pulp, texture and color of fruits stored at ambient temperature (Figure 1A) and under refrigeration (1B).

Figure 1
Correlation between fertilization and physicochemical properties, color and texture of Passiflora cincinnata BRS SF fruits stored under ambient (A) and refrigeration conditions (B); dispersion of samples stored under ambient (C) and refrigeration conditions (D); PCA: Principal Component Analysis; Dim: Dimension. Time 0: before storage; Time 1: 30 days of storage; Time 2: 60 days of storage. *T: Type of fertilization (Treatment): T1: No fertilization; T2: Conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit (chemical fertilization supplemented with organic matter); T3: Organic fertilization; T4: Organic fertilization with biotite schist; T5: Chemical fertilization with biotite schist; T6: Chemical fertilization.

Treatments T1 and T4 showed similar data dispersion patterns in ambient and refrigerated storage, indicating that the nutrient balance in these fertilizations contributed to the stability of the analyzed characteristics. Different situation was observed in relation to T3, which showed the influence of fertilization on the behavior of physical and physicochemical variables of fruits evidenced by the type of storage. The other treatments also promoted changes in fruit properties, but with less impact on overall characteristics.

According to Figures 1C and D, samples had similar behavior in the two types of storage, with increase in data dispersion over time. The result is suggestive of within-sample variations but not noticeable prior to storage (Figure 2A). This variation may be the result of differences in the fruit maturation stage and/or genetic variability of the evaluated plant population.

Figure 2
Uniformity of samples before storage (A) given by the influence of fertilizers on the presence of nutrients in leaves, physicochemical properties of the pulp, color and texture of Passiflora cincinnata BRS SF fruits (B). PCA: Principal Component Analysis; Dim: Dimension. T: Treatment. T1: No fertilization; T2: Conventional fertilization; T3: Organic fertilization; T4: Organic fertilization plus Biotite Schist; T5. Chemical fertilization with Biotite Schist; T6: Chemical fertilization.

Figure 2B shows the dispersions of the joint of leaf nutrition, pulp physicochemical, color and texture evaluation of fresh fruits as a function of type of fertilization. The correlation showed that each treatment contributed differently to the overall characteristics, where T2 was close to T4, similarly to T5 in relation to T6.

There was an evolution of the overall characteristics and presence of minerals in leaves during the storage of fruits obtained with different fertilizations (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Correlation between mineral contents of leaves (Nitrogen (NF), Phosphorus (PF), Potassium (KF), Calcium (CaF), Magnesium (MgF), Sulfur (SF), Iron (FeS), Boron (BF), Copper (CuF), Manganese (MnF)); pulp physicochemical properties (pH, Titratable Acidity (TA) and Ratio), color (L, a, b, Browning Increment (IE), Chroma (Ch), Hue Angle (Ah)) and texture (T) of Passiflora cincinnata BRS SF fruits stored at ambient temperature and under refrigeration over time (day zero (0), 30 days (1) and 60 days (2)), produced with different types of fertilization: T1: No fertilization; T2: Conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit; T3: Organic fertilization; T4: Organic fertilization plus Biotite Schist; T5: Chemical fertilization plus Biotite Schist; T6: Chemical fertilization. Before ambient (A) and refrigerated (B) storage. At 30 days at ambient temperature (C) and under refrigeration (D) and at 60 days at ambient temperature (E) and without refrigeration (F). Symbols highlighted in the graph indicate the centroids of corresponding treatments. PCA: Principal Component Analysis; Dim: Dimension.

Fresh fruits showed direct correlation of pulp pH, a* value (associated with fruit color), Fresh Mass Loss (FML) and texture with the presence of N and Ca, and with Cu and S, with greater participation of the first two elements. In addition, there was inverse correlation of these variables with the presence of Fe, K, B and P and with Mg and Mn (Figures 1A and B). The Angle Hue, L*, b* values and more distantly those of Chroma (characteristics associated with fruit color) were inversely correlated with the presence of Fe, K and P and Soluble Solids (SS) and directly correlated with the presence of Mn, Mg and Ratio. Ratio was inversely correlated with titratable acidity, which in turn showed direct correlation with the presence of P, K and Fe.

At 30 days of storage, (Figures 3C and D), the direct correlation of pH with N, S and Cu under ambient and refrigeration conditions persisted (Figure 3A and B), a situation that also occurred, with less intensity, in refrigerated storage at 60 days (Figure 3F). However, the pattern reversed for storage at ambient temperature (Figure 3E).

Likewise, maintenance of the pH standard of fruits was verified before storage (Figure 3A and B) of Fe, K and P in storage for 30 days (Figure 3C and D) and in refrigerated storage for 60 days (Figure 3F), and under ambient conditions, the change was inverse with direct correlation (Figure 3E). In relation to Mg and Mn, inverse correlation with the pH of fruits before storage for 30 days was observed in both ambient and refrigeration conditions, with change in the profile at 60 days in both storage conditions (Figure 3E and F).

At 30 days, the texture started to have direct correlation with titratable acidity (TA), a situation also verified at 60 days in ambient and refrigeration conditions, with direct correlation between texture and presence of nitrogen in leaves. Similar behavior was observed in relation to the Hue Angle, with regard to TA (Figure 3F).

TA presented variations in the correlation with minerals K, P, Fe, with inversion of the direct correlation (Figures 3A and B) to inverse at 30 days compared to refrigerated storage and ambient storage at 60 days (Figures 3C, D and E).

Regarding SS, positive correlation was observed between fruit pulp sweetness after harvest with the presence of K, Fe and P in leaves (Figure 3A and B), a trend that persists after 30 days of storage at ambient temperature (Figure 3E), and at 60 days, regardless of type of storage. In relation to the presence of Mg and Mn, weak correlation was observed in fruits before storage (Figure 3A and B). At 30 days, the trend evolved to direct contribution, regardless of type of storage (Figure 3C and D), with inversion of behavior at 60 days in both ambient and refrigerated storage (Figure 3E and F). The SS of fresh fruits stored for 30 and 60 days was inversely correlated with pH, to a greater or lesser degree, except for ambient storage at 60 days (Figure 3E). Similarly, SS was also inversely correlated to a greater or lesser degree with the presence of N, S and Cu in leaves, with the exception of refrigerated storage for 60 days (Figure 3F).

The average pH value of P. cincinnata pulp before storage was 2.83 without significant variations due to the type of fertilization. However, fertilizations affected the pH of pulps stored with and without refrigeration (Table 3), which varied between 2.56 and 3.00 in storage under ambient conditions and under refrigerated conditions between 2.74 and 2.98. Fruits from treatments organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist (T4), conventional fertilization with replacement of the soluble potassium source by biotite schist (T5) and chemical fertilization only (T6) stored under ambient conditions presented reduction in pH values (Table 3).

Table 3
Mean pH, titratable acidity, Ratio and texture values of Passiflora cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte fruits produced with different fertilizations and stored under ambient and refrigeration conditions for 60 days.

pH					Titratable acidity (%)
Ad	CA (days)	0	30	60		0	30	60
T1	A	2.79 aA	2.62 bA	2.68 aA		4.99 aB	5.91 aA	4.83 bB
	R	2.79 aA	2.80 abA	2.92 aA		4.99 aA	5.04 abcA	4.37 bA
T2	A	2.75 aA	2.56 bA	2.72 aA		5.02 aB	5.82 abA	4.67 bB
	R	2.75 aA	2.78 abA	2.83 aA		5.02 aA	5.34 abcA	4.75 bA
T3	A	2.75 aB	2.65 bB	3.00 aA		5.23 aA	5.58 abcA	4.36 bB
	R	2.75 aA	2.87 abA	2.81 aA		5.23 aA	4.51cA	4.63 bA
T4	A	2.87 aA	2.60 bB	2.67 aAB		4.46 aA	5.10 abcA	4.38 bA
	R	2.87 aA	2.74 abA	2.83 aA		4.46 aA	4.76 bcA	4.24 bA
T5	A	2.88 aA	2.82 aA	2.67 aB		5.00 aA	5.39 abcA	5.08 bA
	R	2.88 aA	2.88 abA	2.98 aA		5.00 aAB	5.18 abcA	4.34 bB
T6	A	2.91 aA	2.73 bAB	2.65 aB		4.97aB	5.47 abcB	6.64 aA
	R	2.91 aA	2.88 abA	2.84 aA		4.97 aA	5.09 abcA	4.86 bA

F 2.3554 2.4381

Ratio Texture (N)

Ad

CA (days)

0

30

60

0

30

60

T1

A

2.12 aA

1.81 aA

2.10 bcdA

31.1 bA

17.0eB

7.7eC

R

2.12 aA

2.13 aA

2.49 abA

31.1 bA

25.1cB

17.0bC

T2

A

2.30 aA

1.89 aB

2.32 abcA

34.7aA

21.5dB

9.4dC

R

2.30 aA

2.23 aA

2.52 abA

34.7aA

28.5bB

25.3aC

T3

A

2.14 aB

1.82 aB

2.57 abA

23.6cA

13.6fB

6.1eC

R

2.14 aA

2.24 aA

2.40 abA

23.6cA

15.7eB

9.7dC

T4

A

2.43 aA

2.28 aA

2.43 abA

25.8cA

19.0eB

10.1dC

R

2.43 aA

2.33 aA

2.38 abA

25.8cA

21.4dB

9.9dC

T5

A

2.29 aA

2.05 aAB

1.81 cdB

24.2cA

11.0fB

11.4cB

R

2.29 aAB

2.00 aB

2.64 aA

24.2cA

23.7cA

13.9cB

T6

A

2.15 aA

2.04 aAB

1.67 dB

34.0aA

29.4bB

11.2cC

R

2.15 aA

2.16 aA

2.21 abcA

34.0aA

33.0aA

26.7aB

F

2.9099

1.1198

• ^*
  Equal lowercase letters in the same column and uppercase in the line do not differ significantly at 5% level in Tukey's test. A: Ambient; CA: storage condition; R: Refrigerated; T1: no fertilization; T2: conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit based on soil analysis; T3: conventional organic fertilization; T4: organic fertilizer enriched with biotite schist; T5: conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source; T6: chemical fertilization only.

These values fit data established by the identity and quality MAPA standards for passion fruit pulp (Passiflora edulis Sims.), which recommends minimum pH value of 2.70 and maximum pH of 3.80 (BRAZIL, 2000). The fluctuation in pH values in the same treatments during storage may have occurred due to the specific characteristics of each sample, as shown by the correlation with nutrients present in leaves, and the storage of fruits at refrigerated temperature is the most recommended for the stability of this variable.

The titratable acidity values ranged from 4.36% to 6.64% at ambient storage, and 4.24% and 5.34% at refrigerated storage, with values above minimum values established (2.5%) by the Brazilian legislation for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) (BRAZIL, 2000). D’Abadia et al. (2020) also obtained acidity values (4.5% to 5.3%), being in the same range observed in the present study for BRS Sertão Forte fruits harvested after 60 days from anthesis.

In all treatments, with the exception of refrigerated T3 and ambient T6, there was increase in values up to 30 days of storage with subsequent reduction up to 60 days of storage (Table 3). This behavior may be related to the ripening point of fruits, where the decrease in titratable acidity values is justified by the increase in the respiratory activity of fruits, which can use organic acids as substrate.

Fruits produced with organic fertilization stored under refrigeration showed reduction in acidity values up to 30 days with subsequent increase. On the other hand, those from the chemical fertilization treatment kept under ambient conditions presented increase in acidity values throughout the storage, reaching 6.64% at 60 days. This sample showed low pH value (Table 3), significant reduction in Ratio and texture values (Table 3) and considerable fresh mass loss (Table 4) in the same period of analysis.

Table 4
Mean fresh mass loss, browning increment, Chroma and hue angle values of Passiflora cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte fruits produced with different fertilizations and stored under ambient and refrigeration conditions for 60 days.

Fresh mass loss (%) Browning increment (IE)

Ad

CA (days)

0

30

60

0

30

60

T1

A

0.00 aC

6.87 bB

17.59 bA

0.00 aC

11.22 cB

17.09 abA

R

0.00 aC

1.88 cB

5.51 dA

0.00 aC

11.41 cB

13.17 cA

T2

A

0.00 aC

5.04 bB

11.45 cA

0.00 aC

10.93 cB

18.93 aA

R

0.00 aC

1.89 cB

3.62 dA

0.00 aC

8.13 dB

10.38 dA

T3

A

0.00 aC

9.00 aB

27.26 aA

0.00 aC

14.80 aB

19.75 aA

R

0.00 aC

1.57 cB

3.17 dA

0.00 aC

10.81 cB

16.02 bA

T4

A

0.00 aC

5.30 bB

12.42 cA

0.00 aC

13.25 bB

18.52 aA

R

0.00 aB

1.57 cA

2.97 dA

0.00 aC

10.09 cB

14.71 bA

T5

A

0.00 aC

8.86 aB

29.81 aA

0.00 aC

15.51 aB

19.83 aA

R

0.00 aC

1.88 cB

3.67 cA

0.00 aC

7.67 dB

12.15 cA

T6

A

0.00 aC

4.66 bB

9.35 cA

0.00 aC

11.03 cB

19.27 aA

R

0.00 aC

1.30 cB

5.58 dA

0.00 aB

8.00 dA

9.14 dA

F 1,7952 1,9632

Chroma Hue Angle

Ad

CA (days)

0

30

60

0

30

60

T1

A

24.32 aB

26.40 aB

34.13 aA

91.28 aA

91.20 aA

91.34 aA

R

24.32 aA

26.20 aA

26.66 aA

91.28 aA

91.13 aA

90.59 abA

T2

A

21.48 aB

22.90 aB

33.30 aA

91.29 aA

91.31 aA

81.27 cdB

R

21.48 aA

22.63 aA

23.62 aA

91.29 aA

91.31 aA

91.31 aA

T3

A

23.58 aB

25.98 aB

30.15 aA

91.31 aA

91.32 aA

87.55 eB

R

23.58 aA

24.48 aA

24.97 aA

91.31 aA

91.27 aA

91.28 aA

T4

A

26.29 aB

29.71 aB

37.13 aA

91.32 aA

91.25 aA

87.55 bcdB

R

26.29 aB

28.79 aAB

30.31 aA

91.32 aA

91.33 aA

91.35 aA

T5

A

22.95 aB

32.52 aA

33.24 aA

91.26 aA

91.18 aA

86.97 bB

R

22.95 aA

22.92 aA

24.21 aA

91.26 aA

91.27 aA

90.43 abcA

T6

A

23.46 aB

25.52 aB

30.96 aA

91.25 aA

91.29 aA

84.03 deB

R

23.46 aA

25.17 aA

25.44 aA

91.25 aA

91.28 aA

90.82 abA

F

0.9708

7.4689

• ^*
  Equal lowercase letters in the same column and uppercase in the line do not differ significantly at 5% level in Tukey's test. A: Ambient; CA: storage condition; R: Refrigerated; T1: no fertilization; T2: conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit based on soil analysis; T3: conventional organic fertilization; T4: organic fertilizer enriched with biotite schist; T5: conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source; T6: chemical fertilization only.

There were no statistical differences regarding the soluble solids content (data not shown), both in relation to different fertilizations and in relation to storage time and condition. Soluble solids contents ranged from 9.07 ºBrix to 11.83 ºBrix in fruits stored under ambient conditions and from 10.10 ºBrix to 11.90 ºBrix in those stored under refrigeration conditions. MAPA establishes minimum soluble solids content of 11% for Passiflora spp. fruit pulp (BRAZIL, 2000). Throughout the experiment, soluble solids contents were above or very close to the limit established for this variable.

Ratio values were between 1.67 and 2.64, close to values obtained by Santos et al. (2016) for fruits of the same species at different maturity stages, presenting Ratio values of 2.01 (almost ripe), 1.94 (ripe) and 2.11 (senescent). D’Abadia et al. (2020) obtained Ratio values between 2.2 and 2.7 for fruits of the parental population aged 60 days or more from anthesis.

Texture values reduced in all treatments during the 60 days of storage with less reduction in fruits stored under refrigeration conditions. The storage temperature of fruits is a factor that influences pulp softening (COSTA et al., 2017) and under refrigeration, fruits present less texture reduction when compared to storage under ambient conditions, corroborating results of the present work.

Fruits stored under refrigeration showed lower fresh mass loss throughout the storage period, reaching maximum value of 5.58% in fruits grown with chemical fertilization only (T6) at 60 days of storage (Table 4).

Passion fruits are considered wilted after loss of 8% of their initial visual standard mass, as it impairs the appearance of fruits and depreciates their commercial value (SILVA et al., 2009). For the present study, fruits kept under refrigeration would be accepted up to 60 days of storage. Under ambient conditions, up to 30 days, all treatments would also be accepted, with the exception of fruits from treatments T3 and T5 stored under ambient conditions, which presented FML values slightly above 8%. The highest FML values occurred in fruits stored for 60 days at ambient temperature grown with organic (T3, 27.26%) and chemical fertilizers with replacement of the potassium source by biotite schist (T5, 29.81%). The mass loss in passion fruits results from the action of enzymes such as pectinases and cellulase, which degrade pectin chains (AGUIRRE et al., 2006) causing peel wrinkling and/or wilting, even with pulp in good consumption conditions (MANIWARA et al., 2015).

There was no statistical difference among treatments regarding luminosity (data not shown), with values ranging from 45.48 to 60.18. This characteristic indicates the amount of light perceptible to the human eye in the same hue, that is, whether the color is lighter or darker, ranging from white to black (BOTELHO et al., 2015).

Most treatments kept under refrigeration presented values below or slightly above the maximum browning increment limit (IE > 10). Under refrigeration, the highest IE values were obtained after 60 days of storage for fruits produced with organic fertilization (T3) and organic fertilization with biotite schist (Table 4). Under ambient conditions, the highest IE values also occurred after 60 days of storage, with no statistical difference among treatments. The IE values of fruits of the present experiment ranged from zero to 19.83. However, undesirable browning that would justify the rejection of fruits was not visually observed. Considering the hue angle values (Table 4), it is possible to conclude that the highest IE values corresponded to the lowest hue angle values.

Thus, variable IE was influenced by the color change of fruits from yellow to reddish.

There was no color variation in the different fertilization treatments, showing that the different nutrient sources did not influence the Chroma values of fruits (Table 4). During storage, fruits kept under refrigeration showed no significant variation in Chroma values, with the exception of fruits from treatment T4 (organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist), where significant increase in Chroma values was observed between the beginning (day zero) and end (60 days) of storage. On the other hand, fruits stored under ambient conditions showed significant increase in Chroma values throughout storage.

The Hue Angle values did not show significant variation in all treatments kept under refrigeration during the 60 days of storage, showing that the different types of fertilization did not influence this variable. However, there was correlation of this variable at 60 days of storage with the presence of minerals in leaves: Mg, Mn, Fe, and to a lesser extent P, B and K.

Except for treatment T1, all treatments kept under ambient conditions showed significant variation at 60 days. In general, the Hue Angle values ranged from 81.27 to 91.35, being close to 90°, which indicates that fruits present yellowish color (Table 4). These values indicate, therefore, that fruits stored under ambient conditions showed significant yellowish color tending to reddish color at 60 days of storage, except for the control treatment (T1) without fertilization.

Regarding physicochemical aspects, color and texture, correlations with soil minerals showed that the Chroma value of fruits stored at ambient temperature for 60 days presented correlations in order of magnitude from highest to lowest with K, P, Ca and Mg present in leaves.

However, this correlation was not observed in fruits stored under ambient or refrigeration conditions for 30 days. The same behavior pattern was observed for the Hue Angle of non-stored fruits. In addition, direct correlation between the values of this variable and K, P, Ca and Mg contents present in leaves was observed, with greater participation of treatment 4, as shown by the centroid positioning in the correlation (Figure 3).

Conclusions

The greatest nutrient accumulations in plant tissues occurred with fertilization added of biotite schist soil remineralizer associated with protein synthesis (N, S, B, Cu, Mn, Zn).

Fruits from control treatments, which did not receive fertilization and organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist soil remineralizer (3.5% K2O) presented higher postharvest quality regarding the physicochemical characteristics of pulp, texture and color of fruits kept under ambient and refrigeration conditions, indicating that the balance of nutrients in these fertilizations contributed to the stability of the analyzed characteristics.

Fruits stored under refrigeration conditions showed the best conservation results for their qualitative characteristics, considering that the postharvest shelf life of P. cincinnata fruits stored under refrigeration at 10oC is at least 60 days. Under ambient conditions, this period is of maximum 30 days.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) project No. 404847/2012-09 for the financial support, and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (Embrapa) for supporting the development of this research project.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  04 June 2021
• Accepted
  08 Oct 2021