Epidemiology and outcome of patients with postoperative abdominal fistula

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to present the epidemiological profile, incidence and outcome of patients who developing postoperative abdominal fistula.

Methods:

This observational, cross-sectional, prospective study evaluated patients undergoing abdominal surgery. We studied the epidemiological profile, the incidence of postoperative fistulas and their characteristics, the outcome of this complication and the predictors of mortality.

Results:

The sample consisted of 1,148 patients. The incidence of fistula was 5.5%. There was predominance of biliary fistula (26%), followed by colonic fistulas (22%) and stomach (15%). The average time to onset of fistula was 6.3 days. For closure, the average was 25.6 days. The mortality rate of patients with fistula was 25.4%. Predictors of mortality in patients who developed fistula were age over 60 years, presence of comorbidities, fistula closure time more than 19 days, no spontaneous closure of the fistula, malnutrition, sepsis and need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit

Conclusion:

abdominal postoperative fistulas are still relatively frequent and associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Keywords:
Epidemiology; Incidence; Fistula; Digestive System Fistula; Postoperative Complications.

RESUMO

Objetivo:

apresentar o perfil epidemiológico, incidência e desfecho em pacientes que evoluíram com fístula abdominal pós-operatória.

Métodos:

trata-se de um estudo prospectivo transversal observacional que avaliou pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Foram estudados o perfil epidemiológico, a incidência das fístulas pós-operatórias e suas características, desfecho desta complicaçãoe fatores preditivos de mortalidade.

Resultados:

a amostra constou de 1148 pacientes. A incidência de fístula foi 5,5%. Houve predominância de fístulas biliares (26%), seguidas de fístulas colônicas (22%) e gástricas (15%). O tempo médio para o surgimento da fístula foi 6,3 dias. Para o fechamento, a média foi 25,6 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes com fístula foi 25,4%. Os fatores preditivos de mortalidade nos casos que desenvolveram fístula foram idade maior do que 60 anos, presença de comorbidades, tempo de fechamento da fístula superior a 19 dias, não fechamento espontâneo da fístula, desnutrição, sepse e necessidade de admissão em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Conclusão:

as fístulas pós-operatórias abdominais ainda são relativamente frequentes e associadas à morbidade e mortalidade significativas.

Descritores:
Epidemiologia; Incidência; Fístula; Fístula do Sistema Digestório; Complicações Pós-Operatórias.

INTRODUCTION

Digestive or gastrointestinal fistula is one of the most feared postoperative complications along with dehiscence and infection^1,2. The topic is of great interest to the surgeon and in spite of numerous publications about it, a number of aspects related to digestive fistulas always deserves consideration.

Gastrointestinal or digestive fistula is an aberrant communication between the gut and any hollow viscus or the abdominal cavity (internal fistula), or with the skin surface (external fistula). Fistulas can be classified according to the anatomical location (gastric, pancreatic, duodenal, jejunal, ileal or colonic), output (high output > 500ml / 24h, and low output < 500ml / 24 h), origin (congenital or acquired) or as primary (due to intestinal disease processes), or secondary (surgery)^2,3. Acquired fistulas can be inflammatory / infectious, neoplastic or traumatic³.

Fistulas usually appear in the first week after surgery, with its highest peak around the fifth to the seventh days, which requires a strict postoperative evaluation, especially in patients with increased risk of developing such complications⁴. The main causes of death related to fistulas are malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance and sepsis. Another important factor that is associated with poor prognosis is the fistula high initial output.

At admission, about 35% to 40% of general surgery patients have some degree of malnutrition that may interfere with surgical outcomes⁵, with increase in length of stay, with the need for reoperations and complications, which increase hospital costs and patients' suffering.

The mortality rate for most elective surgical procedures is less than 2%. However, in patients with gastrointestinal fistula mortality ranges from 6% to 48%, even after advances made in its treatment^6,7.

The treatment of a gastrointestinal fistula, especially the high output one, is a complex procedure that requires multi-professional work and dynamic and individualized approaches. Clinical and surgical measures do not compete, but join each other at different treatment stages in search of the fistula closure⁷.

The topic is of great interest to the surgeon and always deserves consideration. This study aims to present the epidemiological profile, incidence, predictors of mortality and outcome of patients with abdominal postoperative fistula.

METHODS

This is an observational, cross-sectional, prospective study in a referral service in General Surgery. We evaluated patients undergoing abdominal surgery operated by the specialties of General Surgery, Coloproctology, Thoracic Surgery and Urology. We evaluated 1,615 patients in the period from April 1, 2013 to June 31, 2014. We excluded 467 patients who had surgery with access to the abdomen, resulting in a final sample of 1,148 patients.

From a form designed for this study, we collected epidemiological data of patients and operations that occurred in the period. We considered only the main procedure, since some patients underwent multiple surgeries.

We assessed the presence of preoperative risk factors and outcome among patients who developed postoperative fistula. Malignant disease, age equal to or over 60 years, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and immune deficiency (defined as patients who were in chronic use of corticosteroids, prior use of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, patients with HIV, malnourished with albumin levels lower than 3g/dl, or transferrin below 150mg/dl).

After surgery, we searched for the occurrence of spontaneous closure and the need for surgery, whether for the fistula or for the peritonitis resulting from it. We also evaluated the occurrence of malnutrition and the need for prolonged use (more than seven days) of total parenteral nutrition, clinical outcomes with sepsis, need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the death rate of patients who had postoperative fistula.

We described data as median, standard deviation (minimum and maximum) or absolute frequency (percentage). To study the association between categorical variables and death we used the Fisher test and computed the relative risk and 95% confidence interval. We used the median to determine the cutoffs for the number of days for the diagnosis and fistula closure.

This study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee with Human Beings according to the opinion 645,873.

RESULTS

The study included 1,148 patients operated within 14 months. The mean age was 44.4 years, ranging from 14 to 94. There was a similar occurrence between genders, with predominance of emergency procedures. We recorded 63 cases of fistula, corresponding to an incidence of 5.5%, the most frequent complication in elective surgery, as described in Table 1.

Table 1
Sample distribution according to gender, age and surgery character (n=1148).

	Without fistula n=1085	With fistula n=63	P <0,005
Age (years)*	44 (± 17,5)	51,9 (± 15)	<0,01
Gender Male Female	612 (56,4) 473 (43,6)	34 (53,4) 29 (46,6)	<0,70
Surgery character Elective Urgency	420 (38,7) 665 (61,3)	38 (60,3) 25 (39,7)	<0,001

• * Data presented in mean ± standard deviation.

The most frequent surgeries were for inflammatory and obstructive abdomen, or blunt, hemorrhagic or penetrating abdominal trauma. The procedures performed are listed in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Main operative procedure performed in patients enrolled in the study (n=1148).

Among the 63 patients who developed postoperative fistula, 49% were elderly or had hypertension or diabetes, and 29% underwent surgery in the presence of infection. These data are shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Presence of risk factors among patients who developed postoperative fistula.

Risk factors prior to surgery	n= 63 (%)
Malignant disease	20 (32)
Immunosuppression	26(41)
Hypertension/Diabetes/Advanced Age	31 (49)
Surgery in the presence of infection	18 (29)
Inflammatory bowel disease	5 (8)

The diagnosis of postoperative fistula was performed on average 6.3 days after surgery, with a standard deviation 3.5 days (range 2 to 22). Among these patients, abdominal cavity drainage was used in 50 cases. There was a predominance of biliary fistulas, with 26%. Most fistulas were of low output, external type and had a long path (Table 3).

Table 3
Characteristics of postoperative fistulas found in the study.

Characteristics of fistulas	n=63 (%)
Location
Biliary	18 (28,6)
Colon	14 (22,2)
Stomach	10 (15,9)
Jejunoileal	9 (14,3)
Esophagus	4 (6,3)
Duodenum	2 (3,2)
Pancreas	2 (3,2)
Bladder	2 (3,2)
Rectum	2 (3,2)
Fistula debit
High	13 (21)
Low	50 (79)
Drainage location
Internal	12 (19)
External (enterocutaneous)	51 (81)
Path
Long	56(89)
Short	7(11)

Regarding the diagnosis of postoperative digestive fistulas, we observed alterations in clinical signs, predominantly abdominal pain, abnormal abdominal examination, tachycardia, vomiting and fever. As diagnostic complement, we used abdomen CT, oral test with methylene blue, endoscopy, colonoscopy and fistulography. As for the drainage of the fistula content, the majority of patients had exteriorization. Table 4 shows the complementary methods for the diagnosis of postoperative fistulas and their forms of.

Table 4
Diagnostic methods used in patients who developed postoperative fistula and forms of exteriorization.

Diagnosis	n=63(%)
Diagnostic Tests
Computerized Tomography	5 (8)
Methylene blue	7 (11)
Digestive Endoscopy	4 ( 6)
Fistulografy	7 (11)
Colonoscopy	1 (2)
Exteriorization	51 (81)
Through drain	33 (52)
Through surgical wound	7 (11)
Through drain and surgical wound	11 (17)

There was spontaneous fistula closure in 19 patients (30%). The average time for fistula closure was 25.6±19.3 days (range 8-89). Reoperation for the treatment of fistulas was necessary in 32 patients (47.6%) and surgery for the treatment of peritonitis was performed in 35 cases (56%). We observed malnutrition in 32 patients (51%), of whom 11 (18%) required parenteral nutrition for more than seven days. Sepsis ensued in 46 patients (73%). In 32 cases (51%), their conditions required ICU admission. There were 16 deaths, with a mortality rate of 25.4%.

Factors that were associated with mortality among patients who developed fistula were age over 60 years, presence of comorbidities, no spontaneous closure of the fistula or closure after 19 days, malnutrition, sepsis and need for ICU (Table 5).

Table 5
Factors associated with mortality in patients with fistula.

• * Confidence interval 95%. TPN: Total Parenteral Nutrition.

DISCUSSION

Among 1,148 patients, there were 63 cases of fistulas, corresponding to 5.5%. This rate is within the standard of other studies⁸. The mean age was 44.4 years, with no difference between genders. Visschers et al.⁹ reported an average age of 59 years, 56% being male. Bradley et al.⁸ found that 20% of patients were older than 55 years, with a 79% prevalence of men^8,9.

There was a predominance of emergency surgery, but the incidence of fistula was observed with the highest proportion in elective procedures (60.3%), corroborating the study of Torres et al.⁵, who found that 69.2% of fistulas took place in elective surgeries. Urgent surgery is a risk factor related to preoperative preparation, since the time for them tends to be shorter, acting as a prognostic factor^5-9. There is thus an increased risk of complications, which was not observed in this study.

The most frequent fistulas were biliary and colonic, followed by gastric, this sequence being different from the one a study of 188 patients, which showed predominance of jejunoileal (28.7%), biliopancreatic (24, 9%) and colonic (23.9%) fistulas. The characteristics shown by most fistulas are favorable prognosis. The anatomical location is important and is assessed as a risk factor for worse prognosis¹⁰.

The average time for the fistula closure was 6.3 days (range 2-22). In an Israeli study with 389 patients, Bala et al. showed that the average time for spontaneous closure was eight days, ranging from five to 19¹⁰.

Most fistulas were of low output, which means lower loss of a complete solution that is rich in protein, electrolytes and complexes that could lead to electrolyte disturbances¹¹.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) extending longer than seven days was assessed in this study and showed no statistical significance. However, some studies have shown that the prolonged use of TPN leads to worse prognosis, further reducing protein rate and increasing catabolism. Malnutrition can be both a cause and a result of this anatomical and metabolic instability^10-12.

Patients without complications remain hospitalized on average 14.24 days less than patients with complications¹¹.

The spontaneous closure of the fistula occurred in 30% of cases, on average after 25.6 days, shorter than that observed by Pepe et al. in 2014, a mean time of spontaneous closure of 36.4 days⁴. As for fistula management, 47.6% required surgical reintervention in this study, also a lower rate than that observed by Pepe et al., which was 69%⁴.

In our study, 16 patients died (25.4%), a high mortality rate, but within a range of 6% to 33% observed in a meta-analysis published in 2012¹³.

The treatment of digestive fistulas advanced considerably in recent decades, but is still a thorny issue for the surgeon. Early diagnosis and prompt institution of treatment, infection control, fistula path orientation and electrolyte and nutritional support measures are capable of reducing complications and mortality^13-16.

In conclusion, the incidence of postoperative fistula was 5.5%, more than 50% being after elective surgeries and 26% of biliary type. Most were of low output and had a long path. Mortality was 25.4%.

REFERENCES

• ¹
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• ²
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  Bradley MJ, Dubose JJ, Scalea TM, Holcomb JB, Shrestha B, Okoye O, et al. Independent predictors of enteric fistula and abdominal sepsis after damage control laparotomy: results from the prospective AAST Open Abdomen registry. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(10):947-54.
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• ¹¹
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• ¹²
  Marinis A, Gkiokas G, Argyra E, Fragulidis G, Polymeneas G, Voros D. "Enteroatmospheric fistulae"--gastrointestinal openings in the open abdomen: a review and recent proposal of a surgical technique. Scand J Surg; 2013;102(2):61-8.
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  Rahbour G, Siddiqui MR, Ullah MR, Gabe SM, Warusavitarne J, Vaizey CJ. A meta-analysis of outcomes following use of somatostatin and its analogues for the management of enterocutaneous fistulas. Ann Surg. 2012;256(6):946-54.
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  Mawdsley JE, Hollington P, Bassett P, Windsor AJ, Forbes A, Gabe SM. An analysis of predictive factors for healing and mortality in patients with enterocutaneous fistulas. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(9):1111-21.
• ¹⁵
  Lu CY, Wu DC, Wu IC, Chu KS, Sun LC, Shih YL, et al. Serum albumin level in the management of postoperative enteric fistula for gastrointestinal cancer patients. J Investig Surg. 2008;21(1):25-32.
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  Visschers RG, van Gemert WG, Winkens B, Soeters PB, Olde Damink SW. Guided treatment improves outcome of patients with enterocutaneous fistulas. World J Surg. 2012;36(10):2341-8.

• Source of funding:

  none.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar-Apr 2016

History

• Received
  09 Dec 2015
• Accepted
  28 Mar 2016