Estimating optimum plot size with radiometer for experiments on soybeans treated with fungicide

Estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimentos com o radiômetro em soja tratada com fungicida

ABSTRACT

Spectral remote sensing and proximal sensors are important tools for managing the plant-pathogen relationship. The lack of experimental planning and the probability of error in agricultural studies may result in work repetition and, consequently, in financial expenses and costs with human resources. To reduce such problems, determining the optimum size of the experimental plot for treatments is one of the adopted methods. The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum plot size for reflectance in soybeans that were treated with different fungicide levels according to the methods of modified maximum curvature and maximum distance. Reflectance readings were carried out for the soybean crop with a radiometer GreenSeeker®, considering basic units of 0.45 m² in an area of ten rows, 10 m long, for each treatment. Treatments were applied to create a gradient of Asian soybean rust, varying the number of fungicide applications. Data were collected in two phenological stages (R5.5 and R6), obtaining 300 simulations of experimental area for each stage. Based on the results, the use of 5.40 m² plots with a group of three rows, 4 m long, is recommended.

Keywords
NDVI; Maximum distance; Modified maximum curvature

RESUMO

O sensoriamento remoto espectral e o sensor proximal são ferramentas importantes para gerenciar a relação planta-patógeno. A falta de planejamento experimental e a probabilidade de erro em estudos agrícolas podem resultar em retrabalho e, consequentemente, despesas financeiras e de recursos humanos. Uma maneira de reduzir esse problema é determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela experimental para realização dos tratamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para refletância em soja que foi tratada com diferentes doses de fungicida, usando os métodos de curvatura máxima modificada e distância máxima. As leituras de refletância foram realizadas na cultura de soja com o auxílio de um radiômetro GreenSeeker®, com unidades básicas de 0,45 m², em uma área de dez linhas, com 10 metros de comprimento, em cada tratamento. Os tratamentos foram aplicados para criar um gradiente da doença ferrugem asiática da soja, variando o número de aplicações de fungicidas. Os dados foram coletados em dois estágios fenológicos (R5.5 e R6), obtendo-se 300 simulações de áreas experimentais em cada estágio. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se o uso de parcelas de 5,40 m², com um grupo de três linhas, com 4 m de comprimento.

Palavras-chave
NDVI; Distância máxima; Curvatura máxima modificada

Using technology to detect phenotypic reactions that occur during the plant-pathogen interaction has become more frequent in recent years (¹⁶). Spectral remote sensing and proximal sensing have been widely employed to manage lands and crops (³,¹⁷), as well as to quantify damage caused by leaf diseases (⁴).

GreenSeeker^®, produced by Trimble, is a portable device with an active spectral sensor that provides the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) via reflectance measurements, i.e., it has a light-emitting diode in the near-infrared (NIR: 770 nm) and red (RED: 650 nm) region and a receiver that absorbs the values reflected in the canopy, rapidly indicating nutritional and physiological conditions, stress, and potential yield by measuring the crop biomass (¹, ¹⁹, ²⁰, ²¹). This device accurately reflects the severity of foliar diseases and is a useful tool that precisely traces the level of leaf rust (¹⁵)

For a reliable conclusion of proximal sensing application, field experiments should show the least possible experimental errors and meet the statistical parameters (²). Adopting the correct experimental plot size is important to prevent work repetition, financial expenses and human resource losses, keeping experimental accuracy at an acceptable magnitude and maximizing the obtained information (⁸, ¹⁰).

In the study of plant diseases and fungicides, establishing the size and shape of an experimental plot can be empirical, based on the researchers’ experience with a specific culture (¹³); however, there are methodologies to determine the optimum plot size (¹⁸).

The modified maximum curvature method, proposed by Lessman & Atkins (⁷), and the maximum distance method, proposed by Paranaíba (¹⁴), are methodologies for determining the optimum plot size, which need experiments with a culture of interest, i.e., without treatment distinction among the analyzed data, followed by the subdivision of the experimental area into small portions — basic experimental units (BEU) - from which data are collected independently, identifying the relative position. After data collection, contiguous plots are set to simulate plots of different sizes and shapes (⁶).

Thus, the objective of this manuscript was to estimate the optimum plot size for evaluating fungicide treatment on soybeans according to the modified maximum curvature and the maximum distance methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experiment was conducted in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, located at latitude 23°19’40.92”S and longitude 51°12’19.20”W, altitude of 560 m, during the 2013/14 harvest, with the soybean cultivar ‘Monsoy 6410 IPRO’.

Four areas of 12 m length and 12 rows width, 0.45 m between rows, were used; the useful area for data collection was ten rows × 10 m, i.e., 45 m². Each plot was organized to simulate different intensities of Asian soybean rust, which was induced according to the number of scheduled fungicide applications (Table 1).

Table 1
Number and periods of sprays applied in the 2013/14 harvest to induce Asian soybean rust (P. pachyrhizi) gradient in the studied areas.

Number of sprays		Spraying (days after germination)
6		30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105
4		60, 75, 90, 105
3		75, 90, 105
0		-

The fungicide used to induce Asian soybean rust intensity gradient was the commercial mixture of Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole (66.5 + 25 g a.i. ha^-1) with spray volume of 200 L.ha^-1 plus mineral oil as a vehicle, at 500 mL.ha^-1. The fungicide was applied with a CO² pressurized backpack sprayer, containing four nozzles adjusted to fully cover the experimental unit, simulating a conventional (vehicular) sprayer.

Data on NDVI were collected in stages R5.5 and R6, between 8:00 a.m. and 8:30 a.m., from the ten central lines for each treatment, at 1-meter intervals, totaling 10 m per row and 100 readings per treatment, per stage. NDVI was measured with GreenSeeker^®, model RT100, from Trimble; data were collected at a distance of 0.8 m from the canopy.

To determine the optimum plot size, the modified maximum curvature method (MMC) - Lessman & Atkins (⁷), was initially used. According to this methodology, the variability given by the coefficient of variation (CV_x) and the size of the plot with X basic experimental units is calculated by CV_x = aX^-b, where a and b are the parameters to be estimated. The optimum plot size was estimated based on the equation:

$$X_0 = exp\left\{\left[\frac{1}{2b+2}\right] Log\left[\frac{{\left(ab\right)}^2(2b+1)}{b+2}\right]\right\}$$

In this case, X₀ is the abscissa value at the maximum curvature point, which corresponds to the optimum plot size (⁹).

More than one method is recommended to determine the optimum plot size (¹³). Thus, the method of maximum distance (MD) was also adopted in our study; its resolution is based on a curve yc described by CV_x = aX^-b and a line yr secant to that curve. The point of curve yc was calculated (which was at the longest distance from line yr) as the line segment along that distance was perpendicular to line yr (⁶).

The solution method presented by Lorentz (⁶) proposes that the line perpendicular to line yr should be determined to find the requested point of curve yc. Such a line perpendicular to line yr is called yp and is calculated by y_p = ex + f. The angular coefficient c and the linear coefficient d, both of line yr, are fixed and can be obtained from two points of line yr which are common to the curve yc.

The points common to the curve and the line to the left are called X_CRi and Y_CRi, while the common points to the right are called X_CRf and Y_CRf. Thus, c and d are obtained, respectively, by:

$$c=\frac{y_{CRƒ}-y_{CRi}}{X_{CRƒ}-X_{CRi}}$$

and

$$d = y_{CRi}-c{x}_{CRi}$$

or

$$d = y_{CRƒ}-c{x}_{CRƒ}$$

The expressions for d are obtained by isolating it in the yr equation, substituting the X_CRi + Y_CRi point or the X_CRf + Y_CRf point. The angular coefficient e of line yp is also fixed and can be obtained based on the condition that lines yr and yp are perpendicular to each other. Therefore:

$$e=\frac{-1}{c}$$

Determining the linear coefficient f of line yp is part of the iterative method proposed by Lorentz (⁶) and has the following solution:

$$x_{Rpj}=\frac{ƒ-d}{c-e}$$

The distance between points X_Cj + Y_Cj and X_Rpj + Y_Rpj of line ypj, which is perpendicular to yr, is given by:

$$d_{cr}=\sqrt{{\left(y_{Cj}-y_{Rpj}\right)}^2+{\left(x_{Cj}-x_{Rpj}\right)}^2}$$

The analyses were performed within each treatment and each soybean phenological stage (R5.5 and R6). Thus, according to Lorentz (⁶), each treatment was considered a blank experiment. Two phenological stages were chosen when significant differences in the NDVI values were found between treatments, i.e., areas with different Asian soybean rust intensities.

To determine the optimum plot size, basic experimental units (BEU) of NDVI data should be grouped. Every possible simulation is shown in Table 2, considering width as meters and length = 0.45 m (distance between rows) for each simulation or unit, relation between length and width (LxW), plot size as m², type of grouping and number of plots. The BEU in this study are considered 0.45 m², i.e., 1 m long and 0.45 m wide.

Table 2
Number of simulations, width (W) and length (L) of simulations, L×W combination, plot size (m²), type of grouping (m) and total number of plots.

Simulation		Width		Length		L×W		Size (m²)		Type of Grouping		Number of plots
1		1		1		1		0.45		0.45 x 1.00		100
2		2		1		2		0.90		0.90 x 1.00		50
3		3		1		3		1.35		1.35 x 1.00		30
4		4		1		4		1.80		1.80 x 1.00		20
5		5		1		5		2.25		2.25 x 1.00		20
6		6		1		6		2.70		2.70 x 1.00		10
7		7		1		7		3.15		3.15 x 1.00		10
8		8		1		8		3.60		3.60 x 1.00		10
9		9		1		9		4.05		4.05 x 1.00		10
10		10		1		10		4.50		4.50 x 1.00		10
11		1		2		2		0.90		0.45 x 2.00		50
12		1		3		3		1.35		0.45 x 3.00		30
13		1		4		4		1.80		0.45 x 4.00		20
14		1		5		5		2.25		0.45 x 5.00		20
15		1		6		6		2.70		0.45 x 6.00		10
16		1		7		7		3.15		0.45 x 7.00		10
17		1		8		8		3.60		0.45 x 8.00		10
18		1		9		9		4.05		0.45 x 9.00		10
19		1		10		10		4.50		0.45 x 10.00		10
20		2		2		4		1.80		0.90 x 2.00		25
21		3		2		6		2.70		1.35 x 2.00		15
22		4		2		8		3.60		1.80 x 2.00		10
23		5		2		10		4.50		2.25 x 2.00		10
24		6		2		12		5.40		2.70 x 2.00		5
25		7		2		14		6.30		3.15 x 2.00		5
26		8		2		16		7.20		3.69 x 2.00		5
27		9		2		18		8.10		4.05 x 2.00		5
28		10		2		20		9.00		4.50 x 2.00		5
29		2		3		6		2.70		0.90 x 3.00		15
30		3		3		9		4.05		1.35 x 3.00		9
31		4		3		12		5.40		1.80 x 3.00		6
32		5		3		15		6.75		2.25 x 3.00		6
33		6		3		18		8.10		2.70 x 3.00		3
34		7		3		21		9.45		3.15 x 3.00		3
35		8		3		24		10.80		3.60 x 3.00		3
36		9		3		27		12.15		4.05 x 3.00		3
37		10		3		30		13.50		4.50 x 3.00		3
38		2		4		8		3.60		0.90 x 4.00		10
39		3		4		12		5.40		1.35 x 4.00		6
40		4		4		16		7.20		1.80 x 4.00		4
41		5		4		20		9.00		2.25 x 4.00		4
42		6		4		24		10.80		2.70 x 4.00		2
43		7		4		28		12.60		3.15 x 4.00		2
44		8		4		32		14.40		3.60 x 4.00		2
45		9		4		36		16.20		4.05 x 4.00		2
46		10		4		40		18.00		4.50 x 4.00		2
47		2		5		10		4.50		0.90 x 5.00		10
48		3		5		15		6.75		1.35 x 5.00		6
49		4		5		20		9.00		1.80 x 5.00		4
50		5		5		25		11.25		2.25 x 5.00		4
51		6		5		30		13.50		2.70 x 5.00		2
52		7		5		35		15.75		3.15 x 5.00		2
53		8		5		40		18.00		3.60 x 5.00		2
54		9		5		45		20.25		4.05 x 5.00		2
55		10		5		50		22.50		4.50 x 5.00		2
56		2		6		12		5.40		0.90 x 6.00		5
57		3		6		18		8.10		1.35 x 6.00		3
58		4		6		24		10.80		1.80 x 6.00		2
59		5		6		30		13.50		2.25 x 6.00		2
60		2		7		14		6.30		0.90 x 7.00		5
61		3		7		21		9.45		1.35 x 7.00		3
62		4		7		28		12.60		1.80 x 7.00		2
63		5		7		35		15.75		2.25 x 7.00		2
64		2		8		16		7.20		0.90 x 8.00		5
65		3		8		24		10.80		1.35 x 8.00		3
66		4		8		32		14.40		1.80 x 8.00		2
67		5		8		40		18.00		2.25 x 8.00		2
68		2		9		18		8.10		0.90 x 9.00		5
69		3		9		27		12.15		1.35 x 9.00		3
70		4		9		36		16.20		1.80 x 9.00		2
71		5		9		45		20.25		2.25 x 9.00		2
72		2		10		20		9.00		0.90 x 10.00		5
73		3		10		30		13.50		1.35 x 10.00		3
74		4		10		40		18.00		1.80 x 10.00		2
75		5		10		50		22.50		2.25 x 10.00		2

To obtain an R² (coefficient of determination) of greater significance, all calculations for determining the optimum plot size were made, and the simulations from 1 to 75, 1 to 50 and 1 to 25 (Table 2) were used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Asian soybean rust is an end-of-cycle disease; therefore, NDVI data were obtained in stages R5.5 and R6, when the disease gradient was greater, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3
Difference in the disease gradient demonstrated by the NDVI values among the treatments with 6, 4, 3 and 0 fungicide sprays in stages R5.5 and R6. The letters show statistical differences according o Scott Knott test at 5% significance.

Number of Sprays		R5.5		R6
6		0.678c		0.319a
4		0.639c		0.346b
3		0.480b		0.354b
0		0.370a		0.288a

To calculate the optimum plot size according to the MMC method, the values a and b presented by Lessman & Atkins (⁷) should be estimated, while based on the MD method, the values c, d, and e of the linear and angular coefficients of lines yr and yp should also be obtained (⁶). They are represented in Table 4 considering the coefficient of variation obtained according to Table 2.

Table 4
Values from the calculation of a and b, angular coefficient c and linear coefficient d of line yr, angular coefficient e of line yp and R² using the Coefficient of Variation (CV) for treatments with different fungicide sprays in stages R5.5 and R6, within simulations with 75, 50 and 25 possibilities.

Treatment		Stage		Simulation		a		B		C		d		E		R²
6 Sprays		R5.5		75		2.6344		0.522		-0.0481		2.6825		20.790		0.375
				50		2.3295		0.458		-0.0844		2.4139		11.848		0.503
				25		2.0661		0.388		-0.1749		2.3815		5.717		0.617
		R6		75		12.615		0.653		-0.2421		12.857		4.130		0.255
				50		9.511		0.506		-0.3564		9.868		2.805		0.399
				25		8.027		0.400		-0.6491		8.676		1.540		0.404
4 Sprays		R5.5		75		2.151		0.381		-0.0354		2.186		28.248		0.412
				50		2.335		0.428		-0.0893		2.424		11.198		0.541
				25		2.395		0.459		-0.2054		2.601		4.8685		0.744
		R6		75		12.615		0.653		-0.2421		12.857		4.130		0.255
				50		9.512		0.506		-0.3564		9.868		2.805		0.399
				25		8.027		0.400		-0.6491		8.676		1.541		0.404
3 Sprays		R5.5		75		2.528		0.810		-0.0500		2.578		20.000		0.408
				50		1.950		0.664		-0.0785		2.028		12.738		0.565
				25		1.511		0.503		-0.1585		1.669		6.309		0.896
		R6		75		9.960		0.418		-0.1698		10.130		5.889		0.385
				50		8.339		0.321		-0.2593		8.598		3.856		0.371
				25		8.471		0.336		-0.6221		9.092		1.607		0.384
No Sprays		R5.5		75		3.320		0.506		-0.0576		3.377		17.361		0.439
				50		2.678		0.390		-0.0911		2.769		10.976		0.684
				25		2.848		0.430		-0.2884		3.467		3.467		0.754
		R6		75		13.764		0.432		-0.2374		14.001		4.212		0.216
				50		12.031		0.377		-0.3745		11.980		2.670		0.370
				25		13.641		0.473		-1.1476		14.789		0.871		0.440

For the two stages of NDVI data collection (R5.5 and R6), from 75, 50, and 25 simulation areas according to the MMC method, considering all four treatments and using the coefficient of variation, the optimum plot size was the area of 0.45 m², with length x width relation equal to 1, i.e., an area that is the BEU (Table 5).

Table 5
Combination of length and width (L×W) and optimum plot size (m²) obtained according to the methods Modified Maximum Curvature (MMC) and Maximum Distance (MD) for Coefficient of Variation (CV) data and simulations with 75, 50 and 25 possibilities in stages R5.5 and R6.

Treatment		Simulation		MMC		MD
6 sprays		75 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=10 (4.50m²)
		50 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		75 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=8 (3.60m²)
		50 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=5 (2.25m²)
4 sprays		75 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=8 (3.60m²)
		50 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=5 (2.25m²)
		25 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		75 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=10 (4.50m²)
		50 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
3 sprays		75 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=9 (4.05m²)
		50 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		75 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=9 (4.05m²)
		50 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
No sprays		75 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=9 (4.05m²)
		50 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=10 (4.50m²)
		25 – R5.5		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		75 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=9 (4.05m²)
		50 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)
		25 – R6		LxW=1 (0.45m²)		LxW=4 (1.80m²)

Based on the MD method, for treatments with 6, 4 and without fungicide sprays, the optimum plot size was 4.50 m² (L×W = 10), while for the treatment with 3 sprays, it was 4.05 m² (L×W = 9).

According to Paranaíba (¹³), the modified maximum curvature method can underestimate the plot size due to the low values of the coefficient of variation, which, according to Lorentz (⁵), influences the optimum plot size calculation.

Moraes (¹²) stated that, to obtain higher quality data, the largest plot size must be adopted. Thus, the optimum plot size for reflectance studies in soybeans is 4.50 m², with two 5-m rows; adopting immediately higher L×W is also recommended, and in this case, L×W = 12 or 5.40 m², with a group of three 4-m rows. This plot size is the same as that adopted by Michels et al. (¹¹) in their project to examine the effects of different fungicide applications in soybeans; however, their plot size was inferior to the one used by Koga (⁵), who established a 10m² area to evaluate the fungicide effect on Asian soybean rust development, as well as on control effectiveness and soybean productivity.

CONCLUSION

The maximum distance method allowed estimating the optimum plot size.

Thus, in studies focused on reflectance measurements for the Asian soybean rust pathosystem, the use of 5.40 m² plots is recommended, with groups of three rows of 4 m each.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Jan 2021
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2020

History

• Received
  21 May 2020
• Accepted
  20 Aug 2020