Planting density and initial growth of two tree species adapted to the semi-arid region

Densidade de plantio e crescimento inicial de duas espécies arbóreas adaptadas ao semiárido

Planting density and initial growth of two tree species adapted to the semi-arid region

Densidade de plantio e crescimento inicial de duas espécies arbóreas adaptadas ao semiárido

Paulo Sérgio Lima e Silva^I; Alexandre Emanuel Régis Holanda^II; Haroldo Nogueira de Paiva^III; Fábio Henrique Tavares de Oliveira^IV; Odaci Fernandes de Oliveira^V

^IUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi Árido (antiga ESAM), Departamento de Ciências Vegetais. E-mail: <[e-mail]>

^IIUniversidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia. E-mail: <[e-mail]>.

^IIIUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal. E-mail: <[e-mail]>

^IVUniversidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas, Laboratório de Fertilidade do Solo e Nutrição de plantas. E-mail: <[e-mail]>

^VUniversidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Departamento de Ciências Vegetais. E-mail: <[e-mail]>

ABSTRACT

Planting densities influence several aspects of forest formation, including management practices, timber yield, quality, and extraction, and consequently its production costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate Mimosa caesalpiinifolia and Gliricidia sepium growth as a function of planting density (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plants ha^-1) and plant age. The species were evaluated every 90 days for plant height (PH), crown diameter (CD) and root collar diameter (RCD) (10 cm above the ground), with the first evaluation performed at 90 days and the last at 720 days. When plants were one year of age and beyond, evaluations were conducted also for stem diameter at breast height (DBH) (1.30 m above the ground). A randomized block design with split-plots and three replicates was adopted. Species were assigned to plots, planting densities were assigned to subplots, and evaluation ages were assigned to subsubplots. The four traits in both species had their values decreased as planting density increased, but continually increased as plant age increased. For PH and RCD there was an alternation between species superiority, with gliricidia being superior to sabiá at some ages, while the opposite occurred at other ages. As to CD the species only differed in the last measurement, gliricidia being superior. With regard to DBH, gliricidia was superior starting from the second measurement. There was an effect of the species × ages interaction for the four traits and also an effect of the densities × ages interaction for CD and DBH.

Keywords:Mimosa caesalpiinifolia Benth, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and Caatinga.

RESUMO

A densidade de plantio influencia vários aspectos da formação das florestas, incluindo tratos culturais, rendimento e qualidade da madeira, sua extração e, consequentemente, custos de produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da Mimosa caesalpiniifolia e da Gliricidia sepium, em razão da densidade de plantio (400, 600, 800, 1.000 e 1.200 plantas ha^-1) e da idade da planta. As espécies foram avaliadas quanto à altura da planta (AP) e quanto aos diâmetros da copa (DCP) e do colo (DCO) (a 10 cm do nível do solo), de 90 em 90 dias, sendo a primeira avaliação realizada aos 90 dias e a última aos 720 dias. A partir de 1 ano de idade das plantas, foi avaliado também o diâmetro do caule à altura do peito (DAP) (a 1,30 m do nível do solo). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subsubdivididas e três repetições. As espécies foram aplicadas às parcelas, às densidades de plantio, às subparcelas, às idades de avaliação e às subsubparcelas. O aumento da densidade de plantio reduziu as quatro características estudadas nas duas espécies, que aumentaram continuamente com o incremento da idade das plantas. Na AP e no DCO, houve alternância de superioridade das espécies, com a gliricídia sendo superior à sabiá em algumas idades, ocorrendo o inverso em outras idades. No DCP, as espécies somente diferiram na última mensuração, com superioridade da gliricídia. No DAP, a gliricídia foi superior a partir da segunda mensuração. Houve efeito da interação espécies x idades nas quatro características e da interação densidades x idades em DCP e DAP.

Palavras-chave: Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud e Caatinga.

1. INTRODUCTION

The northeastern region of Brazil has 1,558,196 km², which represents just over 18% of the area of the country. The Brazilian semiarid region has an area of 982,563 km², with approximately 90% of it located in the Northeast (IBGE, 2007). The Caatinga biome has an area of 844,453 km² and is fully inserted in the Brazilian semiarid region, including nine states (IBGE, 2004). This biome is becoming degraded for various reasons, including the practice of shifting agriculture, where new areas are constantly being deforested by small growers and by large agricultural companies, and the exploitation of forest resources, which are attractive because they generate additional income and are important sources of energy.

Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) is a rugged, fast-growing legume native to the Brazilian Northeast, providing forage, timber, pollen, and nectar for bees, and is used in folk medicine and as an ornamental plant (MAIA, 2004). In spite of its importance for the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil, sabiá is considered a species with a tendency to become extinct, like other species (SANTOS et al., 2007), due to its intense utilization (MAIA, 2004). Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.) is also a rugged, fast-growing legume that provides timber and forage. It was introduced into Brazil from Central America in the 1980's and has attracted the attention of growers from several parts of the world, including the Brazilian Northeastern region (KILL; MENEZES, 2005).

The growth evaluation of these species as a function of their planting densities provides information for the commercial exploitation of their products, especially timber and forage, and for their utilization in agroforestry systems. The commercial exploitation of both species would result in social and economic benefits and would help reduce degradation in the Caatinga. Reforestation programs are frequently encouraged worldwide because of their environmental and social benefits (creation of jobs and income), preservation of biodiversity, production of timber and biofuels, and carbon sequestration (CALDER, 2007). Demand for firewood, timber, forage, and other products has increased the use of multiple-use, fast-growing tree species in several tropical countries (FAO, 2011). Agroforestry systems can also contribute towards reducing deforestation and environmental degradation problems (MIRANDA; VALENTIM, 2000) and often require the addition of fast-growing trees; it is therefore interesting to identify the most suitable tree species (MIRANDA; VALENTIM, 2000).

One of the most important decisions in the commercial exploitation of a forest species involves defining its planting density. This occurs because planting density affects several aspects of forest formation, including forest management practices, timber yield (LELES et al., 2001; RONDON, 2002; RONDON, 2006), timber quality (MIRANDA; NAHUZ, 1999; JIANG et al., 2007) and extraction, and consequently its production costs (SIMÕES et al., 1976). Planting density is one of the most important silvicultural factors employed to control tree growth and timber quality (JIANG et al., 2007). The planting density effects on tree characteristics are contradictory. Some authors have observed that greater row spacing has provided higher quadratic diameter, volume per tree, and survival estimates, and lower basal area per ha, volume per ha, leaf biomass, branch biomass, stem biomass, and total biomass estimates per ha (LEITE et al., 2006; RONDON, 2006). Other authors observed, however, that greater plant height, leaf biomass, branch biomass, stem biomass, total biomass, and stem diameter at breast height values were frequently obtained with higher row spacings (RONDON, 2002). These discrepancies are probably due to differences between the species being evaluated, differences in environmental conditions, and the amplitude of densities being tested. No papers were found in the consulted literature dealing with the effects of planting density on sabiá behavior in structured experiments, that is, in studies that would adopt a given design with replicates. In the only study found on gliricidia it was observed that increased planting density increased forage yield (MAN; HAO, 1993).

The objective of this study was to evaluate sabiá and gliricidia growth during the first two years of age as a function of planting density and plant age.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted at Fazenda Experimental "Rafael Fernandes" (Experimental Farm), Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, located 20 km away from the municipal seat of Mossoró (-5° 3' 38'' latitude, -37° 23' 46'' longitude, and 18 m elevation). According to Gaussen's bioclimatic classification, the climate in the Mossoró region is type 4ath, or distinctly xerothermic, which means tropical hot with a pronounced, long dry season, lasting from seven to eight months and with a xerothermic index between 150 and 200. The bioclimate in the region is a BSwh, that is, hot, with heavier precipitations delayed toward the fall (Köppen, 1948). The mean maximum temperature in the region is between 32.1 and 34.5°C, with June and July as the coolest months, while the mean annual precipitation is around 825 mm (CARMO FILHO; OLIVEIRA, 1989).

Sabiá (obtained from natural populations in Mossoró-RN) and gliricidia seeds (obtained from Assessoria e Serviços a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa-AS-PTA, a non-governmental organization with a branch in Campina Grande-PB), were sown in January 2008. The seeds were sown in black plastic bags, 25 cm tall and 15 cm in diameter, perforated in their bottom third. The bags were filled with substrate consisting of 1/3 manure and 2/3 soil. The soil was classified as a Red-Yellow Podzol, according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (EMBRAPA, 1999) and as a Ferric Lixisol, according to the Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1988).

Transplanting was performed in March 2008, to a soil of the same type previously referred, in a pristine area that was manually deforested. The soil analysis indicated: The seedlings were transplanted to non-fertilized pits measuring 40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm.

Both species were submitted to the following planting densities (plants ha^-1): 400 (row spacing of 5.0 m × 5.0 m), 600 (4.0 m × 4.17 m), 800 (4.0 m × 3.12 m), 1000 (4.0 m × 2.5 m), and 1200 (3.0 m × 2.77 m). A randomized complete block design was adopted with five replicates and split-split plots (species in plots, planting densities in subplots, and plant ages in subsubplots). Each subplot consisted of three 30.0 m-long rows of plants. The evaluation (usable) area in each subplot was considered as the space occupied by the plants on the central row, with the elimination of one plant at each end. Control of pests and diseases was performed as needed. Weeds were controlled by hoeing with a harrow attached to a tractor, between plant rows and lines, and by manual hoeing in the vicinity of each plant.

Evaluations were conducted every three months after seeding for plant height, root collar diameter (measured at 10 cm above the ground with a digital caliper rule), and crown diameter, in all plants of the usable area of each subplot. When plants were one year of age and beyond, evaluations were conducted also for stem diameter at breast height (1.30 m above the ground). Plant height was considered as the distance from ground level to the top part of the tree. Root collar diameter, stem diameter, and crown diameter were estimated as the means between two perpendicular measurements, one taken along the row of plants anf the other taken perpendicularly to the first.

The data were submitted to analysis of variance using SAEG-software developed by Universidade Federal de Viçosa (RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, 2001), while regression analyses were made with the software developed by Jandel (1992). The regression equations were selected based on the following criteria: biological explanation of the phenomenon, simplicity of the equation, and testing of equation parameters by Student's t test at 5% probability.

3. RESULTS

With regard to plant height, there was an effect of plant age and of plant age × species interaction. The species did not differ with regard to plant height in the first measurement (90 days of age), but at subsequent ages sabiá was superior in three out of seven measurements (Table 1). Apparently, gliricidia tends to match sabiá in terms of plant height during rainy periods, but in dry periods sabiá showed higher growth in height. Although the analysis of variance did not indicate a planting density effect, the regression analysis indicated that plant height decreased as planting density increased. Due to the lack of a species × planting densities interaction, a single equation was fitted for both species (Table 1).

With regard to crown diameter, there were effects of planting density (PD), plant age (PA), and of the species × PA and PD × PA interactions. A difference between species for crown diameter was only detected in the last measurement, in which sabiá was superior (Table 2). Due to the lack of a species × planting densities interaction, a single equation was fitted for both species; the equation indicated a decrease in crown diameter as planting density increased (Table 2). At all ages, crown diameter in both species decreased as planting density increased; also, at all densities, crown diameter increased as plant age increased (Table 3). However, both decreases and increases had different magnitudes, which resulted in the occurrence of a plant age × planting densities interaction.

With regard to root collar diameter, the analysis of variance indicated effects of planting density (PD), age (PA), and of the species × PA interaction. At some ages gliricidia had, on average, greater root collar diameter than sabiá, but at other ages the opposite occurred (Table 4). As in the case of plant height, such alternation in superiority between one species and the other for stem diameter could be associated with higher growth of gliricidia during rainy periods and higher growth of sabiá during dry periods. In both species, there were increases and decreases in root collar diameter as plant age and planting density increased, respectively.

As to stem diameter at breast height, there were effects of species (S), planting density (PD, as indicated by the regression analysis), plant age (PA), and of the S × PA and PD × PA interactions. Gliricidia was superior to sabiá starting on the second measurement (Table 5). Stem diameter increased with age in both species, but at higher magnitude in gliricidia, which resulted in the S × PA interaction (Table 5). In both species, increased planting density equally reduced that trait; for this reason, a single regression equation was fitted for both (Table 5). The increases in stem diameter at breast height as a function of age decreased as planting density increased (Table 5). The decrease in that trait as planting density increased was more intense as age increased (Table 5).

Some authors (LEITE et al., 2006) observed an increase in tree survival percentage as a result of increased planting densities. In our study this was not the case, probably because the plants were very young (only two years old).

4. DISCUSSION

Similarly to this study, some authors (LEITE et al., 2006; RONDON, 2002) observed a reduction in plant height as planting density increased (Table 1). In other studies, however (HUMMEL, 2000; MAKINEN; HEIN, 2006; RONDON, 2006) no effect of planting density was observed on tree height. Such discrepancies are due to differences in the species evaluated and in environmental conditions, including the planting densities tested.

At all ages, crown diameter in both species decreased as planting density increased (Table 2); also, at all densities, crown diameter increased as plant age increased (Table 3). Tree crown width is an important measure for several key factors in stand management (PRETZSCH et al., 2002). On an individual tree basis, it helps to describe competition between trees and by being related to branch thickness (CONDÉS; STERBA, 2005); it also indirectly affects timber quality, and thus the economic value of a tree. On a stand basis, it serves to evaluate crown closure, which is on the one hand a general competition measure, and on the other an important measure of habitat quality (CONDÉS; STERBA, 2005)

Like in the present work, reductions in stem diameter (Table 4) and crown diameter (Table 5) were also observed in other studies (HUMMEL, 2000; MAKINEN; HEIN, 2006; RONDON, 2006). Forest trees usually exhibit a significant relationship between their crown diameters and stem diameters (HEMERY et al., 2005). The possible applications and uses of a knowledge of this relationship include decisions on spacings, estimates of branchwood and fwelwood and uses in arboriculture (HEMERY et al., 2005). For example, It is possible to calculate the space occupied by the crown of each tree at any mean diameter, and assuming that no overlap occurs, the number of trees per hectare. The increase in interest in sustainable sources of energy has increased the interest in using "residues", essentially the crownwood of hardwood stands. Crown diameter and crown length would be obvious predictor variables for branchwood volumes. The ability to predict crown diameters would assist in decisions on spacing when planning the spacing of single tree and tree avenues (HEMERY et al., 2005).

Increased planting density decreased the four traits used to evaluate growth in both species (Tables 1 to 5). The influence of plant age was positive for the four traits evaluated, corroborating the information obtained by other authors (HUMMEL, 2000; LEITE et al., 2006). Increased planting densities increase the competition between plants for water, light, and nutrients, which may result in smaller growth. Below the soil surface, plants influence the availability of water and nutrients to neighboring plants or inhibit the access of roots from other plants to the resources, via allelopathy (SCHENK, 2006). For example, tree roots in some way reduced growth and vigor of most grasses even when water and nutrients were maintained at optimum levels. In addition to direct competition, biochemical inhibition (allelopathy) may be involved (WHITCOMB, 1972). Water deficit, caused by competition between roots, would induce stomatal closure, reducing photosynthesis (SILVA et al., 2004), consequently reducing growth in plant species. Above ground, competition between plants is for light. Another way by which plants interfere with the growth of neighboring plants would be via emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds. These compounds may act both as allelochemicals and as signals for detection of neighboring plants (KEGGE; PIERIK, 2009).

5. CONCLUSIONS

The four traits (plant heigh, ph, crow diameter, CD, root collar diameter, RCD, and diameter at breast height, DBH) in both species (Mimosa caesalpiinifolia and Gliricidia sepium) had their values decreased as planting density increased, but continually increased as plant age increased. For plant height and root collar diameter there was an alternation between species superiority, with gliricidia being superior to sabiá at some ages, while the opposite occurred at other ages. As to crown diameter the species only differed in the last measurement, gliricidia being superior. With regard to stem diameter, gliricidia was superior starting from the second measurement. There was an effect of the species × plant ages interaction for the four traits and also an effect of the planting densities × plant ages interaction for crown diameter and stem diameter.

6. REFERENCES

Recebido em 07.04.2011

Aceito para publicação em 04.06.2012.

• CALDER, I.R. Forests and water - ensuring forest benefits outweigh water costs. Forest Ecology and Management, v.251, n.1-2, p.110-120, 2007.
• CARMO FILHO, F. do and OLIVEIRA, O. F. Mossoró: um município do semi-árido nordestino. Mossoró, Fundação Guimarães Duque/ESAM, 1989. 62 p. (Coleção Mossoroense, Série B, 672).
• CARMO FILHO, F. do and OLIVEIRA, O. F. Mossoró: um município do semi-árido nordestino. Mossoró, Fundação Guimarães Duque/ESAM, 1989. 62 p. (Coleção Mossoroense, Série B, 672).
• CONDÉS, S.; STERBA, H. Derivation of compatible crown width equations for some important tree species of Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, v.217, n.1, p.203-218, 2005.
• EMBRAPA. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa do Solo. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos Brasília: Serviço de Produção de Informação, 1999. 412p.
• FAO. Soil map of the world; revised legend. Rome: UNESCO, 1988. 119p.
• FAO. State of the world's forests Rome, 2011. 179p.
• HEMERY, G.E.; SAVILL, P.S.; PRYOR, S.N. Applications of the crown diameter-stem diameter relationship for different species of broadleaved trees. Forest Ecology and Management, v.215, n.1, p.285-294, 2005.
• HUMMEL, S. Height, diameter and crown dimensions of Cordia alliodora associated with tree density. Forest Ecology and management, v.127, n.1, p.31-40, 2000.
• INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE). Mapas de biomas do Brasil, primeira aproximação Rio de janeiro, 2004.
• INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE). Contagem da população Rio de janeiro, 2007.
• JANDEL. Jandel TBLCURVE. Table Curve 3.0. Curve fitting software. Corte Madera, Jandel Scientific, 1992. 280p.
• JIANG, Z.; WANG, X.; FEI, B.; REN, H.; LIU, X. Effect of stand and tree attributes on growth and wood quality characteristics from a spacing trial with Populus xiaohei Annals of Forest Sciences, v.64, n.8, p.807-814, 2007.
• KEGGE, W.; PIERIK, R. Biogenic volatile organic compounds and plant competition. Trends in Plant Science, v. 15, n. 3, p. 126-132, 2009.
• KIILL, L.H.P.; MENEZES, E.A. (Eds.). Espécies vegetais exóticas com potencialidades para o Semi-Árido brasileiro Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2005. 340 p.
• KÖEPPEN, W. Climatologia; con un estudio de los climas de la tierra México : Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1948. 478 p.
• LEITE, H.G.; NOGUEIRA, G.S.; MOREIRA, A.M. Efeito do espaçamento e da idade sobre variáveis de povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. Revista Árvore, v.30, n.3, p.603-612, 2006.
• LELES, P.S.S.; REIS, G.G.; REIS, M.G.F.; MORAIS, E.J. Crescimento, produção e alocação de matéria seca de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e E. pellita sob diferentes espaçamentos na região de cerrado, MG. Scientia Forestalis, n.59, p.77-87, 2001.
• MAIA, G.N. Caatinga; árvor es e arbustos e suas utilidades . São Paulo: D & Z Computação Gráfica e Editora, 2004. 413p.
• MAKINEN, H.; HEIN, S. Effect of wide spacing on increment and branch properties of young Norway spruce. European Journal of Forest Research, v.125, n.3, p.239-248, 2006.
• MAN, V.N.; HAO, N.V. Effect of plant spacing on the growth and yield of four legume trees in the grey soil of Eastern South Vietnam. Livestock Research for Rural Development, v.5, n.1, p.16-24, 1993.
• MIRANDA, E.M.; VALENTIM, J.F. Dsempenho de doze espécies arbóreas nativas e introduzidas com potencial de uso múltiplo no Estado do Acre, Brazil. Acta Amazônica, v.30, n.3, p.471-480, 2000.
• MIRANDA, M.J.A.C.; NAHUZ, M.A.R. Estudo da influência do espaçamento de plantio de Eucalyptus saligna Smith nos índices de rachamento após o desdobro e após a secagem. Scientia Forestalis, n.55, p.107-116, 1999.
• PRETZSCH, H.; BIBER, P.; DURSKÝ, J. The single tree-based stand Simulator SILVA: construction, application and evaluation. Forest Ecology and Management , v.162, n.1, p.203-218, 2002.
• RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, J.I. Análises estatísticas no SAEG Viçosa, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2001. 301p.
• RONDON, E.V. Estudo de biomassa de Tectona grandis L.f. sob diferentes espaçamentos no estado de São Paulo. Revista Árvore, v.30, n.3, p.337-341, 2006.
• RONDON, E.V. Produção de biomassa e crescimento de árvores de Schizolobium amazonicum (Huber) Ducke sob diferentes espaçamentos na região de mata. Revista Árvore, v.26, n.5, p.573-576, 2002.
• SANTOS, C.A.F.; OLIVEIRA, V.R.; KIILL, L.H.P.; SÁ, I.I.S. Variabilidade genética, com base em marcadores RAPD, de três espécies arbóreas ameaçadas de extinção no semi-árido brasileiro. Scientia Forestalis, n.74, p.37-44, 2007.
• SCHENK, H. J. Root competition: beyond resource depletion. Journal of Ecology, v. 94, n. 4, p. 725-739, 2006.
• SILVA, A.A. da; VARGAS, L.; WERLANG, R.C. Manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho. In: GALVÃO, J.C.C.; MIRANDA, G.V. Tecnologias de produção do milho Viçosa, UFV, 2004. 366p. cap.8, p.269-310.
• SIMÕES, J.W.; BRANDI, R.M.; MALINOVSKY, J.R. Formação de florestas com espécies de rápido crescimento Brasília: IBDF/PNUD/FAO, 1976. 74p. (Série divulgação PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, 6).
• WHITCOMB, C.E. Influence of tree root competition on growth response of four cool season turfgrasses. Agronomy Journal, v.64, n.3, p.355-359, 1972.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Dec 2012
• Date of issue
  Oct 2012

History

• Received
  07 Apr 2011
• Accepted
  04 June 2012