Regulated deficit irrigation and tommy atkins mango orchard productivity under microsprinkling in brazilian semi arid

Irrigação com déficit regulado e produtividade de mangueira tommy atkins, sob microaspersão, no semiárido

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

Regulated deficit irrigation and tommy atkins mango orchard productivity under microsprinkling in brazilian semi arid¹

Irrigação com déficit regulado e produtividade de mangueira tommy atkins, sob microaspersão, no semiárido

Carlos E. Cotrim^I; Maurício A. Coelho Filho^II; Eugênio F. Coelho^III; Márcio M. Ramos^IV; Paulo R. Cecon^V

^IEngº Agrícola, Doutor, Prof. de Ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico, Instituto Federal Baiano - Câmpus Guanambi, Guanambi - BA, Fone: (0XX77) 3493.2100, [e-mail]

^IIEngº Agrônomo, Doutor, Pesquisador do Centro Nacional de Mandioca e Fruticultura, EMBRAPA, Cruz das Almas - BA, [e-mail]

^IIIEngº Agrícola, Doutor, Pesquisador A, Centro Nacional de Mandioca e Fruticultura, EMBRAPA, Cruz das Almas - BA, [e-mail]

^IVEngº Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Titular, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFV, Viçosa - MG, [e-mail]

^VEngº Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Associado II, Departamento de Matemática, UFV, Viçosa - MG, [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to test controlled levels of water deficiency in soil in mango trees, under microsprinkling irrigation, in semi-arid conditions, and to evaluate its effect in the productivity and fruits quality. The deficits were applied in the phases I, II and III of growth of the fruit, during the productive cycles of the mango tree in 2006 and 2007. The experiment in both cases was arranged in an entirely random design with 10 treatments and 3 repetitions, in the year I, and with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions in the year II. The values of soil water potential, of the treatments submitted to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), were placed in the range of 0 to -0.011 MPa, showing that the soil humidity varied between the saturation and the field capacity, not characterizing deficit water condition. The average values of stem water potential (Ψ_stem) varied between -0.90 and -1.74 MPa, evidencing significant effect (p <0.05) just for T1 (without irrigation), T7 and T8 (RDI with 30% of the ETc in the phases II and III, respectively). Through the variance analysis, significant differences were not verified among productivity, number of fruits per plant and size of the fruit, in none of the experiments, what indicates the possibility of reduction of the water use in the irrigation of the mango tree without significant losses of productivity and fruit quality.

Keywords: mango, irrigation management, water use optimization.

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de testar níveis controlados de deficiência de água no solo em mangueira irrigada por microaspersão, no semi-árido, e avaliar seu efeito na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. Os déficits foram aplicados nas fases I, II e III de crescimento do fruto, durante os ciclos produtivos da cultura da mangueira, nos anos de 2006 e 2007. O delineamento experimental, em ambos os casos, foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e três repetições, no ano I, e com oito tratamentos e três repetições, no ano II. Os valores de potencial de água no solo, dos tratamentos submetidos à irrigação com déficit regulado (RDI), situaram-se na faixa de 0 a -0,011 MPa mostrando que a umidade do solo variou entre a saturação e a capacidade de campo, não caracterizando condição de déficit hídrico. Os valores médios de potencial hídrico do ramo (Ψ_stem) variaram entre -0,90 e -1,74 MPa, mostrando efeito significativo apenas para T1 (sem irrigação), T7 e T8 (RDI com 30% da ETc nas fases II e III, respectivamente). Por meio da análise de variância, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre produtividade, número de frutos por planta e tamanho do fruto, em nenhum dos experimentos, o que indica a possibilidade de redução do uso de água na irrigação da cultura sem perdas significativas de produtividade e qualidade do fruto.

Palavras-chave: manga, manejo de irrigação, otimização de uso da água.

INTRODUCTION

Brazil is the third largest producer of fruits in general, and is in the first position when referring to tropical fruits. Regarding the export of fresh fruits in 2008, mango was second in quantity, only below melon. As regards the revenues, its position was in the third place, below the grape and the melon. In 2005, Brazil exported mangoes to 17 countries across Europe, North America, South America and Africa, and only the poles of production of the São Francisco Valley participated with 92% of the total 116,047 tons exported in that year. According to the IBRAF (2008), the Brazilian fruit sector closed in 2007 with a new sales record for the export market, with exports of more than 918,000 tons of fresh fruit.

In Brazil, the mango is grown in all regions, especially the Northeast, which provides excellent conditions for its development and production, and the region became the largest producer and exporter of the fruit. The mango grown in the semi-arid region needs irrigation due to the low intensity of annual rainfall and its poor distribution. However, for LOPES et al. (2001), until that time there was no information on the water consume of mango in the northeastern semi-arid. Water shortages, the trend of increasing competition between sectors that use water resources, the imminence of charge for its use, and the demands of foreign markets for certified products (PIF), have increased the importance of irrigation management on horticulture in general, and especially the culture of mango, which occupies a prominent position in local agribusiness. The management of irrigation water, however, has not been following criteria or technical basis, leaving always the question whether the amount of water currently applied to the soil has been adequate or not (COELHO et al., 2008). Studies have found that the excess of water application has reduced the economic gain of producers in the region. The mango tree, which has physiological characteristics to adapt to water deficit in the face of its efficient ability to regulate water loss through stomata through osmotic adjustment, keeping the turgor and higher levels of leaf water potential when under water deficit (SCHAFFER et al, 1994), it can better adapt to the regulated deficit irrigation. Optimization of the water use efficiency can be achieved by reducing the applicable layer so as not to significantly reduce the culture productivity. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a management used in fruit trees, which is the application of irrigation with deficits in developmental stages of the culture whose growth and fruit quality have low sensitivity to water stress, and normal irrigation in the other stages.

Applying this management technique in mango orchard cultivar 'Kent', with four years of age, in South Africa, PAVEL & DE VILLIERS (2004) found a water savings ranging between 37 and 52% for RDI treatments compared with the control, and a non-significant difference in productivity between them.

Also COELHO FILHO & COELHO (2005) used the same technique in mango plants Tommy Atkins, with 4 years of age, irrigated by microsprinkling, with treatment consisted of water deficits in three stages of fruit growth, using layers 50%, 70% and 85% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), having one phase with deficit and two phases with no deficit. They did not find any significant differences between productivity, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.

Other favorable results with this technique were obtained in studies developed by GIRONA et al. (1993), in peach; by DOMINGO et al. (1996), in real lemon; by DICHIO et al. (2007) and LOPEZ et al. (2008), in pear; by PEREZ-PEREZ et al. (2009), in sweet orange; and GIJÓN et al. (2009), in pistachios. Not as favorable result was found by GONZÁLEZ-ALTOZANO & CASTEL (2000) by applying the technique in tangerines, where a deficit of 50% of ETc, applied at the initial stage, achieved water savings of up to 23%, without negative effects on productivity and fruit quality, however, when the deficit lasted until the finals stages, besides the quality, the productivity fell about 22% for a water saving of up to 54%. In this situation, they recommended the technique as alternative management only when the cost of water is high.

This study aimed to test controlled levels of soil water deficiency in Tommy Atkins mango tree, under microsprinkling, in order to optimize water use.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted in a mango orchard with Tommy Atkins, 9 years old, spaced on 8 x 8 meters in the Ceraíma Irrigated Perimeter, city of Guanambi, southwest of the state of Bahia, in latitude 14º13"30" south, longitude 42º46"53" west of Greenwich. The area climate is semi-arid and is located at an altitude of 525 m, with average annual rainfall of 663.69 mm and average temperature of 26 ºC.

Data from the Ceraíma Meteorological Station, Development Company of the San Francisco and Parnaíba Valleys (Codevasf), situated 500 meters from the experimental area, with average monthly rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, reference evapotranspiration, and wind speed, for the years 2006 and 2007 are presented in Table 1

The soil of experimental area is classified as eutrophic Fluvic NeoSol of a rated sandy loam texture, and clay of high activity (Table 2). The retention curves of soil water depths from 0 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 meters are presented in Figure 1.

The experiment was conducted during two crop production cycles, considering the experiment 1 set up in 2006 and the experiment 2 set up in 2007 (Figure 2). In the first case, which went from July 18^th to November 11^th, the management of regulated deficit irrigation and crop productivity were accompanied, while the second, which occurred between June 20^th and October 11^th, besides these parameters, humidity and soil water potential in the industry (Ψ_stem) were monitored.

In both cases, the treatments were applied in phases I, II and III of mango fruit development, after the period of floral induction, for a uniform flowering of approximately 80% of branches.

The irrigation layers were reduced from the layer applied to the Ceraíma Irrigated Perimeter (100% of ETc). The duration of each phase depends on the availability of local energy. In this experiment, Phase I, which corresponds to the beginning of flowering until the fruit fixation, lasted until 60 days after the onset of flowering (DAF) in 2006, and up to 51 days in 2007. Phase II, which corresponds to the fruit expansion, occurred between 61 and 92 DAF in 2006, and between 52 and 83 DAF in 2007; while Phase III, which corresponds to the end of growth and physiological maturation of the fruit, occurred between 92 and 110 DAF in 2006, and between 84 to 115 DAF in 2007.

Given the finding that no occurrence of significant effects of treatments applied about productivity, fruit size and fruit number per plant, in 2006, the experiment 2 set up in 2007 had two changes in treatments in order to increase the applied water deficit and eliminate newer plants and/or plants with size high above the standard size.

The irrigation system used to replenish water into the soil was localized by microsprinkling, with an emitter of 56 L/hour per plant, and the layers corresponding to 30; 40; 60; 80 and 100% of ETc were applied by varying the time irrigation in different registers. The irrigation layer in the period was determined based on culture coefficients (Kc) ranging from 0.45 to 0.87, from flowering to the ripening of fruit, according to COELHO et al. (2002), Figure 3.

Data from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) used during the experiment 1 were obtained in a Class A Tank at Codevasf in Ceraíma, and, during the experiment 2, they were estimated from data collected in an automatic climatological station through the Penman-Monteith Method. Irrigations were held on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays depending on the availability of water in the channels of the Irrigated Perimeter, and the daily time of irrigation (Ti), in hours, applied to each treatment was determined using equation 1.

In which,

ETo - evapotranspiration of culture, mm day^-1;

Kc - culture coefficient, decimal;

%Rp - reposition percentage of ETc, decimal;

E₁ - spacing between rows of mango, m;

E₂ - spacing between plants inside the row, m;

n - number of microsprinklers per plant;

K_l - localization coefficient, decimal; e

q - microsprinklers outflow, L h-1;

E_i - effectiveness of the irrigation system, decimal.

To monitor soil humidity in order to verify conditions of water deficit, tensiometers were installed to a depth of 0.30 m and a distance of 0.50 m from the mango tree stem, in a repetition of each treatment. The readings were taken twice a week, before and after the irrigation event, until the beginning of fruit maturation.

To assess possible water stress in plants, the stem water potential (Ψ_stem) was monitored using a Scholander pressure chamber. For this, three branches were removed from each treatment of the irrigated area by microsprinkling. The branches had between 5 and 10 leafs, had always between 4 and 6 mm in diameter, middle aged, were always taken in the position of the crown exposed to sunlight, between 1.5 and 1.8 meters above the ground, according to the procedure followed by CASTRO NETO et al. (2004).

Experiment 1

The experimental design was completely randomized, with ten treatments and three repetitions in plots formed by a mango plant.

The treatments were: T0 - full irrigation at all stages of fruit development (100% ETc); T1 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases II and III and 40% of ETc in Phase I; T2 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases I and III and 40% of ETc in Phase II; T3 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases I and II and 40% of ETc in Phase III; T4 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases II and III and 60% of ETc in Phase I; T5 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases I and III and 60% of ETc in Phase II; T6 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases I and II and 60% of ETc in Phase III; T7 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases II and III and 80% of ETc in Phase I; T8 - full irrigation (100% ETc) in phases I and III and 80% of ETc in Phase II; T9 - full irrigation in phases I and II and 80% of ETc in Phase III.

Experiment 2

The experimental design was also completely randomized, with eight treatments and three repetitions in plots formed by a mango plant.

The treatments were: T1 - without irrigation; T2 - full irrigation at all stages of fruit development (100% of ETc); T3 - full irrigation (100% of ETc) in phases II and III and 60% of ETc in Phase I; T4 - 100% of ETc in the phases I and III and 60% of ETc in Phase II; T5 - 100% of ETc in the phases I and II and 60% of ETc in Phase III; T6 - 100% of ETc in the phases II and III and 30% of ETc in Phase I; T7 - 100% of ETc in the phases I and III and 30% of ETc in Phase II; T8 - 100% of ETc in the phases I and II and 30% of ETc in Phase III.

The fruits were collected, sorted by size, counted and weighed, besides being submitted to a qualitative analysis related to the shape and color to complete their physical characterization. For a comparison between layer used in the irrigation and productivity, the efficiency of water use in all treatments was calculated considering the total productivity of fruits and the rough layer of water applied through irrigation (SPREER et al., 2007, 2008; SILVA et al., 2008; TEIXEIRA et al., 2008):

In which:

EUA - efficiency of water use, kg m^-3;

P - total productivity, kg ha^-1;

LBA - rough layer of water applied through irrigation, m³ ha^-1.

The treatments were compared in terms of productivity achieved, by the number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and efficiency of water use.

RESULTS E DISCUSSION

In the period between July 18th and November 11th, 2006 (experiment 1), 104 mm of rain precipitated, 3 mm in September and 101 mm in October, reaching Phases II and III of fruit growth, while during the experiment 2, in 2007, there were no rainfall (Table 1). Thus, the water demand for the mango tree, irrigated with 100% of the ETc was supplied through irrigation, using the microsprinkling system, as shown in Figure 4.

The results of productivity, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and efficiency of water use in 2006 (experiment 1) revealed no significant effects of treatments applied on the variables studied in the 5% level of probability (Table 3). However, the treatment plants without water deficiency in the studied phases (T0) were not associated with higher productivity, which may show a possible excess of water in the irrigation management used. On the other hand, it is observed that the greater efficiency of water use occurred in treatment T1 (40% ETc in Phase I), which has the largest water economy and the third largest water productivity, showing the importance of using RDI in the management of culture. As there was no statistical difference between treatments, as a conclusion of the experiment of 2006, choosing the smaller layer (T1) seems to be more feasible, besides being associated with higher value of the U.S., promoted a water savings of approximately 35%, with a production decrease of 16% compared to the maximum productivity obtained. These observations indicate the possibility of reducing the current irrigation layer without significantly affecting the crop.

Means followed by at least one same capital letter in columns do not differ statistically from each other, at 5% probability, by the Tukey test.

The values of soil water potential determined in 2007 are presented in Figure 5. It is observed that they are values slightly higher and closer between treatments in Phase I and II, possibly reflecting the higher water availability and lower atmospheric demand. From Phase II to Phase III, the values are reduced reflecting the drying of the soil, the demand increasing by the atmosphere, and the high vapor saturation deficit Δ e (Table 1).

Although readings on different days, before and after the irrigation, the graph of Figure 5 shows that there was a small potential variation between the treatments with full irrigation (T2) and treatments with regulated deficit irrigation (T3, T4 and T5 - RDI with 60% of ETc in Phase I, II and III; and T5, T6 and T7 - RDI with 30% of ETc in Phase I, II and III, respectively). All values of soil water potential for these treatments were within the range of 0 and -0.012 MPa, which shows that the soil humidity ranged from the saturation to the value corresponding the yield capacity, or very close to it, according Figure 1, showing a situation without water deficit in the treatments with RDI. Only the treatments with no irrigation (T1) had lower values of water potential, between -0.032 and -0.064 MPa, translating into a situation with a water content between 0.100 and 0.115 m³m^-3, so in moderate soil water deficit condition.

The averages stem water potential (Ψ_stem) of plants of the eight treatments, during phases I, II and III of fruit growth, compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability, are shown in Table 4. It is observed that the values found for all treatments in this study ranged between -0.90 and -1.74 MPa, while the values found by CASTRO NETO et al. (2004) ranged between -0.30 and -1.70 MPa for the soil water potential ranging between -0.20 and -1.60 MPa. Considering that the soil water potential, at 0.30 m deep, in the present study, ranged from 0 to -0.064 MPa (Figure 5), there is a disagreement of those, given the considerable difference between the values of soil water potential in both cases. This can be attributed to the time of determination of stem water potential, which in this study occurred between 13 and 14 hours, whereas in the study conducted by CASTRO NETO et al. (2004) it occurred at 8 o'clock in the morning. In the first case, despite the high soil water potential, the reduced values of stem water potential are associated with the maximum degree of dehydration achieved by the plant on a given day, which is called minimum leaf potential (Ψmin), and usually occurs shortly after the midday sun. In the second case, despite the still low leaf dehydration at eight o'clock in the morning, the reduced values of stem water potential are also directly related to the reduced values of soil matric potential.

Also LIMA FILHO (2004) determined the leaf water potential in 4-year-old Tommy Atkins mangoes irrigated by microsprinkling and not subject to water stress, using a Scholander pressure chamber. He found values varying within a greater range (-0.30 to -1.73 MPa) in comparison with this work. The time of determination, which in this case ranged between 6 and 14 hours, was possibly the cause of this difference between the data. These results corroborate to those of the present study, indicating that the values between -0.30 and -1.73 MPa are typical of plants without deficit and that the minimum potential can be an indicator of optimum strategy for irrigation management when restriction of water or the high cost of the product, optimizing its use with guarantees and maintenance of potential productivity.

It is observed that the values of stem water potential, obtained in phase I of fruit growth of this study (Table 4), showed no significant differences between treatments, by Tukey test at 5% probability.

Although the values presented in both phase II and phase III did not characterize the condition of prominent water deficit, significant differences occurred between the averages of treatment T1 (without irrigation) and treatments T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T8 during phase II. In this situation, only the treatment T7, which then was subjected to RDI of 70% reduction of ETc, did not differ statistically from the treatment without irrigation (T1).

During phase III of fruit development, the results were similar to those of phase II. In this case, treatment T1, without irrigation, did not differ statistically by Tukey test at 5% probability, only the treatment T8, subjected to water restriction of 70% of ETc during the irrigation of this phase. The analysis of the results of stem water potential realizes that the differences in the management of irrigation with RDI were found by following this parameter.

Also in 2007 there were no significant effects of treatments on the variables studied. Although productivity in T3 was almost double that in T1 (Table 5), the averages did not differ significantly from each other, possibly due to the high heterogeneity of production between plants of the same treatment. Similar results were found by ALVES JUNIOR et al. (2005), in acid lime "Tahiti" under three irrigation levels, and also by MARINHO et al. (2008), in papaya (cv. "Golden") under five irrigation layers. It was also observed that the treatments that presented greater water saving (T6, T7 and T8) showed, respectively, the second, fifth and fourth effectiveness use thereof, becoming the first and third position occupied by plants with a smaller feedstock economy. In this case, the option for smaller layers does not seem to be the most feasible, because the decrease in productivity in relation to the maximum obtained, for the two smaller layers applied (T6 and T8) was 26.71 and 34.20%, respectively, for water savings of 29.70 and 22.05%, making a larger possibility that a decrease in the revenue (production) would outweigh the costs reduction (water saving). The most obvious recommendation would be to use the management of treatment T3. These observations confirm the possibility of reducing the current layer irrigation without significantly affecting the yield and fruit quality.

Even in the treatment without irrigation, the productivity found was high, which was attributed to the presence of high groundwater on the perimeter as a result of the furrow irrigation method used in most lots.

U.S. values found in this study varied between 5.05 and 10.61 kg m^-3 and were slightly higher than those found by SPREER et al. (2007) in Thailand, applying RDI with 50% of ETc in mango plants "Chok Anan" of 10 years old, irrigated by microsprinkling, which stood between 4.20 and 8.60 kg m^-3. However, in a later experiment in the same locality and under the same conditions, in the years 2006 and 2007, SPREER et al. (2008) found values of this parameter ranging between 14.14 and 17.37 kg m^-3, and therefore better than the current. In all cases, the calculated average values of U.S. were higher than those found for the control treatment, with complete irrigation.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no significant differences between productivity, average fruit weight, fruit number per plant and water use efficiency of the treatments, by analysis of variance using the Tukey test at 5% probability, both in microsprinkling and dripping in 2006 and 2007.

In the Ceraíma Irrigated Perimeter, under the conditions which the experiment was conducted, it is possible to reduce water levels currently applied without losing fruit quality and significant loss of productivity in mango orchard, from the controlled application of deficits in irrigation during the growing fruit.

Controlled deficits can be applied at any stage of the fruit development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To CAPES for granting scholarship to Carlos Elizio Cotrim; to the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia - Campus Guanambi (BA) for the financial support in setting up and conducting the experiment; to EMBRAPA Cassava and Tropical Fruits, for the assignment of material and equipment; to the UFV, for the opportunity of completing the course.

Recebido pelo Conselho Editorial em: 9-9-2009

Aprovado pelo Conselho Editorial em: 11-7-2011

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• TEIXEIRA, A.H. de C.; BASTIAANSSEN, W.G.M.; MOURA, M.S.B.; SOARES, J.M.; AHMAD, M.D.; BOS, M.G. Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.148, p.1524-1537, 2008.

1

Extraído da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Jan 2012
• Date of issue
  Dec 2011

History

• Received
  09 Sept 2009
• Accepted
  11 July 2011