Primary orbital melanoma in an anophthalmic socket

Dear Editor,

A 59-year-old male patient who had undergone enucleation of the right eye and ocular prosthesis placement 12 years prior, because of complications of alcohol injection for painful intraorbital neuropathy, sought treatment for a three-month history of a mass growing within the right orbit, which had resulted in extrusion of the prosthesis. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed a predominantly hyperdense, solid expansile lesion, with intense heterogeneous contrast enhancement, in the right intraconal and extraconal compartments (Figure 1). The lesion was in close contact with the right-side lateral/inferior rectus muscles, optic nerve, and lacrimal gland, as well as with the ocular prosthesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbits revealed a highly vascularized lobulated mass, with ill-defined margins, in the lateral compartment of the right orbit, primarily in the extraconal space, having no cleavage plane with the lateral rectus muscle, lacrimal gland, or ocular prosthesis. Within the lesion were deposits of material with a hyperintense signal on T1-weighted images and a markedly hypointense signal on T2-weighted images, possibly indicative of melanin deposits (Figure 2). Accordingly, the main diagnostic hypothesis was melanoma. For staging, we performed CT scans of the chest and abdomen, which identified no suspicious lesions. A biopsy was performed, and examination of the biopsy specimen resulted in a diagnosis of extensively invasive, heavily pigmented, spindle cell melanoma of the orbit.

Figure 1
Axial CT slices of the orbits before and after injection of contrast medium (A and B, respectively) showing an expansile lesion, with heterogeneous enhancement, in the lateral compartment of the right orbit, with intraconal and extraconal components, in close contact with the right-side lateral/inferior rectus muscles, optic nerve, ocular prosthesis and lacrimal gland.

Figure 2
Axial MRI of the orbits, in T1-weighted and STIR sequences (A and B, respectively) showing a lobulated, heterogeneous lesion in the intraconal and extraconal lateral compartments of the right orbit, with foci of high signal intensity in T1-weighted sequences. (black arrow) and low signal intensity in T2-weighted sequences (white arrow), with no signal drop in fat-suppressed sequences (images not shown), consistent with melanin deposits.

Primary intraocular melanomas are the most common malignant intraocular neoplasms in adults⁽¹⁾. However, primary orbital melanomas are rare, accounting for < 1% of primary orbital tumors⁽²⁾. Their incidence is higher in adults, and they typically manifest as painless proptosis. Primary orbital melanoma is histopathologically similar to uveal melanoma. To make the definitive diagnosis, it is necessary to demonstrate, by means of imaging examinations, that the lesion did not originate in the globe and does not represent metastasis from a distant site⁽³⁾.

It is likely that primary orbital melanomas originate from embryonic remains of neural crest cells, which can be found along the ciliary nerves, scleral emissary channels, and optic nerve leptomeninges⁽³⁾ . There have also been reports of orbital melanoma developing from residual melanocytes in anophthalmic sockets, up to 63 years after evisceration⁽⁴⁾.

In patients with orbital melanoma, contrast-enhanced CT is not specific for the diagnosis, showing a hyperattenuating mass with enhancement⁽⁵⁾. The specificity of MRI is greater than is that of CT, because melanin shows high signal intensity in T1-weighted sequences and low signal intensity in T2-weighted sequences. In addition, studies show that the degree of melanin pigmentation correlates directly with the signal intensity in T1-weighted sequences. This finding is important to predict the prognosis, because intense pigmentation is related to a less favorable prognosis^(5,6). It is noteworthy that about 20% of melanomas are amelanotic⁽⁷⁾, therefore not presenting the characteristics mentioned above, which makes it difficult to differentiate them from other orbital lesions, such as metastases.

Despite its rarity, primary orbital melanoma is easily suspected because of the intrinsic behavioral characteristics of melanin in MRI sequences. Therefore, it should always be considered, even in cases affecting an anophthalmic socket.

REFERENCES

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Oct 2019
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2019

History

• Received
  11 Oct 2017
• Accepted
  22 Dec 2017